Main Article Content
Abstract
During the Covid-19 epidemic, people must not only escape getting infected with the virus, but also avoid being targeted by hoaxes. In cyberspace, there are several topics of misinformation ranging from conspiracy theories to claims of finding anti-corona medications. Various studies have discovered that during a pandemic, social media is the mechanism through which health misinformation begins and spreads. However, there is a lack of data on misinformation disseminated by other media, particularly verified media. This study intends to bridge a research gap by investigating more into how claims of traditional medicine healing Covid-19 are publicized by Indonesian online news outlets. This study did a content analysis of 14 media articles from various online media about anti-corona herbal remedies affiliated to the 'Covid-19 Herbal Research Team for the Nation.' The study's findings suggest that in reporting on anti-corona medications, the majority of the media have abandoned the discipline of verification in the news production process. The media has amplified the lies of the 'Covid-19 Herbal Research Team for the Nation' through misleading headlines and reports that only feature sole claims.
Keywords
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References
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- Aprilia, C. (2021). Perilaku Panic Buying dan Berita Hoaks Covid-19 di Kota Bandung. Jurnal Communio : Jurnal Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi, 10(1), 11–26.
- Bafadhal, O. M., & Santoso, A. D. (2020). Mapping Hoax Messages of COVID-19 in Indonesia Accros Categories, Sources, and Types of Disinformation. Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi Vol.6 (No. 2 ), 235 - 249.
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- BPOM. (2020). PERATURAN BADAN PENGAWAS OBAT DAN MAKANAN NOMOR 27 TAHUN 2020.
- Brainard, J., & R Hunter, P. (2020). Misinformation making a disease outbreak worse: outcomes compared for influenza, monkeypox, and norovirus. Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, 365-374.
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- Ecker, U. K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2014). The Effects of Subtle Misinformation in News Headlines. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 323-335.
- Fahrimal, Y., Husna, A., Islami, F., & Johan. (2020). Media dan Pandemi : Frame Tentang Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Media Online di Indonesia (Studi Pada Portal Berita Kompas.com dan Detik.com). Jurnal Studi Komunikasi dan Media Vol. 24 No. 2, 169 - 186.
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- Hanyoung, K., Han, Yeob, J., & Seo, Y. (2020). Effects of Facebook Comments on Attitude Toward Vaccines: The Roles of Perceived Distributions of Public Opinion and Perceived Vaccine Efficacy. Journal of Health Communication, 1-11.
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- Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2001). The Elements Of Journalism- WHat Newspeople Should Know and The Public Should Expect. New York: Crown Publishers.
- Lenin, V. (1925). On the Freedom of the Press. Labour Monthly 7, 35-37.
- Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3), 106-131.
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- Lwin, M. O., Lee, S. Y., Panchapakesan, C., & Tandoc, E. (2021). Mainstream News Media’s Role in Public Health Communication During Crises: Assessment of Coverage and Correction of COVID-19 Misinformation. Health Communication, 1-10.
- Mardika, I. P., & Wulandari, N. P. (2021). Peran Media Sosial Dalam Pemberitaan Hoax Pasca Covid 19. Danapati Volume 1 No 2 , 153-163.
- Mastel. (2017, Februari 13). Hasil Survey Wabah Hoax Nasional. Retrieved from https://mastel.id/hasil-survey-wabah-hoax-nasional-2017/
- McCrudden, M., & Schraw, G. (2007). Relevance and goal-focusing in text processing. Educational Psychology Review, 113-139.
- Nielsen, R. K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, J. S., & Howard, a. P. (2020, April 15). Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus. Retrieved from Reuters Institute: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Navigating%20the%20Coronavirus%20Infodemic%20FINAL.pdf
- Palupi, M. F., & Irawan, R. E. (2020). Analisis Framing Pemberitaan Kebijakan Pemerintah Terkait Ketenagakerjaan sebagai Dampak Covid 19 di Kompas.com dan Malaysiakini. Jurnal Representamen Vol 6 No. 02, 8-22.
- Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: central and peripheral routes to attitude change. In Communication and Persuasion. Springer Series in Social Psychology. New York: Springer, New York.
- Rachman, R. (2021). Tren Pemberitaan Covid-19 Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur di Media Online . Jurnal Khazanah Intelektual, 5(1), 970-986.
- Rahardja, U., Aini, Q., & Dewi, Y. N. (2018). Alexa Rank Sebagai Alat Ukur Popularitas Website Crowdfunding. Technomedia Jurnal , 29-40.
- Rahayu, R. N., & Sensusiyati. (2020). Analisis Berita Hoax Covid-19 di Media Sosial di Indonesia . Intelektiva Vol 1. No.9, 60-73.
- Rahmawati, D., Mulyana, D., Lumakto, G., Viendyasari, M., & Anindhita, W. (2021). Mapping Disinformation During the Covid-19 in Indonesia: Qualitative Content Analysis. Jurnal ASPIKOM Vol. 6, No. 2, 222-234.
- Sofian, A., & Lestarini, N. (2021). Analisis framing pemberitaan tentang kebijakan pemerintah dalam menangani kasus Covid-19 (Analisis framing model Robert N. Entman pada media online Koran.tempo.co Edisi Maret 2020). COMMICAST Vol. (2), No. (1),, 58-70.
- Suku, M. Y., Y. D., & Meilawati, F. T. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberitaan Covid-19 Di Media Online Terhadap Perubahan Sikap Tenaga Kesehatan Sikap Tenaga Kesehatan Rsud Naibonat Kabupaten Kupang. Jurnal Communio : Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Volume 10, No.2, 191-202.
- Tagliabue, F., Galassi, L., & Mariani, P. (2020). The “Pandemic” of Disinformation in COVID-19. Springer Nature Journal, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00439-1.
- Teluma, A. R. (2020). Membaca Realitas Infodemi Covid-19 di Indonesia. JCommsci (Journal Of Media and Communication Science) Vol. 3, 1-9.
- Tempo.co. (2020, Agustus 2). RS Wisma Atlet Tak Pakai Obat Herbal Hadi Pranoto. Retrieved from Tempo.co: https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1371823/rs-wisma-atlet-tak-pakai-obat-herbal-hadi-pranoto
- Tempo.co. (2020, Mei 27). Tingkat Kepercayaan Terhadap Media Selama Pandemi. Retrieved from https://data.tempo.co/read/699/covid-19-tingkat-kepercayaan-terhadap-media-selama-pandemi
- The Department of Global Communications . (2020, 03 31). UN tackles ‘infodemic’ of misinformation and cybercrime in COVID-19 crisis. Retrieved from un.org: https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-tackling-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation-and-cybercrime-covid-19
- Thomas, J., Peterson, G. M., Walker, E., Christenson, J. K., Cowley, M., Kosari, S., . . . Naunton, M. (2018). Fake News: Medicines Misinformation by The Media. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS.
- Triyaningsih, H. (2020). Efek Pemberitaan Media Massa Terhadap Persepsi Masyarakat Tentang Virus Corona (Studi Kasus; Masyarakat di Pamekasan). Meyarsa Vol 1 No 1, 1-21.
- Turner, N. M., York, D. G., & Petousis-Harris, H. A. (2009). The use and misuse of media headlines: lessons from the MeNZB™ immunisation campaign. The New Zealand Medical Journal 122(1291), 22-27.
- Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses on a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 129-140.
- Wegner, D. M., Wenzlaff, R., & Kerker, R. M. (1981). Incrimination Through Innuendo : Can Media Questions Become Public Anwers ? Journal of Pesonality and Social Psychology, 822-832.
- WHO. (2020, 03 06). Media Statement: the role and need of masks during COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from WHO: https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/detail/06-03-2020-media-statement-the-role-and-need-of-masks-during-covid-19-outbreak
- Yosia, B. (2021). Objektivitas Pemberitaan Covid-19 Pada Media Daring Okezone.com. JURNAL KOMUNIKASI DAN KAJIAN MEDIA VOLUME 5, NOMOR 1, , 1-16.
