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Abstract
This article discusses the existence of the term "flirtatious" in various regions of Indonesia on women's behavior, particularly in public spaces, reflecting symbolic power dynamics. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach with FGDs and in-depth interviews involving individuals from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and occupations, it explores how these local expressions regulate women's conduct. Using Bourdieu's theory about symbolic violence, the findings reveal that such terms primarily target women to modify their behavior and are enforced by authoritative figures, shaping girls' interactions with men beyond the family sphere. These local expressions evolve into entrenched beliefs and practices, representing not only familial norms but also perpetuating symbolic violence within Indonesia's patriarchal cultural framework
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Copyright (c) 2024 Dina Listiorini, Irene Santika Vidiadari
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References
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- Afriansyah, A. N., Burhanuddin, B., & Saharuddin, S. (2022). EKSPRESI MAKIAN PADA AKUN YOUTUBER GAMERS. Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i3.3623
- Al Farobi, M., Aminullah, M. A., & Mulyanti, T. (2022). Tabu Ungkapan Dalam Budaya Bahasa Jawa Ngapak Banyumasan. Risenologi, 7(2), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.47028/j.risenologi.2022.72.310
- Allen, P. (2007). Challenging Diversity?: Indonesia’s Anti-Pornography Bill. Asian Studies Review, 31(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820701373275
- Amurwani, P. P. (2021). Konstruksi Bahasa Guru Perempuan Dan Laki-Laki Pada Kegiatan Awal Pembelajaran [Language Construction of Female and Male Teachers in the Beginning of Learning Activities]. TOTOBUANG, 9(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.26499/ttbng.v9i1.240
- Artia Nirmala Sari Hutagaol, Junifer Siregar, & Monalisa Frince Sianturi. (2021). Analisis Sikap terhadap Penggunaan Bahasa Daerah dan Bahasa Indonesia di Kekerabatan Keluarga Batak Simalungun. Sintaks: Jurnal Bahasa & Sastra Indonesia, 1(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.57251/sin.v1i1.717
- Asria Sadda, Muhlis Hadrawi, & Muhammad Nur. (2022). Pemakaian Umpatan dalam Bahasa Luwu pada Mahasiswa IPMIL Raya Unhas: Kajian Sosiolingustik. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 8(2), 654–668. https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v8i2.1931
- Barker, T. (2018). Seks dalam Ruang Tontonan Indonesia, dalam Bennett. In L. R. , Bennett, S. G. Davies, & I. M. Hidayana (Eds.), Seksualitas di Indonesia: Politik Seksual, Kesehatan, Keberagaman dan Representasi (terjemahan) (pp. 381–408). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
- Bellows, L. (2011). The Aroused Public in Search of the Pornographic in Indonesia. Ethnos, 76(2), 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2011.552731
- Björktomta, S.-B. (2019). Honor-Based Violence in Sweden – Norms of Honor and Chastity. Journal of Family Violence, 34(5), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00039-1
- Bourdieu. (2020a). Bahasa dan Kekuasaan Simbolik. Ircisod.
- Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine Domination. Standford University Press.
- Bourdieu, P. (2002). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press.
- Bourdieu, P. (2010). Dominasi Maskulin. Jalasutra.
- Bourdieu, P. (2020b). Habitus and Field: General Sociology, Volume 2. Lectures at the College de France (1982-1983). . Polity Press.
- Bryson, V. (2021). The Future of Feminism. Manchester University Press.
- Burawoy, M. (2019). Symbolic Violence:Conversation with Bourdieu. Duke University Press.
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. (4th ed.). Sage .
- Darchiashvili, M. (2018). Seasonal migration and symbolic power: The case of Muslim Meskhetians from Nasakirali. Nationalities Papers, 46(5), 861–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1364232
- Davies, S. G. (2018). Pengaturan Seksualitas di Indonesia. In L. R. Bennett, S. G. Davies, & I. M. Hidayana (Eds.), Seksualitas di Indonesia: Politik Seksual, Kesehatan, Keberagaman dan Representasi . Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
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- Fixmer-Oraiz, N., & Wood, J. T. (2019). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. Cengage .
- Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative Research Methods. Sage.
