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Abstract
This study aims to determine the meaning of the text of hate speech targeting ethnic Chinese in Indonesia on Twitter social media. In addition, it also aims to reveal the social cognition and social context of the discourse surrounding the phenomenon of hate speech to Chinese ethnic. This study uses a qualitative method in the form of text analysis with a critical discourse analysis approach of Van Dijk's model. The research findings show that the macrostructure of the hate speech text has a certain theme and Twitter citizens have their definition of the word "China" as social cognition. The developing social context is issues related to government policies, namely the development of the capital city of the Archipelago and the polarization of society after the 2019 presidential election, which are collected in the form of discourses of disliking President Jokowi's government
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Copyright (c) 2024 Adry Alim Priyatna, Kunto Adi Wibowo, Nuryah Asri Syafirah
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References
- Adiprasetio, J., Rahmawan, D., & Wibowo, K. A. (2021). A meta-analysis of hate speech in Indonesia: The yielding of an academic discourse to the discourse of authority. Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa, 27(1 & 2), 251-267.
- Alkiviadou, N. (2019). Hate speech on social media networks: towards a regulatory framework? Information & Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 19–35.
- Ayo, F. E., Folorunso, O., Ibharalu, F. T., & Osinuga, I. A. (2020). Machine learning techniques for hate speech classification of twitter data: State-of-the-art, future challenges and research directions. Computer Science Review, 38, 100311.
- Bajari, A., Istiqomah, R. N., Koswara, I., & Erlandia, D. R. (2021). Hatenography On Twitter During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Hate speech Case Against Anies Baswedan. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(5), 68–78.
- Barnidge, M., Kim, B., Sherrill, L. A., Luknar, Ž., & Zhang, J. (2019). Perceived exposure to and avoidance of hate speech in various communication settings. Telematics and Informatics, 44, 101263.
- Brown, A. (2018). What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech? Ethnicities, 18(3), 297–326.
- Budiman, A. (2023). Ujaran kebencian dalam perkembangan demokrasi di Indonesia. Info Singkat Bidang Politik, Hukum, dan Keamanan, 15(8), 1-5.
- Carey, P., & Noor, F. A. (2022). Ras, Kuasa, dan Kekerasan Kolonial di Hindia Belanda. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
- d'Sa, A. G., Illina, I., & Fohr, D. (2020). Classification of hate speech using deep neural networks. Revue d'Information Scientifique & Technique, 25(01).
- Eriyanto. (2015). Analisis Wacana ; Pengantar Analisis Teks Media: Komunikasi. LKiS.
- Erjavec, K., & Kovačič, M. P. (2012). “You Don’t Understand, This is a New War!” Analysis of Hate speech in News Web Sites’ Comments. Mass Communication and Society, 15(6), 899–920.
- Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Routledge.
- Floranti, A. D. (2022). Racism toward Chinese ethnic group in Indonesian social media: Hate speeches analysis from Forensic Linguistic perspective. JOMANTARA, 2(2), 112-130.
- Freedman, A. (2003). Political institutions and ethnic Chinese identity in Indonesia. Asian Ethnicity, 4(3), 439–452.
- Haryatmoko. (2019). Critical Discourse Analysis (Analisis Wacana Kritis). PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
- Indrayatti, W., Lestari, D., & Lolita, A. (2019). Ungkapan Makian Bahasa Tiochiu (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Tionghoa Senggarang). GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan, 5(2), 180-191.
- Intan, G. (2023). Jokowi Minta Dukungan China dalam Pembangunan IKN Lewat Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan. VOA Indonesia; VOA Indonesia | Berita AS, Dunia, Indonesia, Diaspora Indonesia di AS. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/jokowi-minta-dukungan-china-dalam-pembangunan-ikn-lewat-inisiatif-sabuk-dan-jalan/7315726.html
- Juditha, C. (2017). Hatespeech in Online Media: Jakarta on Election 2017. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi Dan Opini Publik, 21(2).
- Keen, E., Georgescu, M., & Gomes, R. (2020). Bookmarks (2020 Revised ed): A manual for combating hate speech online through human rights education. Council of Europe.
- Kemp, S. (2022, February 15). Digital 2022: Indonesia. Https://Datareportal.Com.
- Kibtiah, T. M., Aditya, R., Miranda, E., & Permana, A. (2021). Sinophobia in Indonesia and Its Impact on Indonesia-China Economic Cooperation with the SVM (Support Vector Machine) Approach. 2021 1st International Conference on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (ICCSAI), 1, 340–345.
- Lie, S., & Sandel, T. (2020). Unwelcomed Guests: Cultural Discourse Analysis of Comments on Ethnic Chinese in Indonesian Social Media. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 16(1), 31–57.
- Liputan6.com. (2022, April 18). Pencetus Pertama Kali Istilah Cebong, Kampret, Kadrun dan BuzzerRp Terungkap, Siapa Dia ? Liputan6.Com.
