Main Article Content
Abstract
This research explains the policy and practices of local television broadcasting in Indonesia post-reformation era (2002-2017). Researcher connect the policy and practices with the the localism principles in communication policy as well as with the opinion of the local people who had interest over the conduct of local television broadcasting. The issue of local television broadcasting becomes the focus of the research as it is one of the main agenda during Indonesia broadcasting reformation order to build a national broadcasting system which could guarantee the creation of a just, and balanced national information order to protect the diversity of Indonesian people and the effective conduct of local autonomy. The study covered analysis on broadcasting regulation documents, interviews on a number of stakeholders in the local broadcasting, as well as conducted observations in three areas, which are Yogyakarta, Denpasar and Makassar. The study results show that policy and television broadcasting practice in local areas are coloured with ambiguity and inconsistency in regulation, deviation between regulation and practice, as well as negligence over the local people interest. The manifestation of these problems are reflected on the issue of local broadcasting station presence, local contents, and the position of local regulator.
Keywords: broadcasting, local television, broadcasting policy, post-reformation, local autonomy
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References
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- Akibu, R.S. (2018). Implementasi Kebijakan Perizinan Penyiaran Televisi Lokal di Provinsi Gorontalo.Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi), 4(2), 63-69.
- Anabarja, S. (2011). Peran Televisi Lokal dalam Mempertahankan Identitas Lokal di Era Globalisasi Informasi. Global & Strategi. Edisi Khusus: Desember, 261-270.
- Anderson, C. and Curtin, M. (1999). Mapping the ethereal city: Chicago television, the FCC, and the politic of place. Quarterly Review of Film & Video 16(3-4), 289-305.
- Berkowitz, E.D. (1984). Low power television and the doctrine of localism: The need to reconcile a medium with its message. University of San Francisco Law Review, 18(2), 505-533.
- Browne, D. R. (1991). Local radio in Switzerland: The limits of localism. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic , 34 (4), 449-464.
- Collins, T. A. (1980). Local service concept. Iowa Law Review, 65, 553-635.
- Cresswell, J.W. and Clark, V.L.P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
- Crouch, H. A. (2010). Political reform in Indonesia after Soeharto. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
- Graham, P. (2007). Political economy of communication: a critique. Critical perspectives on international business, 3(3), 226-245.
- Grossberg, L., Wartella, E., Whitney, D.C., and Wise, J.M. (2006). Media Making: Mass Media in A Popular Culture. Second edition. London: Sage Publications.
- Hariyani, N. (2013). Televisi Lokal Dalam Perencanaan Strategi Kreatif Program Berbasis “Lokalitas” Sebagai Wujud Eksistensi Media. Jurnal Sosial, 14, 30-31.
- Hendrawan, B. (2017). Televisi Lokal: Antara Kepentingan Korporat dan Fungsi Sosial. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 5-14.
- Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2002). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. NY: Pantheon Books.
- Horwitz, R. B. (2005). On media concentration and the diversity question. The information society, 21(3), 181-204.
- Irion, K. & Radu, R. (2013). Delegation to independent regulatory authorities in the media sector: A paradigm shift through the lens of regulatory theory. In W. Schulz, P. Valcke & K. Iron (Eds.) The Independence of the Media and Its Regulatory Agencies: Shedding New Light on Formal and Actual Independence Againts the national Context (p. 15-54). Bristol UK/Chicago USA: Intellect.
- Masini, A., Van Aelst, P., Zerback, T., Reinemann, C., Mancini, P., Mazzoni, M., Damiani, M., & Coen, S. (2017): Measuring and Explaining the Diversity of Voices and Viewpoints in the News. Journalism Studies, 1-20.
- Mazmanian, D.A., & Sabatier, P.A. (1983). Implementation and Public Policy. New York: Harper Collins.
- Mitchell, E.S. (1986). Multiple triangulation: A methodology for nursing science. Advances in Nursing Science, 8(3), 18-26.
- Mosco, V. (2009). The Political Economy of Communication. Sage Publications.
- Murdock, G., & Golding, P. (2005). Culture, communications and political economy. Mass media and society, 4, 60-83.
- Napoli, P. M. (1999). The marketplace of ideas metaphor in communications regulation. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 151-169.
- Napoli, P. M. (2001). The localism principle in communications policymaking and policy analysis: Ambiguity, inconsistency, and empirical neglect. Policy Studies Journal, 29(3), 372-387.
- Napoli, P.M. (2005). Market structure, station ownership, and news programming on local broadcast television. Paper submitted to the International Communication Association, Communication Law and Policy Division
- Novianti, W. (2013). Televisi Lokal dan Konsentrasi Kepemilikan Media. Observasi, 11(1), 39-46.
