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Abstract
Family Planning (FP) is a program continuously promoted by the Government of Indonesia to control population growth. One of the government's efforts is to increase long-acting contraceptive methods (LAPM). Information about FP and LAPM is important for couples of childbearing age deciding on contraceptive method choice. This research uses the theory of planned behavior, and the present study examines the effect of information exposure about FP on intentions to use LAPM, mediated by several factors forming behavioral intentions. The present study conducted a cross-sectional survey of 74 women of childbearing age in Kampung KB RW01 Pringgokusuman, Yogyakarta City. PLS-SEM (Structural equation modeling) was employed to test the model's fit and path analysis. The present research found that information exposure to FP predicts attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control related to LAPM. The results also showed that the intention to use LAPM is significantly influenced by information exposure about FP mediated by subjective norms but not mediated by attitude and perceived behavioral control. The present study also discusses the implications of these findings for the theoretical realm and the practical domain of FP.
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Copyright (c) 2022 Kholidil Amin, Purwanti Hadisiwi, Jenny Ratna Suminar, Susanne Dida
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References
- Ahmed, M., & Seid, A. (2020). Association between exposure to mass media family planning messages and utilization of modern contraceptive among urban and rural youth women in ethiopia. International Journal of Women’s Health, 12, 719–729. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S266755
- Ajaero, C. K., Odimegwu, C., Ajaero, I. D., & Nwachukwu, C. A. (2016). Access to mass media messages, and use of family planning in Nigeria: A spatio-demographic analysis from the 2013 DHS. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 427. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2979-z
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
- Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1 (Vol. 50, Issue 2, pp. 438–459). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n22
- Ajzen, I. (2019). Constructing a Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts. https://people.umass.edu/~aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf
- Ajzen, I., Brown, T. C., & Carvajal, F. (2004). Explaining the discrepancy between intentions and actions: The case of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 1108–1121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264079
- Asare, M. (2015). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior To Determine the Condom Use Behavior Among College Students. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43–50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26512197%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4621079
- Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
- BKKBN. (2020). RW 01 Kel. Pringgokusuman. BKKBN Kampung KB. http://kampungkb.bkkbn.go.id/profile/2585
- Bocanegra, H. T. de, Bradsberry, M., Lewis, C., & Maguire, F. (2017). Do Bedsider Family Planning Mobile Text Message and E-mail Reminders Increase Kept Appointments and Contraceptive Coverage? Women’s Health Issues, 27(4), 420–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.02.001
- Cammock, R., Priest, P., Lovell, S., & Herbison, P. (2018). Awareness and use of family planning methods among iTaukei women in Fiji and New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12761
- Choiriyah, L., Armini, N. K. A., & Hadisuyatmana, S. (2020). Dukungan Suami dalam Pemilihan Metode Kontrasepsi Jangka Panjang (MKJP) pada Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS). Indonesian Journal of Community Health Nursing, 5(2), 72. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijchn.v5i2.18481
- Crano, W. D., Brewer, M. B., & Lac, A. (2020). Principles and Methods of Social Research. New York: Rouletdge.
