Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of the Brave Pink campaign on the political awareness of Generation Z with Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) as a mediating variable. The study used a quantitative approach with a survey design of 396 followers of the Instagram account @barengwarga. Data analysis was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling with the Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) approach. The results showed that the Brave Pink campaign had a significant effect on Fear of Missing Out (β = 0.910; p < 0.001) and a direct effect on political awareness (β = 0.622; p < 0.001). Fear of Missing Out also had a significant effect on political awareness (β = 0.370; p < 0.001) and acted as a partial mediator. The research model has very strong predictive power with an R² value of 0.943. This study provides a theoretical contribution by developing the Uses and Effects framework in the context of digital political communication, specifically through the integration of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) as a psychological mechanism that bridges the relationship between exposure to symbolic digital campaigns and the formation of political awareness.
Keywords
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Copyright (c) 2026 Fuad, David Rino Pratama, Yani Tri Wijayanti

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References
- Abd Ellatif Elsayed, H. (2025). Fear of missing out and its impact: Exploring relationships with social media use, psychological well-being, and academic performance among university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1582572. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2025.1582572/
- Ahmed, S., & Masood, M. (2025). Dark personalities in the digital arena: How psychopathy and narcissism shape online political participation. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2025 12:1, 12(1), 1130-. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05195-y
- Alodat, A. M., Al-Qora’n, L. F., & Abu Hamoud, M. (2023). Social media platforms and political participation: A study of Jordanian youth engagement. Social Sciences, 12(7), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI12070402
- Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook-related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2016.05.083
- Boulianne, S., & Theocharis, Y. (2020). Young people, digital media, and engagement: A meta-analysis of research. Social Science Computer Review, 38(2), 111–127.
- De, P., Flesher Fominaya, C., & Romanos, E. (2024). Introduction: mobilizing during COVID-19: Social movements in times of crisis. Social Movement Studies, 23(6), 667–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2024.2406697
- Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. In Source: American Journal of Political Science (Vol. 37, Number 4).
- Dharta, F. Y., Putra, D. A., & Albrecht, M. (2025). Transformation of political campaigning in the digital era : The impact of social media and digital communication. Jurnal Praksis Dan Dedikasi (JPDS), 8(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.17977/um022v8i12025p31-41
- Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing — A study of compulsive use , fear of missing out , fatigue , anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40(February), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012
- Dreston, J. H., & Neubaum, G. (2023). How incidental and intentional news exposure in social media relate to political knowledge and voting intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1250051. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2023.1250051
- Eka, W., Ayuningtyas, P., Novianti, S., & Setiawan, A. (2026). From pop culture to political symbols : Brave pink , hero green , and resistance blue in Indonesia. SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 5(1), 770–789. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v5i1.5625
- Fagerholm, A. S., Göransson, K., Thompson, L., & Hedvall, P. O. (2023). Activism online: Exploring how crises are communicated visually in activism campaigns. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 31(4), 1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12472
- Fahlenbrach, K. (2025). Net icons and memetic imagery of protest in online activism. Visual Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14703572241283871
- Gearhart, S., Zhang, B., & Adegbola, O. (2024). Tweeting, talking, or doing politics? Testing the influence of communication on democratic engagement. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 16, 100167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TELER.2024.100167
- Geise, S., Maubach, K., & Boettcher Eli, A. (2025). Picture me in person: Personalization and emotionalization as political campaign strategies on social media in the German federal election period 2021. New Media & Society, 27(7), 3745–3769. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231224031
- Geise, S., Panke, D., & Heck, A. (2024). From news images to action: The mobilizing effect of emotional protest images in news coverage. Frontiers in Political Science, 6, 1278055. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPOS.2024.1278055
- Grüning, D. J., & Schubert, T. W. (2022). Emotional Campaigning in Politics: Being moved and anger in political ads motivate to support the candidate and party. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 781851. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.781851
- Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
- Hansen, T., Taylor, C. K., & Knowles, R. T. (2025). Digital media and political engagement: Shaping youth environmental attitudes and behaviors in four European societies. Societies 2025, Vol. 15, Page 300, 15(11), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOC15110300