- Mazrieva, E. (2021, February 26). Indeks Keberadaban Digital: Indonesia Terburuk se-Asia Tenggara. Www.Voaindonesia.Com.
- Mehta, H., & Passi, K. (2022). Social media hate speech detection using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Algorithms, 15(8), 291.
- Mondal, M., Silva, L. A., & Benevenuto, F. (2017a). A measurement study of hate speech in social media. Proceedings of the 28th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, 85–94.
- Nabila, M. (2024). Daftar 10 Orang Terkaya di Indonesia Akhir Agustus 2024, Prajogo Pangestu dan Bos Djarum Masih Juara. Bisnis.com. https://entrepreneur.bisnis.com/read/20240831/265/1795695/daftar-10-orang-terkaya-di-indonesia-akhir-agustus-2024-prajogo-pangestu-dan-bos-djarum-masih-juara
- Purdey, J. (2006). Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999: 1996-99. University of Hawaii Press.
- Purnama, I. D. (2023). TKA China Kerja di Proyek IKN, Serikat Buruh: Itu Merendahkan Pekerja Indonesia. Https://Economy.okezone.com/; Okezone.com. https://economy.okezone.com/read/2023/06/15/320/2831528/tka-china-kerja-di-proyek-ikn-serikat-buruh-itu-merendahkan-pekerja-indonesia
- Rahayu, E. (2016). Dampak Kebijakan Bebas Visa Bagi Warga Negara Cina (Rrc) terhadap Munculnya Tenaga Kerja Ilegal (Studi di Kalimantan Barat). Jurnal Nestor Magister Hukum, 1(1), 209880.
- Sepima, A., Siregar, G. T. P., & Siregar, S. A. (2021). Penegakan Hukum Ujaran Kebencian di Republik Indonesia. JURNAL RETENTUM, 2(1), 108–116.
- Setijadi, C. (2017). Chinese Indonesians in the eyes of the pribumi public. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/7545
- Setijadi, C. (2019). 11 Anti-Chinese sentiment and the ‘return’of the pribumi discourse. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, 194.
- Sumaktoyo, N. G. (2021). Ethnic and religious sentiments in Indonesian politics: evidence from the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election. Journal of East Asian Studies, 21(1), 141–164.
- Suryahudaya, E. G. (2022). Hate speech Against Chinese Indonesians 2019-2020.
- United Nations. (2019). United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate speech. Https://Www.Un.Org.
- van Dijk, T. A. (1997). The study of discourse. Discourse as Structure and Process, 1(34), 703–752.
- van Dijk, T. A. (2005). Critical discourse analysis. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 349–371.
- Wahyuningsih, S. (2021). Reviewing Hate speech in Indonesian Social Media Content: Gender and Discourse Perspectives. ELT-Lectura, 8(1), 48–55.
References
Adiprasetio, J., Rahmawan, D., & Wibowo, K. A. (2021). A meta-analysis of hate speech in Indonesia: The yielding of an academic discourse to the discourse of authority. Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa, 27(1 & 2), 251-267.
Alkiviadou, N. (2019). Hate speech on social media networks: towards a regulatory framework? Information & Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 19–35.
Ayo, F. E., Folorunso, O., Ibharalu, F. T., & Osinuga, I. A. (2020). Machine learning techniques for hate speech classification of twitter data: State-of-the-art, future challenges and research directions. Computer Science Review, 38, 100311.
Bajari, A., Istiqomah, R. N., Koswara, I., & Erlandia, D. R. (2021). Hatenography On Twitter During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Hate speech Case Against Anies Baswedan. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(5), 68–78.
Barnidge, M., Kim, B., Sherrill, L. A., Luknar, Ž., & Zhang, J. (2019). Perceived exposure to and avoidance of hate speech in various communication settings. Telematics and Informatics, 44, 101263.
Brown, A. (2018). What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech? Ethnicities, 18(3), 297–326.
Budiman, A. (2023). Ujaran kebencian dalam perkembangan demokrasi di Indonesia. Info Singkat Bidang Politik, Hukum, dan Keamanan, 15(8), 1-5.
Carey, P., & Noor, F. A. (2022). Ras, Kuasa, dan Kekerasan Kolonial di Hindia Belanda. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
d'Sa, A. G., Illina, I., & Fohr, D. (2020). Classification of hate speech using deep neural networks. Revue d'Information Scientifique & Technique, 25(01).
Eriyanto. (2015). Analisis Wacana ; Pengantar Analisis Teks Media: Komunikasi. LKiS.
Erjavec, K., & Kovačič, M. P. (2012). “You Don’t Understand, This is a New War!” Analysis of Hate speech in News Web Sites’ Comments. Mass Communication and Society, 15(6), 899–920.
Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Routledge.
