Main Article Content
Abstract
This article analyzes the representation of male virility as a form of social coercion in two Indonesian films: Test Pack (2012) and Seperti Dendam Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas (Vengeance Is Mine, All Others Pay Cash,2021). Drawing on Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen's multimodal discourse analysis, the study explores how the two films construct and critique the pressure on men to prove their masculinity through sexual performance. Although set in different political eras, the Orde Baru and the Reformation, both films depict the penis as a symbolic measure of virility. Characters like Rahmat and Ajo Kawir demonstrate that heterosexual men can also experience subordination due to infertility or impotence, challenging dominant ideals of masculinity. Despite their distinct visual and narrative strategies, the two films reveal how virility operates as a persistent mechanism of social control, shaping male identity across time. These findings underscore the role of cinema in reflecting on and questioning gender norms, particularly ideals surrounding male sexual performance.
Keywords
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Copyright (c) 2025 Genny Gustina Sari, Wening Udasmoro, Ratna Noviani

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References
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- Basuki, L. N., Nabila, N., Adinia, S., & Lestari, A. D. (2024). The Indonesian Film Industry: Representation Of Toxic Masculinity In The Film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 4(2).
- Bell, A. V. (2016). ‘I don’t consider a cup performance; I consider it a test’: masculinity and the medicalisation of infertility. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38(5), 706–720.
- Butler, J. (2011). Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of sex. Routledge. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bHDaAAAAMAAJ
- Connell, R. (2005). Masculinities: Second Edition. University of California Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=C8zb0oBUZxcC
- Connell, R. W. (2017). On hegemonic masculinity and violence: Response to Jefferson and Hall. In Crime, criminal justice and masculinities (pp. 57–68). Routledge.
- Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859.
- Cuklanz, L., & Erol, A. (2021). New feminist studies in audiovisual industries| The shifting image of hegemonic masculinity in contemporary television series. International Journal of Communication, 15, 18.
- Darmoko, M. (2020). Enlargement of Penis Ala Mak Erot Between Law, Tourism and Health (Are There Negligence and Malpractice Elements?). International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020), 161–164.
- Fatmawaty, L., Udasmoro, W., & Noviani, R. (2022). The Body Politics of Gendered Subjects in Indonesian Post-Reform Films. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 14(2).
- Fejes, F. J. (1992). Masculinity as fact: A review of empirical mass communication research on masculinity. Men, Masculinity, and the Media, 9–22.
- FKKMK.UGM. (2023). Fenomena Berobat ke Luar Negeri Masyarakat Indonesia. In Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Kedokteran Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Keperawatan. https://fkkmk.ugm.ac.id/fenomena-berobat-ke-luar-negeri-masyarakat-indonesia/
- Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction (Issue v. 1). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZnCT6rV90TAC
- Fukuoka, M. (2017). The representation of gender and sexuality in Indonesian films: A case study of films released post-2000. Osaka Human Sciences, 3, 61–81.
- Goodwill, J. R., Anyiwo, N., Williams, E.-D. G., Johnson, N. C., Mattis, J. S., & Watkins, D. C. (2019). Media representations of popular culture figures and the construction of Black masculinities. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(3), 288.
- Großmann, K., Padmanabhan, M., & Afiff, S. (2017). Gender, ethnicity, and environmental transformations in Indonesia and beyond. ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 10(1), 1–10.
- Hagedorn, G., & others. (2019). The Socialization Process of Masculinity, and its manifestation at DePauw University: How race, media, and gender contribute to the malleability of masculinity.
- Honestdocs. (2020). Sunat dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kehidupan Seksual. https://www.honestdocs.id/sunat-dan-pengaruhnya-terhadap-kehidupan-seksual
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- Jewkes, R., Morrell, R., Hearn, J., Lundqvist, E., Blackbeard, D., Lindegger, G., Quayle, M., Sikweyiya, Y., & Gottzén, L. (2015). Hegemonic masculinity: combining theory and practice in gender interventions. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(sup2), 112–127.
- Kim, K. H. (2004). The Remasculinization of Korean Cinema. Duke University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11cw5t0
- Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2020). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge.