- Yustitia, S., & Asharianto, P. D. (2002). Misinformation and Disinformation of COVID-19 on Social Media in Indonesia. LPPM UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta Conference Series Proceeding on Political and Social Science (PSS) Volume 1 Number 1 (pp. 51-65). Yogyakarta: RSF Press.
References
Aldilal, Sanjaya, A. A., Akbar, N., & Febriansyah, M. R. (2020). Pemberitaan dan Opini Publik tentang Kedatangan Tenaga Kerja China Pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19 di Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Volume 18, No. 3 , 280-291.
Alodokter.com. (2018, Austus 02). 45% Masyarakat Indonesia Masih Lebih Percaya Obat Herbal Dibanding Obat Modern. Retrieved from https://www.alodokter.com/45-masyarakat-indonesia-masih-lebih-percaya-obat-herbal-dibanding-obat-modern
Angeline, M., Safitri, Y., & Luthfia, A. (2020). Can the Damage be Undone? Analyzing Misinformation during COVID-19 Outbreak in Indonesia. International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) (pp. 360-364). Jakarta: IEEE.
Aprilia, C. (2021). Perilaku Panic Buying dan Berita Hoaks Covid-19 di Kota Bandung. Jurnal Communio : Jurnal Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi, 10(1), 11–26.
Bafadhal, O. M., & Santoso, A. D. (2020). Mapping Hoax Messages of COVID-19 in Indonesia Accros Categories, Sources, and Types of Disinformation. Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi Vol.6 (No. 2 ), 235 - 249.
Bbc.com. (2020, 08 04). Kasus Anji: Kontroversi soal klaim obat Covid-19, perlukah kode etik bagi influencer? Retrieved from Bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-53644116
Boer, K. M., Pratiwi, M. R., & Muna, N. (2020). Analisis Framing Pemberitaan Generasi Milenial dan Pemerintah Terkait Covid-19 di Media Online. Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Volume 4 Nomor 1 , 85-104.
BPOM. (2020). PERATURAN BADAN PENGAWAS OBAT DAN MAKANAN NOMOR 27 TAHUN 2020.
Brainard, J., & R Hunter, P. (2020). Misinformation making a disease outbreak worse: outcomes compared for influenza, monkeypox, and norovirus. Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, 365-374.
Detik.com. (2020, 08 06). Klaim Obat Hadi Pranoto Ditepis Pemilik Bio nuswa. Retrieved from Detik.com: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5122038/klaim-obat-corona-hadi-pranoto-ditepis-pemilik-bio-nuswa
Detikhealth.com. (2020, 09 17). Anjuran Pakai Masker Banyak Berubah Selama Pandemi, Ini Rangkumannya. Retrieved from Detikhealth.com: https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5177577/anjuran-pakai-masker-banyak-berubah-selama-pandemi-ini-rangkumannya
Dor, D. (2003). On newspaper headlines as relevance optimizers. Journal. Journals of Pragmatics, 695-721.
Ecker, U. K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2014). The Effects of Subtle Misinformation in News Headlines. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 323-335.
Fahrimal, Y., Husna, A., Islami, F., & Johan. (2020). Media dan Pandemi : Frame Tentang Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Media Online di Indonesia (Studi Pada Portal Berita Kompas.com dan Detik.com). Jurnal Studi Komunikasi dan Media Vol. 24 No. 2, 169 - 186.
H. rosenberg, S. S., & Rezaie, S. (2020). The Twitter Pandemic : the critical role of Twitter in the dissemination of medical information and misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. CJEM, 1-4.
Hanyoung, K., Han, Yeob, J., & Seo, Y. (2020). Effects of Facebook Comments on Attitude Toward Vaccines: The Roles of Perceived Distributions of Public Opinion and Perceived Vaccine Efficacy. Journal of Health Communication, 1-11.
Ishwara, L. (2011). Jurnalisme Dasar. Jakarta: Kompas.