- Delpia, Y. V., Murti, B., & Suryani, N. (2016). Theory of Planned Behavior: Analysis of Factors Affecting the Preventive Behaviors of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking among Students from West Kalimantan, in Yogyakarta. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior, 01(02), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.01
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
- Francis, J., Eccles, M. P., Johnston, M., Walker, A. E., Grimshaw, J. M., Foy, R., Kaner, E. F. S., Smith, L., & Bonetti, D. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour: A manual for health services researchers. Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/1735/
- Gil de Zuniga, H. (2012). Social Media Use for News and Individuals’ Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
- Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health- related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
- Habibov, N., & Zainiddinov, H. (2015). Effect of TV and radio family planning messages on the probability of modern contraception utilization in post-Soviet Central Asia. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 32(1), e17–e38. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2318
- Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Global Edition (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
- Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
- Ho, S. S., Liao, Y., & Rosenthal, S. (2015). Applying the theory of planned behavior and media dependency theory: Predictors of public pro-environmental behavioral intentions in Singapore. Environmental Communication, 9(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.932819
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
- Husnah, Masni, & Hadju, V. (2019). Effect of communication, information and education (Cie) on knowledge and decision making of married women with unmet need in the family planning program at marusu district maros city in 2016. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 10(4), 1051–1055. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00848.9
- Jadhav, A., & Weis, J. (2020). Mobile phone ownership, text messages, and contraceptive use: Is there a digital revolution in family planning? Contraception, 101(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2019.10.004
- Jones, R. M., Kimenju, G., Subbiah, S., Styles, A., Pearson, N., & Rajasekharan, S. (2020). A Short Message Service (SMS) increases postpartum care-seeking behavior and uptake of family planning of mothers in peri-urban public facilities in Kenya. PLoS ONE, 15(9 September), e0239213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239213
- Kiene, S. M., Hopwood, S., Lule, H., & Wanyenze, R. K. (2014). An empirical test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour applied to contraceptive use in rural Uganda. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(12), 1564–1575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105313495906
- Knekta, E., Runyon, C., & Eddy, S. (2019). One Size Doesn’t Fit All: Using Factor Analysis to Gather Validity Evidence When Using Surveys in Your Research. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 18(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-04-0064
- Konkor, I., Sano, Y., Antabe, R., Kansanga, M., & Luginaah, I. (2019). Exposure to mass media family planning messages among post-delivery women in Nigeria: testing the structural influence model of health communication. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 24(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2018.1563679
- Kriyantono, R. (2020). Teknik praktis riset komunikasi: kuantitatif dan kualitatif (2nd ed.). Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Grup.
- Lee, K. (2011). The role of media exposure, social exposure and biospheric value orientation in the environmental attitude-intention-behavior model in adolescents. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.08.004
- Liu, L., Xie, J., Li, K., & Ji, S. (2020). Exploring how media influence preventive behavior and excessive preventive intention during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217990
- Liu, P. L. (2020). COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(10), 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0250
- MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
- Okigbo, C. C., Speizer, I. S., Corroon, M., & Gueye, A. (2015). Exposure to family planning messages and modern contraceptive use among men in urban Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal: A cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health, 12(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0056-1
- Park, H. S., & Smith, S. W. (2007). Distinctiveness and influence of subjective norms, personal descriptive and injunctive norms, and societal descriptive and injunctive norms on behavioral intent: A case of two behaviors critical to organ donation. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 194–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00296.x
- Prasanti, D. (2018). Hambatan Komunikasi Dalam Promosi Kesehatan Program Keluarga Berencana (KB) Iud Di Bandung Communication Considerations in Health Promotions Family Planning Program (KB) Iud in Bandung. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan, 22(1), 52–63.
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Contemporary Approaches to Assessing Mediation in Communication Research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The SAGE Sourcebook of Advanced Data Analysis Methods for Communication Research (pp. 13–54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452272054
- Sano, Y., Sedziafa, A. P., Amoyaw, J. A., Boateng, G. O., Kuuire, V. Z., Boamah, S., & Kwon, E. (2016). Exploring the linkage between exposure to mass media and HIV testing among married women and men in Ghana. AIDS Care, 28(6), 684–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1131970
- Sedgh, G., & Hussain, R. (2014). Reasons for Contraceptive Nonuse among Women Having Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries. Studies in Family Planning, 45(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00382.x
- Speizer, I. S., Corroon, M., Calhoun, L. M., Gueye, A., & Guilkey, D. K. (2018). Association of men’s exposure to family planning programming and reported discussion with partner and family planning use: The case of urban Senegal. PLOS ONE, 13(9), e0204049. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204049
- Steinmetz, H., Knappstein, M., Ajzen, I., Schmidt, P., & Kabst, R. (2016). How effective are behavior change interventions based on the theory of planned behavior?: A three-level meta analysis. Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 224(3), 216–233. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000255
- Utama, A. (2020). Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Bagi Program KB di Indonesia. VOA Indonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/dampak-pandemi-covid-19-bagi-program-kb-di-indonesia/5411570.html