- Intyaswati, D., Mahmood, Q., Venus, A., Kusumajanti, & Saputra, W. T. (2025). Media use and online political participation: The mediating roles of media credibility and political trust in Jakarta and Islamabad. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 24(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.17477/jcea.2025.24.1.022
- Intyaswati, D., Maryani, E., Sugiana, D., & Venus, A. (2021). Social media as an information source of political learning in online education. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211023181
- Jabeen, F., Tandon, A., Sithipolvanichgul, J., Srivastava, S., & Dhir, A. (2023). Social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media fatigue: The role of narcissism, comparison and disclosure. Journal of Business Research, 159, 113693. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2023.113693
- Lee, S., & Xenos, M. (2022). Incidental news exposure via social media and political participation: Evidence of reciprocal effects. New Media and Society, 24(1), 178–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820962121
- Levy, M. R., & Windahl, S. (1984). Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. Communication Research, 11(1), 51–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365084011001003
- Li, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, Z., & Gao, X. (2024). Profiles of fear of missing out and their social media use among young adults: A six-month longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 149, 107899. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2023.107899
- McLeod, J. M. (2000). Media and civic socialization of youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(2), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00131-2
- Oden, A., & Porter, L. (2023). The kids are Online: Teen social media use, civic engagement, and affective polarization. Social Media and Society, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231186364
- Olaniran, B., & Williams, I. (2020). Social media effects: Hijacking democracy and civility in civic engagement. Platforms, Protests, and the Challenge of Networked Democracy, Part F798, 77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36525-7_5
- Park, S., & Dreston, J. Y. (2023). Incidental news exposure on Facebook and its relation to trust in news. Social Media and Society, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231158823
- Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., Dehaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2013.02.014
- Rahmawati, Y., Lestari, B. P., Saputra, D. K., Dwi Lingga, R. S., Setiawati, L. S., & Abdul Rozak, R. W. (2025). Kemandirian generasi Z dalam politik: Studi tentang FoMO dan media sosial. Jurnal Komputer, Informasi Dan Teknologi, 5(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.53697/jkomitek.v5i1.2269
- Raza Majid, M., Irtaza, S., & Adnan, M. (2024). Incidental exposure to the political contents on social media and political participation in Pakistan. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 8(2), 01–13. https://doi.org/10.35484/PSSR.2024(8-II)01
- Reer, F., Tang, W. Y., & Quandt, T. (2019). Psychosocial well-being and social media engagement: The mediating roles of social comparison orientation and fear of missing out. New Media and Society, 21(7), 1486–1505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818823719
- Rothut, S. (2025). Promoting politics : Political social media influencers , their online engagement , and implications for democracy. American Behavioral Scientist, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642251344206
- Saifuddin, A., & Muhammad, M. (2023). Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: A meta-analysis. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2021.106839
- Salsabila, S., Permanaludin, U., & Nur, R. M. (2026). Signs of verbal resistance in the brave pink and hero green campaign posters. JELE: Journal of English Language and Education, 11(1), 507–518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v11i1.1958
- Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. Handbook of Market Research, 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-2
- Shahbazi, M., & Bunker, D. (2024). Social media trust: Fighting misinformation in the time of crisis. International Journal of Information Management, 77, 102780. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJINFOMGT.2024.102780
- Srivastava, S. (2024). Linking fear of missing out and psychological well-being : a multi-country study. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 4(December 2023), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-02-2023-5837
- Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Kaur, P., & Mäntymäki, M. (2021). Dark consequences of social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO): Social media stalking, comparisons, and fatigue. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 120931. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.120931
- Tang, G., Hung, E. P. W., Au-Yeung, H. K. C., & Yuen, S. (2020). Politically motivated internet addiction: Relationships among online information exposure, internet addiction, FOMO, psychological well-being, and radicalism in massive political turbulence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, Vol. 17, Page 633, 17(2), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17020633
- Taser, D., Aydin, E., Torgaloz, A. O., & Rofcanin, Y. (2022). An examination of remote e-working and flow experience: The role of technostress and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107020. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2021.107020