Floranti, A. D. (2022). Racism toward Chinese ethnic group in Indonesian social media: Hate speeches analysis from Forensic Linguistic perspective. JOMANTARA, 2(2), 112-130.
Freedman, A. (2003). Political institutions and ethnic Chinese identity in Indonesia. Asian Ethnicity, 4(3), 439–452.
Haryatmoko. (2019). Critical Discourse Analysis (Analisis Wacana Kritis). PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
Indrayatti, W., Lestari, D., & Lolita, A. (2019). Ungkapan Makian Bahasa Tiochiu (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Tionghoa Senggarang). GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan, 5(2), 180-191.
Intan, G. (2023). Jokowi Minta Dukungan China dalam Pembangunan IKN Lewat Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan. VOA Indonesia; VOA Indonesia | Berita AS, Dunia, Indonesia, Diaspora Indonesia di AS. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/jokowi-minta-dukungan-china-dalam-pembangunan-ikn-lewat-inisiatif-sabuk-dan-jalan/7315726.html
Juditha, C. (2017). Hatespeech in Online Media: Jakarta on Election 2017. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi Dan Opini Publik, 21(2).
Keen, E., Georgescu, M., & Gomes, R. (2020). Bookmarks (2020 Revised ed): A manual for combating hate speech online through human rights education. Council of Europe.
Kemp, S. (2022, February 15). Digital 2022: Indonesia. Https://Datareportal.Com.
Kibtiah, T. M., Aditya, R., Miranda, E., & Permana, A. (2021). Sinophobia in Indonesia and Its Impact on Indonesia-China Economic Cooperation with the SVM (Support Vector Machine) Approach. 2021 1st International Conference on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (ICCSAI), 1, 340–345.
Lie, S., & Sandel, T. (2020). Unwelcomed Guests: Cultural Discourse Analysis of Comments on Ethnic Chinese in Indonesian Social Media. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 16(1), 31–57.
Liputan6.com. (2022, April 18). Pencetus Pertama Kali Istilah Cebong, Kampret, Kadrun dan BuzzerRp Terungkap, Siapa Dia ? Liputan6.Com.
Mazrieva, E. (2021, February 26). Indeks Keberadaban Digital: Indonesia Terburuk se-Asia Tenggara. Www.Voaindonesia.Com.
Mehta, H., & Passi, K. (2022). Social media hate speech detection using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Algorithms, 15(8), 291.
Mondal, M., Silva, L. A., & Benevenuto, F. (2017a). A measurement study of hate speech in social media. Proceedings of the 28th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, 85–94.
Nabila, M. (2024). Daftar 10 Orang Terkaya di Indonesia Akhir Agustus 2024, Prajogo Pangestu dan Bos Djarum Masih Juara. Bisnis.com. https://entrepreneur.bisnis.com/read/20240831/265/1795695/daftar-10-orang-terkaya-di-indonesia-akhir-agustus-2024-prajogo-pangestu-dan-bos-djarum-masih-juara
Purdey, J. (2006). Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999: 1996-99. University of Hawaii Press.
Purnama, I. D. (2023). TKA China Kerja di Proyek IKN, Serikat Buruh: Itu Merendahkan Pekerja Indonesia. Https://Economy.okezone.com/; Okezone.com. https://economy.okezone.com/read/2023/06/15/320/2831528/tka-china-kerja-di-proyek-ikn-serikat-buruh-itu-merendahkan-pekerja-indonesia
Rahayu, E. (2016). Dampak Kebijakan Bebas Visa Bagi Warga Negara Cina (Rrc) terhadap Munculnya Tenaga Kerja Ilegal (Studi di Kalimantan Barat). Jurnal Nestor Magister Hukum, 1(1), 209880.
Sepima, A., Siregar, G. T. P., & Siregar, S. A. (2021). Penegakan Hukum Ujaran Kebencian di Republik Indonesia. JURNAL RETENTUM, 2(1), 108–116.
Setijadi, C. (2017). Chinese Indonesians in the eyes of the pribumi public. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/7545
Setijadi, C. (2019). 11 Anti-Chinese sentiment and the ‘return’of the pribumi discourse. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, 194.
Sumaktoyo, N. G. (2021). Ethnic and religious sentiments in Indonesian politics: evidence from the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election. Journal of East Asian Studies, 21(1), 141–164.
Suryahudaya, E. G. (2022). Hate speech Against Chinese Indonesians 2019-2020.
United Nations. (2019). United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate speech. Https://Www.Un.Org.
van Dijk, T. A. (1997). The study of discourse. Discourse as Structure and Process, 1(34), 703–752.
van Dijk, T. A. (2005). Critical discourse analysis. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 349–371.
Wahyuningsih, S. (2021). Reviewing Hate speech in Indonesian Social Media Content: Gender and Discourse Perspectives. ELT-Lectura, 8(1), 48–55.