Main Article Content
Abstract
Self-presentation and visual branding strategy through social media, particularly Instagram, have been increasingly developed by Indonesia’s public figures, including Ganjar Pranowo and Puan Maharani. This article examines what types of personal brand visualized by these public figures through their Instagram accounts in between 1 August and 25 October 2022. Having adopted political marketing perspective, we adopt Munoz and Towner’s (2017) two concepts of framing personal brand visualisation, which are framing visualisations as an ideal candidate and as a populist candidate. Extraction of material posted in their Instagram accounts using Grabe and Bucy’s (2009) visual framing analysis reveal the following findings. Ganjar Pranowo favoured visualing his personal brand not merely as an ideal candidate, but also as a populist candidate. Puan Mahanari instead, preferred visualising her personal brand as an ideal candidate. In contrast to Ganjar, Puan seems being less capable of developing her personal brand using a visual frame as a populis candidate. These evidence that self presentation and branding performed by public figures using visual elements through social media platforms indicate the degree to which did these public figires have capability in visualising their personal brand as an ideal and/or a populist candidate when they address the electoral markets.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Dian Rousta Febryanti, Nyarwi Ahmad
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References
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- Ahmad, N. (2021). Menyegarkan Kembali Kajian Komunikasi Politik di Indonesia: Visualisasi, Ideasi, dan Mediatisasi Politik Sebagai Domain Kajian dan Paradigma Riset Alternatif, dalam Sulhan, M., & Sadastri, L.M. Jagat Komunikasi Kontemporer: Ranah, Riset, dan Realitas (hal. 99-110). Gadjah Mada Universitu Press.
- Ahmad, N. (2022a). Political markets, the party-related factors and political party’s market-orientation in Indonesia’s democracy: evidence from Indonesia’s 2014 parliamentary election. Quality & Quantity, 56(1), 333–357.
- Ahmad, N. (2022b). What drives journalists’ perceptions of media powers as political image-makers in the emerging democracy of Indonesia? Global Media and Communication, 18(3), 323–343.
- Ahn, S. J. (Grace), Fox, J., Dale, K. R., & Avant, J. A. (2014). Framing Virtual Experiences: Effects on Environmental Efficacy and Behavior Over Time. Communication Research, 42(6), 839–863. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534973
- Bennett, W. L. (2012). The Personalization of Politics: Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 644(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212451428
- Clemente, M. N. (2002). The marketing glossary: Key terms, concepts and applications. clementebooks.
- Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the pictures in our heads: Exploring the framing and agenda-setting effects of visual images. In Doing news framing analysis (pp. 249–278). Routledge.
- Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A., & Kaid, L. L. (2000). Role of advertising in forming the image of politicians: Comparative analysis of Poland, France, and Germany. Media Psychology, 2(2), 119–146.
- Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A., & Newman, B. I. (2009). Political management and marketing,‖ in Routledge handbook of political management, DW Johnson, Ed. New York: Routledge.
- de Chernatony, L. (2001). A model for strategically building brands. Journal of Brand Management, 9(1), 32–44.
- Dimas Jarot Bayu. (2018, September 28). Tim Jokowi-Ma’ruf Kerahkan Puluhan Ribu Akun Media Sosial. https://katadata.co.id/yuliawati/berita/5e9a55d3679ca/tim-jokowi-maruf-kerahkan-puluhan-ribu-akun-medsos
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. McQuail’s Reader in Mass Communication Theory, 390, 397.
- Farkas, X., & Bene, M. (2021). Images, politicians, and social media: Patterns and effects of politicians’ image-based political communication strategies on social media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), 119–142.
- Fersianus Waku. (2022, October 13). Elektabilitas Puan Jauh di Bawah Ganjar Pranowo, PDIP: Elektoral Bukan Pertimbangan Utama Artikel ini telah tayang di Tribunnews.com dengan judul Elektabilitas Puan Jauh di Bawah Ganjar Pranowo, PDIP: Elektoral Bukan Pertimbangan Utama. https://www.tribunnews.com/mata-lokal-memilih/2022/10/13/elektabilitas-puan-jauh-di-bawah-ganjar-pranowo-pdip-elektoral-bukan-pertimbangan-utama
- Fletcher, F., & Young, M. L. (2012). Political communication in a changing media environment. The SAGE Handbook of Political Communication, 36–48.
- Gordillo Rodríguez, M. T., & Bellido-Perez, E. (2021). Politicians self-representation on instagram: the professional and the humanized candidate during 2019 spanish elections. Observatorio (OBS*), 15 (1), 109-136.
- Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2009). Image bite politics: News and the visual framing of elections. Oxford University Press.
- Harrop, M. (1990). Political Marketing, Parliamentary Affairs. Oxford University Press Oxford.
- Hearn, A. (2008). Meat, Mask, Burden: Probing the contours of the brandedself. Journal of Consumer Culture, 8(2), 197–217.