- Lahitani, S. (2017). Pertama di Dunia, Pria Tewas Akibat Operasi Pembesaran Penis. https://www.liputan6.com/citizen6/read/3039133/pertama-di-dunia-pria-tewas-akibat-operasi-pembesaran-penis
- Lasido, N. A. (2016). Mitos Gaya Hidup Metroseksualitas dalam Iklan Produk Kosmetik Vaseline Men. Jurnal Komunikasi, 10(2), 169–183.
- Lehman, P. (2007). Running Scared: Masculinity and the Representation of the Male Body. Wayne State University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LVADp7LJFtUC
- Lehman, P. (2013). Masculinity: Bodies, movies, culture. Routledge.
- Liliequist, J. (2007). Masculinity and virility: Representations of male sexuality in eighteenth-century Sweden. Collegium: Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2, 57–81.
- Mshweshwe, L. (2020). Understanding domestic violence: masculinity, culture, traditions. Heliyon, 6(10).
- Murtagh, B. (2022). ‘There’s no place for us here’ Imagining queer spaces in Indonesian cinema. Indonesia and the Malay World, 50(146), 118–138.
- Nandakumar, A. (2021). The feminisation of youth: Rahman’s stardom in Malayalam cinema of the 1980s. South Asian Popular Culture, 19(3), 289–302.
- Nugroho, G., & Herlina S, D. (2015). Krisis dan paradoks film Indonesia. Penerbit Buku Kompas. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m0gAswEACAAJ
- Oktaviana, O. A., & Aprilia, M. P. (2022). Maskulinitas dalam Film Indonesia (Analisis Isi Kuantitatif Maskulinitas pada Film Aksi Indonesia Produksi 2011-2021). JIKA (Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Andalan), 5(1), 43–64.
- Permana, B. I. (2019). Cerita Tompi Didatangi Korban Mak Erot, Mengeluh Bentuk Organ Vitalnya Tak Karuan. https://www.tribunnews.com/seleb/2019/11/26/cerita-tompi-didatangi-korban-mak-erot-datang-dengan-bentuk-organ-vitalnya-tak-karuan
- Pratami, R., & Hasiholan, T. P. (2020). Representasi maskulinitas pria dalam iklan televisi Men’s Biore Cool Oil Clear. Jurnal Komunikasi, 14(2), 119–138.
- Putri, C. A. (2020). Symbolic Violence among Characters in Selected Eka Kurniawan’s Works. Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS), 6(1), 35–48.
- Redaksi_FI. (2021). Pemandangan Umum Industri Film Indonesia 2020. In Film Indonesia. https://filmindonesia.or.id/artikel/kajian/pemandangan-umum-industri-film-indonesia-2020
- Reddy, R., Sharma, A. K., & Jha, M. (2019). Hegemonic masculinity or masculine domination: Toward a comprehensive social theory of gender. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(3/4), 296–310.
- Rianto, P. (2024). Digital Activism, Bahasa, dan Politik Representasi Film. Jurnal Komunikasi, 18(2).
- Satchell-Baeza, S. (2023). Nina Menkes: giving voice to female rage and despair. British FIlm Instiute. https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/nina-menkes-interview
- Scharrer, E., & Warren, S. (2022). Adolescents’ modern media use and beliefs about masculine gender roles and norms. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 99(1), 289–315.
- Seidler, V. J. (2006). Transforming Masculinities: Men, Cultures, Bodies, Power, Sex and Love. Routledge. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wNdxPw9UkoMC
- Shin, J. (2024). Religion, Age, and Sexuality: An Empirical Approach to the Regulation of Female Sexuality through Dress among Indonesian Muslims. Religions, 15(8), 1017.
- Steve, N. (1983). Masculinity as spectacle: Reflections on men and mainstream cinema. Screen, 24(6), 2–16.
- Tombu, J. (2024). Filmmaking as a Medium of Public Communication in Addressing Social Problems. American Journal of Communication, 6(4), 1–16.
- Udasmoro, W. (2013). Symbolic violence in everyday narrations: Gender construction in Indonesian television. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 155–165.