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- Ida, R., & Saud, M. (2020). Female Circumcision and the Construction of Female Sexuality: A Study on Madurese in Indonesia. Sexuality & Culture, 24(6), 1987–2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09732-6
- Iqbal, N., Azhar, K. A., & Shah, Z. A. (2020). Discourse and Power Relations: A Critical Discourse Analysis of a Pakistani Talk Show. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 2(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v2i1.26-40
- Kakal, T., Hidayana, I., Kassegne, A. B., Gitau, T., Kok, M., & van der Kwaak, A. (2023). What makes a woman? Understanding the reasons for and circumstances of female genital mutilation/cutting in Indonesia, Ethiopia and Kenya. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 25(7), 897–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2022.2106584
- Kramsch, C. (2021). Language as Symbolic Power. Cambridge University Press.
- Kurniawati, K. , Ekoyanantiasih, R., & Yulianti, S. (2022, January). Variasi Bahasa Daerah pada Spanduk dan Baliho Pemilu dalam Menyambut Revolusi Industri 4.0. Prosiding Seminar Internasional Bahasa Dan Sastra I.
- Levy, D. P. (2016). Patriarchy. In N. A. Naples (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (1st ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
- Lindemann, H. (2019). An Invitation to Feminist Ethics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Lindvall-Östling, M., Deutschmann, M., & Steinvall, A. (2020). An Exploratory Study on Linguistic Gender Stereotypes and their Effects on Perception. Open Linguistics, 6(1), 567–583. https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0033
- Listiorini, D. (2022). Mengkaji Ulang Teori Kepanikan Moral dalam Situasi Kepanikan Moral Seksual di Era Digital. Jurnal Komunikatif, 11(2), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.33508/jk.v11i2.4306
- Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H.-S. (2014). Nonverbal Communicatiion: The Messages of Emotion, Action, Space, and Silence. In J. Jackson (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication (2nd ed., pp. 130–147). Routledge.
- Milasari, D., Tunjungsari, D., Harlean, E., Wonggokusuma, E., Adam, F., Riyanto, H., Sekartini, R., & Wawolumaya, C. (2016). Pengetahuan Sikap, dan Perilaku Ibu Terhadap Sirkumsisi pada Anak Perempuan. Sari Pediatri, 10(4), 242. https://doi.org/10.14238/sp10.4.2008.242-5
- Pausacker, H. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X090340021. Alternative Law Journal, 34(2), 121–123.
- Reddy, R., Sharma, A. K., & Jha, M. (2019). Hegemonic masculinity or masculine domination. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(3/4), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2018-0133
- Saputro, L. K. P., & Khairur Rijal, N. (2023). Urgency To Re-Evaluate Female Genital Mutilation Practice Among Muslim Communities In Indonesia. SANGKéP: Jurnal Kajian Sosial Keagamaan, 5(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.20414/sangkep.v5i2.6454
- Storey, J. (2021). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction (9th ed.). Routledge.
- Suminar, E. (2019). Komunikasi Dan Identitas Kultural Remaja Suku Dawan Di Kota Kupang, Timor Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Ensains Journal, 2(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.31848/ensains.v2i1.176
- Surahmat. (2020, March 23). Ada seksisme dalam bahasa Indonesia, bagaimana kita harus menanganinya? . The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/ada-seksisme-dalam-bahasa-indonesia-bagaimana-kita-harus-menanganinya-133625
- Susen, S. (2013). Bourdieusian Reflections on Language: Unavoidable Conditions of the Real Speech Situation. Social Epistemology, 27(3–4), 199–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2013.818733
- Suyanto. (2010). Faktor Sosial dan Penyebab Stereotipe Perempuan dalam Bahasa Indonesia dalam Ranah Rumah Tangga. Jurnal KAJIAN SASTRA, 34(1), 23–40.
- Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. L. (2016). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource (4th ed.). Wiley.
- Vidiadari, I. S. (2017a). ). Relasi Gender dalam Kolom Humor “Si Palui” di Banjarmasin Post (Analisis Wacana Kritis Norman Fairclough pada Kolom Humor Si Palui di Banjarmasin Post). Aristo, 5(2), 259–290.
- Vidiadari, I. S. (2017b). Representasi Perempuan Dalam Kolom Humor Si Palui Di Banjarmasin Post. INFORMASI, 47(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v47i1.14851
- Wahyuni, S., Supratno, H., & Kamidjan, K. (2019). Kekerasan Simbolik Dalam Novel Indonesia. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 12(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v12i2.8833
- Wiegmann, W. L. (2017). Habitus, Symbolic Violence, and Reflexivity: Applying Bourdieu’s Theories to Social Work. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.3815
- Wood, J. T. (2009). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. . Wadsworth.