- Hootsuite. (2022). Digital 2022: Indonesia. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-indonesia
- Jennifer Aaker, V. C. (2009). Obama and the Power of Social Media and Technology. https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/obama-power-social-media-technology
- Kahne, J., Lee, N.-J., & Feezell, J. T. (2013). The civic and political significance of online participatory cultures among youth transitioning to adulthood. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(1), 1–20.
- Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22.
- Kotler, P., Saliba, S., & Wrenn, B. (1991). Marketing management: Analysis, planning, and control: Instructor’s Manual. Prentice-hall.
- Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1997). Social marketing: An approach to planned social change. Social Marketing Quarterly, 3(3–4), 7–20.
- Lalancette, M., & Raynauld, V. (2019). The power of political image: Justin Trudeau, Instagram, and celebrity politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(7), 888–924.
- Liebhart, K., & Bernhardt, P. (2017). Political storytelling on Instagram: Key aspects of Alexander Van der Bellen’s successful 2016 presidential election campaign. Media and Communication, 5(4), 15–25.
- Marwick, A. E. (2015). Instafame: Luxury selfies in the attention economy. Public Culture, 27(1 (75)), 137–160.
- Mauser, G. A. (1983). Political marketing: An approach to campaign strategy. New York, NY, USA: Praeger.
- Morrison, A. M. (2013). Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge.
- Muñoz, C. L., & Towner, T. L. (2017). The image is the message: Instagram marketing and the 2016 presidential primary season. Journal of Political Marketing, 16(3–4), 290–318.
- Newman, B. I. (1994). The marketing of the president: Political marketing as campaign strategy. Sage.
- Newman, B. I. (1999). The mass marketing of politics: Democracy in an age of manufactured images. Sage Publications.
- Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andi, S., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Reuters Institute digital news report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
- O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (1990). The phenomenon of political marketing. Springer.
- Reeves, P., de Chernatony, L., & Carrigan, M. (2006). Building a political brand: Ideology or voter-driven strategy. Journal of Brand Management, 13(6), 418–428.
- Reid, D. M. (1988). Marketing the political product. European Journal of Marketing.
- Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. v. (2011). The levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1), 48–65.
- Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817–1839.
- Smith, G. (2006). Competitive analysis, structure and strategy in politics: a critical approach. Journal of Public Affairs: An International Journal, 6(1), 4–14.
- Statista. (2022). Social media - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/#topicHeader__wrapper
- Steffan, D. (2020). Visual self-presentation strategies of political candidates on social media platforms: A comparative study. International Journal of Communication, 14, 23.
- Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. F. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763–773.
- Tatang Guritno. (2022, October 27). Survei Litbang “Kompas”: Ganjar Unggul dalam Simulasi 4 Nama Capres Artikel ini telah tayang di Kompas.com dengan judul “Survei Litbang ‘Kompas’: Ganjar Unggul dalam Simulasi 4 Nama Capres.” https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/10/27/10064001/survei-litbang-kompas-ganjar-unggul-dalam-simulasi-4-nama-capres
- Theocharis, Y., & Quintelier, E. (2016). Stimulating citizenship or expanding entertainment? The effect of Facebook on adolescent participation. New Media & Society, 18(5), 817–836.
References
Ahmad, N. (2017). Political marketing management of parliament under the presidential government system: A lesson learned from the Indonesia House of Representative Post–New Order Soeharto. Journal of Political Marketing, 16(2), 71–94.
Ahmad, N. (2021). Menyegarkan Kembali Kajian Komunikasi Politik di Indonesia: Visualisasi, Ideasi, dan Mediatisasi Politik Sebagai Domain Kajian dan Paradigma Riset Alternatif, dalam Sulhan, M., & Sadastri, L.M. Jagat Komunikasi Kontemporer: Ranah, Riset, dan Realitas (hal. 99-110). Gadjah Mada Universitu Press.
Ahmad, N. (2022a). Political markets, the party-related factors and political party’s market-orientation in Indonesia’s democracy: evidence from Indonesia’s 2014 parliamentary election. Quality & Quantity, 56(1), 333–357.
Ahmad, N. (2022b). What drives journalists’ perceptions of media powers as political image-makers in the emerging democracy of Indonesia? Global Media and Communication, 18(3), 323–343.
Ahn, S. J. (Grace), Fox, J., Dale, K. R., & Avant, J. A. (2014). Framing Virtual Experiences: Effects on Environmental Efficacy and Behavior Over Time. Communication Research, 42(6), 839–863. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534973
Bennett, W. L. (2012). The Personalization of Politics: Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 644(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212451428
Clemente, M. N. (2002). The marketing glossary: Key terms, concepts and applications. clementebooks.
Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the pictures in our heads: Exploring the framing and agenda-setting effects of visual images. In Doing news framing analysis (pp. 249–278). Routledge.
Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A., & Kaid, L. L. (2000). Role of advertising in forming the image of politicians: Comparative analysis of Poland, France, and Germany. Media Psychology, 2(2), 119–146.
Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A., & Newman, B. I. (2009). Political management and marketing,‖ in Routledge handbook of political management, DW Johnson, Ed. New York: Routledge.
de Chernatony, L. (2001). A model for strategically building brands. Journal of Brand Management, 9(1), 32–44.