- Vaccari, C., Valeriani, A., Barberá, P., Bonneau, R., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2015). Political expression and action on social media: Exploring the relationship between lower- and higher-threshold political activities among twitter users in Italy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(2), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/JCC4.12108
- Yamamoto, M., & Morey, A. C. (2019). Incidental news exposure on social media: A campaign communication mediation approach. Social Media + Society, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119843619
- Zhu, Q., & Skoric, M. M. (2022). Political implications of disconnection on social media: A study of politically motivated unfriending. New Media and Society, 24(12), 2659–2679. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821999994
References
Abd Ellatif Elsayed, H. (2025). Fear of missing out and its impact: Exploring relationships with social media use, psychological well-being, and academic performance among university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1582572. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2025.1582572/
Ahmed, S., & Masood, M. (2025). Dark personalities in the digital arena: How psychopathy and narcissism shape online political participation. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2025 12:1, 12(1), 1130-. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05195-y
Alodat, A. M., Al-Qora’n, L. F., & Abu Hamoud, M. (2023). Social media platforms and political participation: A study of Jordanian youth engagement. Social Sciences, 12(7), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI12070402
Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook-related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2016.05.083
Boulianne, S., & Theocharis, Y. (2020). Young people, digital media, and engagement: A meta-analysis of research. Social Science Computer Review, 38(2), 111–127.
De, P., Flesher Fominaya, C., & Romanos, E. (2024). Introduction: mobilizing during COVID-19: Social movements in times of crisis. Social Movement Studies, 23(6), 667–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2024.2406697
Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. In Source: American Journal of Political Science (Vol. 37, Number 4).
Dharta, F. Y., Putra, D. A., & Albrecht, M. (2025). Transformation of political campaigning in the digital era : The impact of social media and digital communication. Jurnal Praksis Dan Dedikasi (JPDS), 8(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.17977/um022v8i12025p31-41
Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing — A study of compulsive use , fear of missing out , fatigue , anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40(February), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012
Dreston, J. H., & Neubaum, G. (2023). How incidental and intentional news exposure in social media relate to political knowledge and voting intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1250051. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2023.1250051
Eka, W., Ayuningtyas, P., Novianti, S., & Setiawan, A. (2026). From pop culture to political symbols : Brave pink , hero green , and resistance blue in Indonesia. SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 5(1), 770–789. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v5i1.5625
Fagerholm, A. S., Göransson, K., Thompson, L., & Hedvall, P. O. (2023). Activism online: Exploring how crises are communicated visually in activism campaigns. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 31(4), 1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12472
Fahlenbrach, K. (2025). Net icons and memetic imagery of protest in online activism. Visual Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14703572241283871
Gearhart, S., Zhang, B., & Adegbola, O. (2024). Tweeting, talking, or doing politics? Testing the influence of communication on democratic engagement. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 16, 100167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TELER.2024.100167
Geise, S., Maubach, K., & Boettcher Eli, A. (2025). Picture me in person: Personalization and emotionalization as political campaign strategies on social media in the German federal election period 2021. New Media & Society, 27(7), 3745–3769. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231224031
Geise, S., Panke, D., & Heck, A. (2024). From news images to action: The mobilizing effect of emotional protest images in news coverage. Frontiers in Political Science, 6, 1278055. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPOS.2024.1278055
Grüning, D. J., & Schubert, T. W. (2022). Emotional Campaigning in Politics: Being moved and anger in political ads motivate to support the candidate and party. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 781851. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.781851
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hansen, T., Taylor, C. K., & Knowles, R. T. (2025). Digital media and political engagement: Shaping youth environmental attitudes and behaviors in four European societies. Societies 2025, Vol. 15, Page 300, 15(11), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOC15110300
Intyaswati, D., Mahmood, Q., Venus, A., Kusumajanti, & Saputra, W. T. (2025). Media use and online political participation: The mediating roles of media credibility and political trust in Jakarta and Islamabad. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 24(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.17477/jcea.2025.24.1.022
Intyaswati, D., Maryani, E., Sugiana, D., & Venus, A. (2021). Social media as an information source of political learning in online education. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211023181