- Udasmoro, W. (2022). Maskulinitas Trans-formatif: Kekerasan dan Subjek Yang Berge-rak dalam Dinamika Sastra dan Budaya. Disampaikan Pada Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Dalam Bidang Sastra Dan Gender Pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
- Udasmoro, W., & Rahmawati, A. (2021). Antara Maskulinitas dan Feminintas: Perlawanan terhadap Gender Order. V. Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, UGM.
- Valsecchi, G., Iacoviello, V., Berent, J., Borinca, I., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2023). Men’s gender norms and gender-hierarchy-legitimizing ideologies: The effect of priming traditional masculinity versus a feminization of men’s norms. Gender Issues, 40(2), 145–167.
- Vanwesenbeeck, I., Cense, M., Van Reeuwijk, M., & Westeneng, J. (2021). Understanding sexual agency. Implications for sexual health programming. Sexes, 2(4), 378–396.
- Waling, A. (2017). “We are so pumped full of shit by the media” masculinity, magazines, and the lack of self-identification. Men and Masculinities, 20(4), 427–452.
- Widiasa, D. R. (2023). TOXIC MASCULINITY DALAM FILM “SEPERTI DENDAM RINDU HARUS DIBAYAR TUNTAS”(Analisis Semiotika Charles Sanders Peirce). Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.
- Winder, T. J. A. (2023). The discursive work of “bottom-shaming”: Sexual positioning discourse in the construction of Black masculinity. Gender & Society, 37(5), 774–799.
- Wright, P. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2016). Men’s objectifying media consumption, objectification of women, and attitudes supportive of violence against women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 955–964.
- Yakalı, D. (2024). “He is just Ken:” deconstructing hegemonic masculinity in Barbie (2023 Movie). Frontiers in Sociology, 9, 1320774.
- Yanti, I., Hengky, H. K., & others. (2021). Kebiasaan masyarakat dalam memilih pengobatan alternatif terhadap suatu penyakit di Desa Samaulue Kecamatan Lanrisang Kabupaten Pinrang. Jurnal Ilmiah Manusia Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 146–154.
References
Ariawan, R. E. (2019). Opresi dan Objektifikasi terhadap Perempuan dalam Film Pendek Libertines Karya Arwin Wardhana: Sebuah Kajian Feminis Radikal Libertarian. Humanika. Hlm, 1–11.
Arifsong, M. (2017). Manfaat Sunat (Khitan) Menurut Sunnah Rasul dan Teori Kesehatan – Yayasan Hadji Kalla. Yayasan Hadji Kalla. https://www.yayasanhadjikalla.or.id/umum/manfaat-sunat-khitan-menurut-sunnah-rasul-dan-teori-kesehatan/
Baglia, J. (2005). The Viagra Ad Venture: Masculinity, Media, and the Performance of Sexual Health. Peter Lang. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=6iCS2pOFxJQC
Barker, G., & Heilman, B. (2018). Masculine norms and violence: Making the connections.
Basuki, L. N., Nabila, N., Adinia, S., & Lestari, A. D. (2024). The Indonesian Film Industry: Representation Of Toxic Masculinity In The Film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 4(2).
Bell, A. V. (2016). ‘I don’t consider a cup performance; I consider it a test’: masculinity and the medicalisation of infertility. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38(5), 706–720.
Butler, J. (2011). Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of sex. Routledge. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bHDaAAAAMAAJ
Connell, R. (2005). Masculinities: Second Edition. University of California Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=C8zb0oBUZxcC
Connell, R. W. (2017). On hegemonic masculinity and violence: Response to Jefferson and Hall. In Crime, criminal justice and masculinities (pp. 57–68). Routledge.
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859.
Cuklanz, L., & Erol, A. (2021). New feminist studies in audiovisual industries| The shifting image of hegemonic masculinity in contemporary television series. International Journal of Communication, 15, 18.
Darmoko, M. (2020). Enlargement of Penis Ala Mak Erot Between Law, Tourism and Health (Are There Negligence and Malpractice Elements?). International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020), 161–164.