- Winarni, E., & Dawam, M. (2016). Family planning information, education and communication with contraceptive use. Kesmas, 11(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v11i2.801
- Yang, Q., Liu, J., Lochbuehler, K., & Hornik, R. (2019). Does Seeking e-Cigarette Information Lead to Vaping? Evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and Young Adults. Health Communication, 34(3), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1407229
- Yang, Q., & Wu, S. (2019). How Social Media Exposure to Health Information Influences Chinese People’s Health Protective Behavior during Air Pollution: A Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective. Health Communication, 4(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1692486
References
Ahmed, M., & Seid, A. (2020). Association between exposure to mass media family planning messages and utilization of modern contraceptive among urban and rural youth women in ethiopia. International Journal of Women’s Health, 12, 719–729. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S266755
Ajaero, C. K., Odimegwu, C., Ajaero, I. D., & Nwachukwu, C. A. (2016). Access to mass media messages, and use of family planning in Nigeria: A spatio-demographic analysis from the 2013 DHS. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 427. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2979-z
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1 (Vol. 50, Issue 2, pp. 438–459). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n22
Ajzen, I. (2019). Constructing a Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts. https://people.umass.edu/~aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf
Ajzen, I., Brown, T. C., & Carvajal, F. (2004). Explaining the discrepancy between intentions and actions: The case of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 1108–1121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264079
Asare, M. (2015). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior To Determine the Condom Use Behavior Among College Students. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43–50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26512197%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4621079
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
BKKBN. (2020). RW 01 Kel. Pringgokusuman. BKKBN Kampung KB. http://kampungkb.bkkbn.go.id/profile/2585
Bocanegra, H. T. de, Bradsberry, M., Lewis, C., & Maguire, F. (2017). Do Bedsider Family Planning Mobile Text Message and E-mail Reminders Increase Kept Appointments and Contraceptive Coverage? Women’s Health Issues, 27(4), 420–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.02.001
Cammock, R., Priest, P., Lovell, S., & Herbison, P. (2018). Awareness and use of family planning methods among iTaukei women in Fiji and New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12761
Choiriyah, L., Armini, N. K. A., & Hadisuyatmana, S. (2020). Dukungan Suami dalam Pemilihan Metode Kontrasepsi Jangka Panjang (MKJP) pada Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS). Indonesian Journal of Community Health Nursing, 5(2), 72. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijchn.v5i2.18481
Crano, W. D., Brewer, M. B., & Lac, A. (2020). Principles and Methods of Social Research. New York: Rouletdge.
Delpia, Y. V., Murti, B., & Suryani, N. (2016). Theory of Planned Behavior: Analysis of Factors Affecting the Preventive Behaviors of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking among Students from West Kalimantan, in Yogyakarta. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior, 01(02), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.01
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
Francis, J., Eccles, M. P., Johnston, M., Walker, A. E., Grimshaw, J. M., Foy, R., Kaner, E. F. S., Smith, L., & Bonetti, D. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour: A manual for health services researchers. Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/1735/
Gil de Zuniga, H. (2012). Social Media Use for News and Individuals’ Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health- related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
Habibov, N., & Zainiddinov, H. (2015). Effect of TV and radio family planning messages on the probability of modern contraception utilization in post-Soviet Central Asia. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 32(1), e17–e38. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2318
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Global Edition (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Ho, S. S., Liao, Y., & Rosenthal, S. (2015). Applying the theory of planned behavior and media dependency theory: Predictors of public pro-environmental behavioral intentions in Singapore. Environmental Communication, 9(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.932819
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Husnah, Masni, & Hadju, V. (2019). Effect of communication, information and education (Cie) on knowledge and decision making of married women with unmet need in the family planning program at marusu district maros city in 2016. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 10(4), 1051–1055. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00848.9
Jadhav, A., & Weis, J. (2020). Mobile phone ownership, text messages, and contraceptive use: Is there a digital revolution in family planning? Contraception, 101(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2019.10.004
Jones, R. M., Kimenju, G., Subbiah, S., Styles, A., Pearson, N., & Rajasekharan, S. (2020). A Short Message Service (SMS) increases postpartum care-seeking behavior and uptake of family planning of mothers in peri-urban public facilities in Kenya. PLoS ONE, 15(9 September), e0239213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239213
Kiene, S. M., Hopwood, S., Lule, H., & Wanyenze, R. K. (2014). An empirical test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour applied to contraceptive use in rural Uganda. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(12), 1564–1575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105313495906
Knekta, E., Runyon, C., & Eddy, S. (2019). One Size Doesn’t Fit All: Using Factor Analysis to Gather Validity Evidence When Using Surveys in Your Research. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 18(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-04-0064
Konkor, I., Sano, Y., Antabe, R., Kansanga, M., & Luginaah, I. (2019). Exposure to mass media family planning messages among post-delivery women in Nigeria: testing the structural influence model of health communication. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 24(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2018.1563679
Kriyantono, R. (2020). Teknik praktis riset komunikasi: kuantitatif dan kualitatif (2nd ed.). Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Grup.