Jabeen, F., Tandon, A., Sithipolvanichgul, J., Srivastava, S., & Dhir, A. (2023). Social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media fatigue: The role of narcissism, comparison and disclosure. Journal of Business Research, 159, 113693. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2023.113693
Lee, S., & Xenos, M. (2022). Incidental news exposure via social media and political participation: Evidence of reciprocal effects. New Media and Society, 24(1), 178–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820962121
Levy, M. R., & Windahl, S. (1984). Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. Communication Research, 11(1), 51–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365084011001003
Li, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, Z., & Gao, X. (2024). Profiles of fear of missing out and their social media use among young adults: A six-month longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 149, 107899. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2023.107899
McLeod, J. M. (2000). Media and civic socialization of youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(2), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00131-2
Oden, A., & Porter, L. (2023). The kids are Online: Teen social media use, civic engagement, and affective polarization. Social Media and Society, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231186364
Olaniran, B., & Williams, I. (2020). Social media effects: Hijacking democracy and civility in civic engagement. Platforms, Protests, and the Challenge of Networked Democracy, Part F798, 77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36525-7_5
Park, S., & Dreston, J. Y. (2023). Incidental news exposure on Facebook and its relation to trust in news. Social Media and Society, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231158823
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., Dehaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2013.02.014
Rahmawati, Y., Lestari, B. P., Saputra, D. K., Dwi Lingga, R. S., Setiawati, L. S., & Abdul Rozak, R. W. (2025). Kemandirian generasi Z dalam politik: Studi tentang FoMO dan media sosial. Jurnal Komputer, Informasi Dan Teknologi, 5(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.53697/jkomitek.v5i1.2269
Raza Majid, M., Irtaza, S., & Adnan, M. (2024). Incidental exposure to the political contents on social media and political participation in Pakistan. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 8(2), 01–13. https://doi.org/10.35484/PSSR.2024(8-II)01
Reer, F., Tang, W. Y., & Quandt, T. (2019). Psychosocial well-being and social media engagement: The mediating roles of social comparison orientation and fear of missing out. New Media and Society, 21(7), 1486–1505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818823719
Rothut, S. (2025). Promoting politics : Political social media influencers , their online engagement , and implications for democracy. American Behavioral Scientist, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642251344206
Saifuddin, A., & Muhammad, M. (2023). Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: A meta-analysis. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2021.106839
Salsabila, S., Permanaludin, U., & Nur, R. M. (2026). Signs of verbal resistance in the brave pink and hero green campaign posters. JELE: Journal of English Language and Education, 11(1), 507–518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v11i1.1958
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. Handbook of Market Research, 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-2
Shahbazi, M., & Bunker, D. (2024). Social media trust: Fighting misinformation in the time of crisis. International Journal of Information Management, 77, 102780. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJINFOMGT.2024.102780
Srivastava, S. (2024). Linking fear of missing out and psychological well-being : a multi-country study. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 4(December 2023), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-02-2023-5837
Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Kaur, P., & Mäntymäki, M. (2021). Dark consequences of social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO): Social media stalking, comparisons, and fatigue. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 120931. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.120931
Tang, G., Hung, E. P. W., Au-Yeung, H. K. C., & Yuen, S. (2020). Politically motivated internet addiction: Relationships among online information exposure, internet addiction, FOMO, psychological well-being, and radicalism in massive political turbulence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, Vol. 17, Page 633, 17(2), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17020633
Taser, D., Aydin, E., Torgaloz, A. O., & Rofcanin, Y. (2022). An examination of remote e-working and flow experience: The role of technostress and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107020. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2021.107020
Vaccari, C., Valeriani, A., Barberá, P., Bonneau, R., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2015). Political expression and action on social media: Exploring the relationship between lower- and higher-threshold political activities among twitter users in Italy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(2), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/JCC4.12108
Yamamoto, M., & Morey, A. C. (2019). Incidental news exposure on social media: A campaign communication mediation approach. Social Media + Society, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119843619
Zhu, Q., & Skoric, M. M. (2022). Political implications of disconnection on social media: A study of politically motivated unfriending. New Media and Society, 24(12), 2659–2679. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821999994