Fatmawaty, L., Udasmoro, W., & Noviani, R. (2022). The Body Politics of Gendered Subjects in Indonesian Post-Reform Films. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 14(2).
Fejes, F. J. (1992). Masculinity as fact: A review of empirical mass communication research on masculinity. Men, Masculinity, and the Media, 9–22.
FKKMK.UGM. (2023). Fenomena Berobat ke Luar Negeri Masyarakat Indonesia. In Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Kedokteran Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Keperawatan. https://fkkmk.ugm.ac.id/fenomena-berobat-ke-luar-negeri-masyarakat-indonesia/
Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction (Issue v. 1). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZnCT6rV90TAC
Fukuoka, M. (2017). The representation of gender and sexuality in Indonesian films: A case study of films released post-2000. Osaka Human Sciences, 3, 61–81.
Goodwill, J. R., Anyiwo, N., Williams, E.-D. G., Johnson, N. C., Mattis, J. S., & Watkins, D. C. (2019). Media representations of popular culture figures and the construction of Black masculinities. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(3), 288.
Großmann, K., Padmanabhan, M., & Afiff, S. (2017). Gender, ethnicity, and environmental transformations in Indonesia and beyond. ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 10(1), 1–10.
Hagedorn, G., & others. (2019). The Socialization Process of Masculinity, and its manifestation at DePauw University: How race, media, and gender contribute to the malleability of masculinity.
Honestdocs. (2020). Sunat dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kehidupan Seksual. https://www.honestdocs.id/sunat-dan-pengaruhnya-terhadap-kehidupan-seksual
hooks, bell. (2004). The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity, and Love. Atria Books. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=G28LTQltyVAC
Jewkes, R., Morrell, R., Hearn, J., Lundqvist, E., Blackbeard, D., Lindegger, G., Quayle, M., Sikweyiya, Y., & Gottzén, L. (2015). Hegemonic masculinity: combining theory and practice in gender interventions. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(sup2), 112–127.
Kim, K. H. (2004). The Remasculinization of Korean Cinema. Duke University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11cw5t0
Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2020). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge.
Lahitani, S. (2017). Pertama di Dunia, Pria Tewas Akibat Operasi Pembesaran Penis. https://www.liputan6.com/citizen6/read/3039133/pertama-di-dunia-pria-tewas-akibat-operasi-pembesaran-penis
Lasido, N. A. (2016). Mitos Gaya Hidup Metroseksualitas dalam Iklan Produk Kosmetik Vaseline Men. Jurnal Komunikasi, 10(2), 169–183.
Lehman, P. (2007). Running Scared: Masculinity and the Representation of the Male Body. Wayne State University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LVADp7LJFtUC
Lehman, P. (2013). Masculinity: Bodies, movies, culture. Routledge.
Liliequist, J. (2007). Masculinity and virility: Representations of male sexuality in eighteenth-century Sweden. Collegium: Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2, 57–81.
Mshweshwe, L. (2020). Understanding domestic violence: masculinity, culture, traditions. Heliyon, 6(10).
Murtagh, B. (2022). ‘There’s no place for us here’ Imagining queer spaces in Indonesian cinema. Indonesia and the Malay World, 50(146), 118–138.
Nandakumar, A. (2021). The feminisation of youth: Rahman’s stardom in Malayalam cinema of the 1980s. South Asian Popular Culture, 19(3), 289–302.
Nugroho, G., & Herlina S, D. (2015). Krisis dan paradoks film Indonesia. Penerbit Buku Kompas. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m0gAswEACAAJ
Oktaviana, O. A., & Aprilia, M. P. (2022). Maskulinitas dalam Film Indonesia (Analisis Isi Kuantitatif Maskulinitas pada Film Aksi Indonesia Produksi 2011-2021). JIKA (Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Andalan), 5(1), 43–64.