Lee, K. (2011). The role of media exposure, social exposure and biospheric value orientation in the environmental attitude-intention-behavior model in adolescents. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.08.004
Liu, L., Xie, J., Li, K., & Ji, S. (2020). Exploring how media influence preventive behavior and excessive preventive intention during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217990
Liu, P. L. (2020). COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(10), 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0250
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
Okigbo, C. C., Speizer, I. S., Corroon, M., & Gueye, A. (2015). Exposure to family planning messages and modern contraceptive use among men in urban Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal: A cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health, 12(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0056-1
Park, H. S., & Smith, S. W. (2007). Distinctiveness and influence of subjective norms, personal descriptive and injunctive norms, and societal descriptive and injunctive norms on behavioral intent: A case of two behaviors critical to organ donation. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 194–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00296.x
Prasanti, D. (2018). Hambatan Komunikasi Dalam Promosi Kesehatan Program Keluarga Berencana (KB) Iud Di Bandung Communication Considerations in Health Promotions Family Planning Program (KB) Iud in Bandung. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan, 22(1), 52–63.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Contemporary Approaches to Assessing Mediation in Communication Research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The SAGE Sourcebook of Advanced Data Analysis Methods for Communication Research (pp. 13–54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452272054
Sano, Y., Sedziafa, A. P., Amoyaw, J. A., Boateng, G. O., Kuuire, V. Z., Boamah, S., & Kwon, E. (2016). Exploring the linkage between exposure to mass media and HIV testing among married women and men in Ghana. AIDS Care, 28(6), 684–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1131970
Sedgh, G., & Hussain, R. (2014). Reasons for Contraceptive Nonuse among Women Having Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries. Studies in Family Planning, 45(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00382.x
Speizer, I. S., Corroon, M., Calhoun, L. M., Gueye, A., & Guilkey, D. K. (2018). Association of men’s exposure to family planning programming and reported discussion with partner and family planning use: The case of urban Senegal. PLOS ONE, 13(9), e0204049. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204049
Steinmetz, H., Knappstein, M., Ajzen, I., Schmidt, P., & Kabst, R. (2016). How effective are behavior change interventions based on the theory of planned behavior?: A three-level meta analysis. Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 224(3), 216–233. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000255
Utama, A. (2020). Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Bagi Program KB di Indonesia. VOA Indonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/dampak-pandemi-covid-19-bagi-program-kb-di-indonesia/5411570.html
Winarni, E., & Dawam, M. (2016). Family planning information, education and communication with contraceptive use. Kesmas, 11(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v11i2.801
Yang, Q., Liu, J., Lochbuehler, K., & Hornik, R. (2019). Does Seeking e-Cigarette Information Lead to Vaping? Evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and Young Adults. Health Communication, 34(3), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1407229
Yang, Q., & Wu, S. (2019). How Social Media Exposure to Health Information Influences Chinese People’s Health Protective Behavior during Air Pollution: A Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective. Health Communication, 4(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1692486