Dimas Jarot Bayu. (2018, September 28). Tim Jokowi-Ma’ruf Kerahkan Puluhan Ribu Akun Media Sosial. https://katadata.co.id/yuliawati/berita/5e9a55d3679ca/tim-jokowi-maruf-kerahkan-puluhan-ribu-akun-medsos
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. McQuail’s Reader in Mass Communication Theory, 390, 397.
Farkas, X., & Bene, M. (2021). Images, politicians, and social media: Patterns and effects of politicians’ image-based political communication strategies on social media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), 119–142.
Fersianus Waku. (2022, October 13). Elektabilitas Puan Jauh di Bawah Ganjar Pranowo, PDIP: Elektoral Bukan Pertimbangan Utama Artikel ini telah tayang di Tribunnews.com dengan judul Elektabilitas Puan Jauh di Bawah Ganjar Pranowo, PDIP: Elektoral Bukan Pertimbangan Utama. https://www.tribunnews.com/mata-lokal-memilih/2022/10/13/elektabilitas-puan-jauh-di-bawah-ganjar-pranowo-pdip-elektoral-bukan-pertimbangan-utama
Fletcher, F., & Young, M. L. (2012). Political communication in a changing media environment. The SAGE Handbook of Political Communication, 36–48.
Gordillo Rodríguez, M. T., & Bellido-Perez, E. (2021). Politicians self-representation on instagram: the professional and the humanized candidate during 2019 spanish elections. Observatorio (OBS*), 15 (1), 109-136.
Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2009). Image bite politics: News and the visual framing of elections. Oxford University Press.
Harrop, M. (1990). Political Marketing, Parliamentary Affairs. Oxford University Press Oxford.
Hearn, A. (2008). Meat, Mask, Burden: Probing the contours of the brandedself. Journal of Consumer Culture, 8(2), 197–217.
Hootsuite. (2022). Digital 2022: Indonesia. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-indonesia
Jennifer Aaker, V. C. (2009). Obama and the Power of Social Media and Technology. https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/obama-power-social-media-technology
Kahne, J., Lee, N.-J., & Feezell, J. T. (2013). The civic and political significance of online participatory cultures among youth transitioning to adulthood. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(1), 1–20.
Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22.
Kotler, P., Saliba, S., & Wrenn, B. (1991). Marketing management: Analysis, planning, and control: Instructor’s Manual. Prentice-hall.
Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1997). Social marketing: An approach to planned social change. Social Marketing Quarterly, 3(3–4), 7–20.
Lalancette, M., & Raynauld, V. (2019). The power of political image: Justin Trudeau, Instagram, and celebrity politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(7), 888–924.
Liebhart, K., & Bernhardt, P. (2017). Political storytelling on Instagram: Key aspects of Alexander Van der Bellen’s successful 2016 presidential election campaign. Media and Communication, 5(4), 15–25.
Marwick, A. E. (2015). Instafame: Luxury selfies in the attention economy. Public Culture, 27(1 (75)), 137–160.
Mauser, G. A. (1983). Political marketing: An approach to campaign strategy. New York, NY, USA: Praeger.
Morrison, A. M. (2013). Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge.
Muñoz, C. L., & Towner, T. L. (2017). The image is the message: Instagram marketing and the 2016 presidential primary season. Journal of Political Marketing, 16(3–4), 290–318.
Newman, B. I. (1994). The marketing of the president: Political marketing as campaign strategy. Sage.
Newman, B. I. (1999). The mass marketing of politics: Democracy in an age of manufactured images. Sage Publications.
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andi, S., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Reuters Institute digital news report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (1990). The phenomenon of political marketing. Springer.
Reeves, P., de Chernatony, L., & Carrigan, M. (2006). Building a political brand: Ideology or voter-driven strategy. Journal of Brand Management, 13(6), 418–428.
Reid, D. M. (1988). Marketing the political product. European Journal of Marketing.
Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. v. (2011). The levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1), 48–65.
Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817–1839.
Smith, G. (2006). Competitive analysis, structure and strategy in politics: a critical approach. Journal of Public Affairs: An International Journal, 6(1), 4–14.
Statista. (2022). Social media - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/#topicHeader__wrapper
Steffan, D. (2020). Visual self-presentation strategies of political candidates on social media platforms: A comparative study. International Journal of Communication, 14, 23.
Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. F. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763–773.
Tatang Guritno. (2022, October 27). Survei Litbang “Kompas”: Ganjar Unggul dalam Simulasi 4 Nama Capres Artikel ini telah tayang di Kompas.com dengan judul “Survei Litbang ‘Kompas’: Ganjar Unggul dalam Simulasi 4 Nama Capres.” https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/10/27/10064001/survei-litbang-kompas-ganjar-unggul-dalam-simulasi-4-nama-capres
Theocharis, Y., & Quintelier, E. (2016). Stimulating citizenship or expanding entertainment? The effect of Facebook on adolescent participation. New Media & Society, 18(5), 817–836.