References
Adams, C., & van Manen, M. (2008). Phenomenology. In L. M. Given (Ed.), The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. (pp. 614–619). Sage Publications.
Afriansyah, A. N., Burhanuddin, B., & Saharuddin, S. (2022). EKSPRESI MAKIAN PADA AKUN YOUTUBER GAMERS. Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i3.3623
Al Farobi, M., Aminullah, M. A., & Mulyanti, T. (2022). Tabu Ungkapan Dalam Budaya Bahasa Jawa Ngapak Banyumasan. Risenologi, 7(2), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.47028/j.risenologi.2022.72.310
Allen, P. (2007). Challenging Diversity?: Indonesia’s Anti-Pornography Bill. Asian Studies Review, 31(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820701373275
Amurwani, P. P. (2021). Konstruksi Bahasa Guru Perempuan Dan Laki-Laki Pada Kegiatan Awal Pembelajaran [Language Construction of Female and Male Teachers in the Beginning of Learning Activities]. TOTOBUANG, 9(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.26499/ttbng.v9i1.240
Artia Nirmala Sari Hutagaol, Junifer Siregar, & Monalisa Frince Sianturi. (2021). Analisis Sikap terhadap Penggunaan Bahasa Daerah dan Bahasa Indonesia di Kekerabatan Keluarga Batak Simalungun. Sintaks: Jurnal Bahasa & Sastra Indonesia, 1(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.57251/sin.v1i1.717
Asria Sadda, Muhlis Hadrawi, & Muhammad Nur. (2022). Pemakaian Umpatan dalam Bahasa Luwu pada Mahasiswa IPMIL Raya Unhas: Kajian Sosiolingustik. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 8(2), 654–668. https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v8i2.1931
Barker, T. (2018). Seks dalam Ruang Tontonan Indonesia, dalam Bennett. In L. R. , Bennett, S. G. Davies, & I. M. Hidayana (Eds.), Seksualitas di Indonesia: Politik Seksual, Kesehatan, Keberagaman dan Representasi (terjemahan) (pp. 381–408). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Bellows, L. (2011). The Aroused Public in Search of the Pornographic in Indonesia. Ethnos, 76(2), 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2011.552731
Björktomta, S.-B. (2019). Honor-Based Violence in Sweden – Norms of Honor and Chastity. Journal of Family Violence, 34(5), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00039-1
Bourdieu. (2020a). Bahasa dan Kekuasaan Simbolik. Ircisod.
Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine Domination. Standford University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2010). Dominasi Maskulin. Jalasutra.
Bourdieu, P. (2020b). Habitus and Field: General Sociology, Volume 2. Lectures at the College de France (1982-1983). . Polity Press.
Bryson, V. (2021). The Future of Feminism. Manchester University Press.
Burawoy, M. (2019). Symbolic Violence:Conversation with Bourdieu. Duke University Press.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. (4th ed.). Sage .
Darchiashvili, M. (2018). Seasonal migration and symbolic power: The case of Muslim Meskhetians from Nasakirali. Nationalities Papers, 46(5), 861–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1364232
Davies, S. G. (2018). Pengaturan Seksualitas di Indonesia. In L. R. Bennett, S. G. Davies, & I. M. Hidayana (Eds.), Seksualitas di Indonesia: Politik Seksual, Kesehatan, Keberagaman dan Representasi . Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2017). An Applied Guide to Research Designs Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods (2nd ed.). Sage.
Fixmer-Oraiz, N., & Wood, J. T. (2019). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. Cengage .
Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative Research Methods. Sage.
Heryanto, A. (2009). Upgraded piety and pleasure: The new middle class and Islam in Indonesian popular culture. In A. N. Weintraub (Ed.), Islam and Popular Culture in Indonesia and Malaysia. Routledge .
Human Right Watch. (2022, July 22). Perempuan Indonesia Buka Suara soal Aturan Berpakaian. Https://Www.Hrw.Org/Id/News/2022/07/22/Indonesian-Women-Speak-out-Dress-Codes.