Jpnn.com. (2020, Agustus 11). Dirut RSUP dr. Kariadi Keberatan dengan Pernyataan Tim Riset Formula Antibody Covid-19. Retrieved from Jpnn.com: https://www.jpnn.com/news/dirut-rsup-dr-kariadi-keberatan-dengan-pernyataan-tim-riset-formula-antibody-covid-19
Kiousis, S. (2001). Public trust or mistrust? Perceptions of media credibility in the information age. Mass Communication and Society, 381-403.
Kominfo.go.id. (2017, 10 18). Perangi Hoaks, Dukung Dewan Pers Verifikasi Media Online. Retrieved from Kominfo.go.id: https://kominfo.go.id/content/detail/11022/perangi-hoaks-dukung-dewan-pers-verifikasi-media-online/0/sorotan_media
Kompas. (2020, 03 04). Sesuai STandar WHO, Menkes Tegaskan Orang Sehat Tak Perlu Masker. Retrieved from Kompas: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/03/04/06214651/sesuai-standar-who-menkes-tegaskan-orang-sehat-tak-perlu-masker?page=all
Kompas.com. (2020, 09 05). 6 Bulan Pandemi Covid-19: Hoaks dan Teori Konspirasi yang Memperparah Penanganan. Retrieved from kompas.com: : https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/09/05/09090921/6-bulan-pandemi-covid-19-hoaks-dan-teori-konspirasi-yang-memperparah?page=all
Kompas.com. (2020, 08 11). Ini Alasan Anji Wawancara Hadi Pranoto Soal Klaim Temuan Obat Covid-19. Retrieved from Kompas.com: https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2020/08/11/13111281/ini-alasan-anji-wawancara-hadi-pranoto-soal-klaim-temuan-obat-covid-19?page=all
Kompas.com. (2020, Agustus 03). RSD Wisma Atlet Bantah Gunakan Obat Corona dari Hadi Pranoto. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/08/03/170200265/rsd-wisma-atlet-bantah-gunakan-obat-corona-dari-hadi-pranoto?page=all
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2001). The Elements Of Journalism- WHat Newspeople Should Know and The Public Should Expect. New York: Crown Publishers.
Lenin, V. (1925). On the Freedom of the Press. Labour Monthly 7, 35-37.
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3), 106-131.
Liputan6.com. (2020, 08 07). Berkaca Pada Kasus Anji : Perlukah Kode Etik Untuk Influencer ? Retrieved from Liputan6.com: https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4324739/special-content-berkaca-kepada-kasus-anji-perlukah-kode-etik-untuk-influencer
Lwin, M. O., Lee, S. Y., Panchapakesan, C., & Tandoc, E. (2021). Mainstream News Media’s Role in Public Health Communication During Crises: Assessment of Coverage and Correction of COVID-19 Misinformation. Health Communication, 1-10.
Mardika, I. P., & Wulandari, N. P. (2021). Peran Media Sosial Dalam Pemberitaan Hoax Pasca Covid 19. Danapati Volume 1 No 2 , 153-163.
Mastel. (2017, Februari 13). Hasil Survey Wabah Hoax Nasional. Retrieved from https://mastel.id/hasil-survey-wabah-hoax-nasional-2017/
McCrudden, M., & Schraw, G. (2007). Relevance and goal-focusing in text processing. Educational Psychology Review, 113-139.
Nielsen, R. K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, J. S., & Howard, a. P. (2020, April 15). Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus. Retrieved from Reuters Institute: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Navigating%20the%20Coronavirus%20Infodemic%20FINAL.pdf
Palupi, M. F., & Irawan, R. E. (2020). Analisis Framing Pemberitaan Kebijakan Pemerintah Terkait Ketenagakerjaan sebagai Dampak Covid 19 di Kompas.com dan Malaysiakini. Jurnal Representamen Vol 6 No. 02, 8-22.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: central and peripheral routes to attitude change. In Communication and Persuasion. Springer Series in Social Psychology. New York: Springer, New York.
Rachman, R. (2021). Tren Pemberitaan Covid-19 Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur di Media Online . Jurnal Khazanah Intelektual, 5(1), 970-986.