- Nugroho, Y., Putri, DA., Laksmi, S. (2012). Mapping the landscape of the media industry in contemporary Indonesia. Report Series. Engaging media, empowering society: Assessing media policy and governance in Indonesia through the lens of citizens’ rights. Research collaboration of Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance and HIVOS Regional Office Southeast Asia, funded by Ford Foundation. Jakarta: CIPG and HIVOS.
- Pandjaitan, HIP. & Siregar, A.S. (2003). Membangun sistem penyiaran yang demokratis di Indonesia. Jakarta: Warta Global Indonesia.
- Pesch, U. (2008). The publicness of public administration. Administration & Society, 40(2), 170-193.
- Putri, E. R. H., Rahardjo, T., Lukmantoro, T., & Yulianto, M. (2014). Keberadaan Program Siaran Lokal di Televisi Berjaringan (Studi Implementasi Kebijakan Media terhadap Protv). Interaksi Online, 8(4).
- Rahayu. (2014). Kebangkitan Lokalisme dan Problem Kebijakan dan Regulasi Media: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka. Universitas Islam Indonesia, 10-11 Desember 2014: Prosiding Conference on Communication, Culture, and Media Studies (CCCMS) .
- Rahayu. (2018). Political Interconnection in the Operation of Digital Terrestrial Free-to-Air Television Broadcasting. Policy & Governance Review, 2(1), 14-28.
- Rianto, P., Rahayu, Yusuf, I.A., Wahyono, B., Zuhri, S., Cahyono, M.F., Siregar, A.E. (2014). Kepemilikan dan Intervensi Siaran: Perampasan Hak Publik, Dominasi, dan Bahaya Media Di Tangan Segelintir Orang. Yogyakarta: PR2Media dan Yayasan Tifa.
- Rinowati, N. A. (2012). Eksistensi Televisi Lokal (Kasus: Eksistensi TVKU Dalam Kompetisi Industri Penyiaran). Disertasi. Tidak dipublikasikan. Ilmu Komunikasi FISIP UNDIP.
- Sabatier, P., & Mazmanian, D. (1980). The implementation of public policy: A framework of analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), 538-560.
- Siregar, A.E. (9 Juni 2008). Sistem penyiaran yang demokratis. Perspektif Baru, 638. Retreived from http://www.perspektifbaru.com/wawancara/638
- Stavitsky, A.G. (1994). The changing conception of localism in U.S. public radio. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38(1), 19-33
- Thurmond, V. A. (2001). The point of triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(3), 253-258.
- Underhill, G. R. (2000). State, market, and global political economy: genealogy of an (inter?) discipline. International Affairs, 76(4), 805-824.
- Wildman, S. S. (2009). Indexing diversity. In P.M. Napoli (Ed). Media diversity and localism: Meaning and metrics (p. 165-190). New York: Routledge.
References
Ali, C. (2013). Where is here? An Analysis of localism in media policy in three western democracies. (Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
Akibu, R.S. (2018). Implementasi Kebijakan Perizinan Penyiaran Televisi Lokal di Provinsi Gorontalo.Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi), 4(2), 63-69.
Anabarja, S. (2011). Peran Televisi Lokal dalam Mempertahankan Identitas Lokal di Era Globalisasi Informasi. Global & Strategi. Edisi Khusus: Desember, 261-270.
Anderson, C. and Curtin, M. (1999). Mapping the ethereal city: Chicago television, the FCC, and the politic of place. Quarterly Review of Film & Video 16(3-4), 289-305.
Berkowitz, E.D. (1984). Low power television and the doctrine of localism: The need to reconcile a medium with its message. University of San Francisco Law Review, 18(2), 505-533.
Browne, D. R. (1991). Local radio in Switzerland: The limits of localism. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic , 34 (4), 449-464.
Collins, T. A. (1980). Local service concept. Iowa Law Review, 65, 553-635.
Cresswell, J.W. and Clark, V.L.P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Crouch, H. A. (2010). Political reform in Indonesia after Soeharto. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Graham, P. (2007). Political economy of communication: a critique. Critical perspectives on international business, 3(3), 226-245.
Grossberg, L., Wartella, E., Whitney, D.C., and Wise, J.M. (2006). Media Making: Mass Media in A Popular Culture. Second edition. London: Sage Publications.
Hariyani, N. (2013). Televisi Lokal Dalam Perencanaan Strategi Kreatif Program Berbasis “Lokalitas” Sebagai Wujud Eksistensi Media. Jurnal Sosial, 14, 30-31.
Hendrawan, B. (2017). Televisi Lokal: Antara Kepentingan Korporat dan Fungsi Sosial. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 5-14.
Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2002). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. NY: Pantheon Books.
Horwitz, R. B. (2005). On media concentration and the diversity question. The information society, 21(3), 181-204.
Irion, K. & Radu, R. (2013). Delegation to independent regulatory authorities in the media sector: A paradigm shift through the lens of regulatory theory. In W. Schulz, P. Valcke & K. Iron (Eds.) The Independence of the Media and Its Regulatory Agencies: Shedding New Light on Formal and Actual Independence Againts the national Context (p. 15-54). Bristol UK/Chicago USA: Intellect.
Masini, A., Van Aelst, P., Zerback, T., Reinemann, C., Mancini, P., Mazzoni, M., Damiani, M., & Coen, S. (2017): Measuring and Explaining the Diversity of Voices and Viewpoints in the News. Journalism Studies, 1-20.
Mazmanian, D.A., & Sabatier, P.A. (1983). Implementation and Public Policy. New York: Harper Collins.
Mitchell, E.S. (1986). Multiple triangulation: A methodology for nursing science. Advances in Nursing Science, 8(3), 18-26.
Mosco, V. (2009). The Political Economy of Communication. Sage Publications.
Murdock, G., & Golding, P. (2005). Culture, communications and political economy. Mass media and society, 4, 60-83.
Napoli, P. M. (1999). The marketplace of ideas metaphor in communications regulation. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 151-169.
Napoli, P. M. (2001). The localism principle in communications policymaking and policy analysis: Ambiguity, inconsistency, and empirical neglect. Policy Studies Journal, 29(3), 372-387.
Napoli, P.M. (2005). Market structure, station ownership, and news programming on local broadcast television. Paper submitted to the International Communication Association, Communication Law and Policy Division
Novianti, W. (2013). Televisi Lokal dan Konsentrasi Kepemilikan Media. Observasi, 11(1), 39-46.
Nugroho, Y., Putri, DA., Laksmi, S. (2012). Mapping the landscape of the media industry in contemporary Indonesia. Report Series. Engaging media, empowering society: Assessing media policy and governance in Indonesia through the lens of citizens’ rights. Research collaboration of Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance and HIVOS Regional Office Southeast Asia, funded by Ford Foundation. Jakarta: CIPG and HIVOS.
Pandjaitan, HIP. & Siregar, A.S. (2003). Membangun sistem penyiaran yang demokratis di Indonesia. Jakarta: Warta Global Indonesia.
Pesch, U. (2008). The publicness of public administration. Administration & Society, 40(2), 170-193.
Putri, E. R. H., Rahardjo, T., Lukmantoro, T., & Yulianto, M. (2014). Keberadaan Program Siaran Lokal di Televisi Berjaringan (Studi Implementasi Kebijakan Media terhadap Protv). Interaksi Online, 8(4).
Rahayu. (2014). Kebangkitan Lokalisme dan Problem Kebijakan dan Regulasi Media: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka. Universitas Islam Indonesia, 10-11 Desember 2014: Prosiding Conference on Communication, Culture, and Media Studies (CCCMS) .
Rahayu. (2018). Political Interconnection in the Operation of Digital Terrestrial Free-to-Air Television Broadcasting. Policy & Governance Review, 2(1), 14-28.
Rianto, P., Rahayu, Yusuf, I.A., Wahyono, B., Zuhri, S., Cahyono, M.F., Siregar, A.E. (2014). Kepemilikan dan Intervensi Siaran: Perampasan Hak Publik, Dominasi, dan Bahaya Media Di Tangan Segelintir Orang. Yogyakarta: PR2Media dan Yayasan Tifa.
Rinowati, N. A. (2012). Eksistensi Televisi Lokal (Kasus: Eksistensi TVKU Dalam Kompetisi Industri Penyiaran). Disertasi. Tidak dipublikasikan. Ilmu Komunikasi FISIP UNDIP.
Sabatier, P., & Mazmanian, D. (1980). The implementation of public policy: A framework of analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), 538-560.
Siregar, A.E. (9 Juni 2008). Sistem penyiaran yang demokratis. Perspektif Baru, 638. Retreived from http://www.perspektifbaru.com/wawancara/638
Stavitsky, A.G. (1994). The changing conception of localism in U.S. public radio. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38(1), 19-33
Thurmond, V. A. (2001). The point of triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(3), 253-258.
Underhill, G. R. (2000). State, market, and global political economy: genealogy of an (inter?) discipline. International Affairs, 76(4), 805-824.
Wildman, S. S. (2009). Indexing diversity. In P.M. Napoli (Ed). Media diversity and localism: Meaning and metrics (p. 165-190). New York: Routledge.