Ida, R., & Saud, M. (2020). Female Circumcision and the Construction of Female Sexuality: A Study on Madurese in Indonesia. Sexuality & Culture, 24(6), 1987–2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09732-6
Iqbal, N., Azhar, K. A., & Shah, Z. A. (2020). Discourse and Power Relations: A Critical Discourse Analysis of a Pakistani Talk Show. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 2(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v2i1.26-40
Kakal, T., Hidayana, I., Kassegne, A. B., Gitau, T., Kok, M., & van der Kwaak, A. (2023). What makes a woman? Understanding the reasons for and circumstances of female genital mutilation/cutting in Indonesia, Ethiopia and Kenya. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 25(7), 897–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2022.2106584
Kramsch, C. (2021). Language as Symbolic Power. Cambridge University Press.
Kurniawati, K. , Ekoyanantiasih, R., & Yulianti, S. (2022, January). Variasi Bahasa Daerah pada Spanduk dan Baliho Pemilu dalam Menyambut Revolusi Industri 4.0. Prosiding Seminar Internasional Bahasa Dan Sastra I.
Levy, D. P. (2016). Patriarchy. In N. A. Naples (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (1st ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
Lindemann, H. (2019). An Invitation to Feminist Ethics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Lindvall-Östling, M., Deutschmann, M., & Steinvall, A. (2020). An Exploratory Study on Linguistic Gender Stereotypes and their Effects on Perception. Open Linguistics, 6(1), 567–583. https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0033
Listiorini, D. (2022). Mengkaji Ulang Teori Kepanikan Moral dalam Situasi Kepanikan Moral Seksual di Era Digital. Jurnal Komunikatif, 11(2), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.33508/jk.v11i2.4306
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H.-S. (2014). Nonverbal Communicatiion: The Messages of Emotion, Action, Space, and Silence. In J. Jackson (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication (2nd ed., pp. 130–147). Routledge.
Milasari, D., Tunjungsari, D., Harlean, E., Wonggokusuma, E., Adam, F., Riyanto, H., Sekartini, R., & Wawolumaya, C. (2016). Pengetahuan Sikap, dan Perilaku Ibu Terhadap Sirkumsisi pada Anak Perempuan. Sari Pediatri, 10(4), 242. https://doi.org/10.14238/sp10.4.2008.242-5
Pausacker, H. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X090340021. Alternative Law Journal, 34(2), 121–123.
Reddy, R., Sharma, A. K., & Jha, M. (2019). Hegemonic masculinity or masculine domination. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(3/4), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2018-0133
Saputro, L. K. P., & Khairur Rijal, N. (2023). Urgency To Re-Evaluate Female Genital Mutilation Practice Among Muslim Communities In Indonesia. SANGKéP: Jurnal Kajian Sosial Keagamaan, 5(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.20414/sangkep.v5i2.6454
Storey, J. (2021). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction (9th ed.). Routledge.
Suminar, E. (2019). Komunikasi Dan Identitas Kultural Remaja Suku Dawan Di Kota Kupang, Timor Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Ensains Journal, 2(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.31848/ensains.v2i1.176
Surahmat. (2020, March 23). Ada seksisme dalam bahasa Indonesia, bagaimana kita harus menanganinya? . The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/ada-seksisme-dalam-bahasa-indonesia-bagaimana-kita-harus-menanganinya-133625
Susen, S. (2013). Bourdieusian Reflections on Language: Unavoidable Conditions of the Real Speech Situation. Social Epistemology, 27(3–4), 199–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2013.818733
Suyanto. (2010). Faktor Sosial dan Penyebab Stereotipe Perempuan dalam Bahasa Indonesia dalam Ranah Rumah Tangga. Jurnal KAJIAN SASTRA, 34(1), 23–40.
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. L. (2016). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource (4th ed.). Wiley.
Vidiadari, I. S. (2017a). ). Relasi Gender dalam Kolom Humor “Si Palui” di Banjarmasin Post (Analisis Wacana Kritis Norman Fairclough pada Kolom Humor Si Palui di Banjarmasin Post). Aristo, 5(2), 259–290.
Vidiadari, I. S. (2017b). Representasi Perempuan Dalam Kolom Humor Si Palui Di Banjarmasin Post. INFORMASI, 47(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v47i1.14851
Wahyuni, S., Supratno, H., & Kamidjan, K. (2019). Kekerasan Simbolik Dalam Novel Indonesia. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 12(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v12i2.8833
Wiegmann, W. L. (2017). Habitus, Symbolic Violence, and Reflexivity: Applying Bourdieu’s Theories to Social Work. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.3815
Wood, J. T. (2009). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. . Wadsworth.