Rahardja, U., Aini, Q., & Dewi, Y. N. (2018). Alexa Rank Sebagai Alat Ukur Popularitas Website Crowdfunding. Technomedia Jurnal , 29-40.
Rahayu, R. N., & Sensusiyati. (2020). Analisis Berita Hoax Covid-19 di Media Sosial di Indonesia . Intelektiva Vol 1. No.9, 60-73.
Rahmawati, D., Mulyana, D., Lumakto, G., Viendyasari, M., & Anindhita, W. (2021). Mapping Disinformation During the Covid-19 in Indonesia: Qualitative Content Analysis. Jurnal ASPIKOM Vol. 6, No. 2, 222-234.
Sofian, A., & Lestarini, N. (2021). Analisis framing pemberitaan tentang kebijakan pemerintah dalam menangani kasus Covid-19 (Analisis framing model Robert N. Entman pada media online Koran.tempo.co Edisi Maret 2020). COMMICAST Vol. (2), No. (1),, 58-70.
Suku, M. Y., Y. D., & Meilawati, F. T. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberitaan Covid-19 Di Media Online Terhadap Perubahan Sikap Tenaga Kesehatan Sikap Tenaga Kesehatan Rsud Naibonat Kabupaten Kupang. Jurnal Communio : Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Volume 10, No.2, 191-202.
Tagliabue, F., Galassi, L., & Mariani, P. (2020). The “Pandemic” of Disinformation in COVID-19. Springer Nature Journal, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00439-1.
Teluma, A. R. (2020). Membaca Realitas Infodemi Covid-19 di Indonesia. JCommsci (Journal Of Media and Communication Science) Vol. 3, 1-9.
Tempo.co. (2020, Agustus 2). RS Wisma Atlet Tak Pakai Obat Herbal Hadi Pranoto. Retrieved from Tempo.co: https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1371823/rs-wisma-atlet-tak-pakai-obat-herbal-hadi-pranoto
Tempo.co. (2020, Mei 27). Tingkat Kepercayaan Terhadap Media Selama Pandemi. Retrieved from https://data.tempo.co/read/699/covid-19-tingkat-kepercayaan-terhadap-media-selama-pandemi
The Department of Global Communications . (2020, 03 31). UN tackles ‘infodemic’ of misinformation and cybercrime in COVID-19 crisis. Retrieved from un.org: https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-tackling-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation-and-cybercrime-covid-19
Thomas, J., Peterson, G. M., Walker, E., Christenson, J. K., Cowley, M., Kosari, S., . . . Naunton, M. (2018). Fake News: Medicines Misinformation by The Media. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS.
Triyaningsih, H. (2020). Efek Pemberitaan Media Massa Terhadap Persepsi Masyarakat Tentang Virus Corona (Studi Kasus; Masyarakat di Pamekasan). Meyarsa Vol 1 No 1, 1-21.
Turner, N. M., York, D. G., & Petousis-Harris, H. A. (2009). The use and misuse of media headlines: lessons from the MeNZB™ immunisation campaign. The New Zealand Medical Journal 122(1291), 22-27.
Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses on a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 129-140.
Wegner, D. M., Wenzlaff, R., & Kerker, R. M. (1981). Incrimination Through Innuendo : Can Media Questions Become Public Anwers ? Journal of Pesonality and Social Psychology, 822-832.
WHO. (2020, 03 06). Media Statement: the role and need of masks during COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from WHO: https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/detail/06-03-2020-media-statement-the-role-and-need-of-masks-during-covid-19-outbreak
Yosia, B. (2021). Objektivitas Pemberitaan Covid-19 Pada Media Daring Okezone.com. JURNAL KOMUNIKASI DAN KAJIAN MEDIA VOLUME 5, NOMOR 1, , 1-16.
Yustitia, S., & Asharianto, P. D. (2002). Misinformation and Disinformation of COVID-19 on Social Media in Indonesia. LPPM UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta Conference Series Proceeding on Political and Social Science (PSS) Volume 1 Number 1 (pp. 51-65). Yogyakarta: RSF Press.