Permana, B. I. (2019). Cerita Tompi Didatangi Korban Mak Erot, Mengeluh Bentuk Organ Vitalnya Tak Karuan. https://www.tribunnews.com/seleb/2019/11/26/cerita-tompi-didatangi-korban-mak-erot-datang-dengan-bentuk-organ-vitalnya-tak-karuan
Pratami, R., & Hasiholan, T. P. (2020). Representasi maskulinitas pria dalam iklan televisi Men’s Biore Cool Oil Clear. Jurnal Komunikasi, 14(2), 119–138.
Putri, C. A. (2020). Symbolic Violence among Characters in Selected Eka Kurniawan’s Works. Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS), 6(1), 35–48.
Redaksi_FI. (2021). Pemandangan Umum Industri Film Indonesia 2020. In Film Indonesia. https://filmindonesia.or.id/artikel/kajian/pemandangan-umum-industri-film-indonesia-2020
Reddy, R., Sharma, A. K., & Jha, M. (2019). Hegemonic masculinity or masculine domination: Toward a comprehensive social theory of gender. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(3/4), 296–310.
Rianto, P. (2024). Digital Activism, Bahasa, dan Politik Representasi Film. Jurnal Komunikasi, 18(2).
Satchell-Baeza, S. (2023). Nina Menkes: giving voice to female rage and despair. British FIlm Instiute. https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/nina-menkes-interview
Scharrer, E., & Warren, S. (2022). Adolescents’ modern media use and beliefs about masculine gender roles and norms. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 99(1), 289–315.
Seidler, V. J. (2006). Transforming Masculinities: Men, Cultures, Bodies, Power, Sex and Love. Routledge. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wNdxPw9UkoMC
Shin, J. (2024). Religion, Age, and Sexuality: An Empirical Approach to the Regulation of Female Sexuality through Dress among Indonesian Muslims. Religions, 15(8), 1017.
Steve, N. (1983). Masculinity as spectacle: Reflections on men and mainstream cinema. Screen, 24(6), 2–16.
Tombu, J. (2024). Filmmaking as a Medium of Public Communication in Addressing Social Problems. American Journal of Communication, 6(4), 1–16.
Udasmoro, W. (2013). Symbolic violence in everyday narrations: Gender construction in Indonesian television. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 155–165.
Udasmoro, W. (2022). Maskulinitas Trans-formatif: Kekerasan dan Subjek Yang Berge-rak dalam Dinamika Sastra dan Budaya. Disampaikan Pada Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Dalam Bidang Sastra Dan Gender Pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Udasmoro, W., & Rahmawati, A. (2021). Antara Maskulinitas dan Feminintas: Perlawanan terhadap Gender Order. V. Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, UGM.
Valsecchi, G., Iacoviello, V., Berent, J., Borinca, I., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2023). Men’s gender norms and gender-hierarchy-legitimizing ideologies: The effect of priming traditional masculinity versus a feminization of men’s norms. Gender Issues, 40(2), 145–167.
Vanwesenbeeck, I., Cense, M., Van Reeuwijk, M., & Westeneng, J. (2021). Understanding sexual agency. Implications for sexual health programming. Sexes, 2(4), 378–396.
Waling, A. (2017). “We are so pumped full of shit by the media” masculinity, magazines, and the lack of self-identification. Men and Masculinities, 20(4), 427–452.
Widiasa, D. R. (2023). TOXIC MASCULINITY DALAM FILM “SEPERTI DENDAM RINDU HARUS DIBAYAR TUNTAS”(Analisis Semiotika Charles Sanders Peirce). Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.
Winder, T. J. A. (2023). The discursive work of “bottom-shaming”: Sexual positioning discourse in the construction of Black masculinity. Gender & Society, 37(5), 774–799.
Wright, P. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2016). Men’s objectifying media consumption, objectification of women, and attitudes supportive of violence against women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 955–964.
Yakalı, D. (2024). “He is just Ken:” deconstructing hegemonic masculinity in Barbie (2023 Movie). Frontiers in Sociology, 9, 1320774.
Yanti, I., Hengky, H. K., & others. (2021). Kebiasaan masyarakat dalam memilih pengobatan alternatif terhadap suatu penyakit di Desa Samaulue Kecamatan Lanrisang Kabupaten Pinrang. Jurnal Ilmiah Manusia Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 146–154.