RELIGION, STATE, AND IDEOLOGY IN INDONESIA: A HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE ACCEPTANCE OF PANCASILA AS THE BASIS OF INDONESIAN STATE

Faisal Ismail

doi:10.20885/ijiis.vol1.iss2.art2

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July 19, 2018

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February 14, 2019

Published

February 14, 2019

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Abstract

On June 1, 1945, in the session of the Invistigating Body for the Preparation for Indonesian Independence, Soekarno, representing the Religiously Neutral Nationalists, proposed Pancasila as the basis of the Indonesian State. On the other hand, the Muslim Nationalists advocated Islam for the purpose. After long debates, the two factions achieved a political compromise and agreed the use of Pancasila as the basis of the state. Following the 1955 general election, a new constitution was drafted and the issue of the basis of the state was debated again. The Muslim Nationalists and the Religiously Neutral Nationalists did not achieve a political compromise. Due to this political deadlock, President Soekarno on July 5, 1959 issued a decree proclaiming a return to the 1945 Constitution. Since that time, Pancasila has been permanently used as the basis of the state up to the present. Not only do the Muslims accept Pancasila, but also defend it.

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Ismail, F. (2019). RELIGION, STATE, AND IDEOLOGY IN INDONESIA: A HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE ACCEPTANCE OF PANCASILA AS THE BASIS OF INDONESIAN STATE. Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies (IJIIS), 1(2), 19–58. https://doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol1.iss2.art2

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References

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Burns, Peter. 1981. Revelation and Revolution: Natsir and the Pancasila. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland.
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Darmaputera, Eka. 1988. Pancasila and the Search for Identity and Modernity in Indonesian Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Darmodihardjo, Darji. 1984. Pancasila: Suatu Orientasi Singkat. Jakarta: Aries Lima.
Dhofier, Zamakhsyari. 1982. Tradisi Pesantren: Studi tentang Pandangan Hidup Kyai. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Enayat, Hamid. 1982. Modern Islamic Political Thought. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Faruki, Kemal A. 1952. Islamic Constitution. Karachi: Khokhropar Gateway Publication.
Feith, Herbert and Lance Castles (eds). 1977. Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Feith, Herbert. 1971. The Indonesian Election of 1955. Ithaca: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.
Geertz, Clifford. 1976. The Religion of Java. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Hadikusumo, Ki Bagus. n. d. Islam sebagai Dasar Negara dan Akhlak Pemimpin. Jogjakarta: Pusataka Rahaju.
Harvey, Barbara S. 1974. ”Tradition, Islam, and Rebellion: South Sulawesi 1950-1965.” Ph.D. diss., Cornell University.
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Hatta, Mohammad. 1977. Pengertian Pancasila. Jakarta: Idayu Press.
----------------------. 1982. Sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945. Jakarta: Tintamas.
-----------------------. 1970. Sekitar Pancasila. Jakarta: Tintamas.
Hazairin. 1970. Demokrasi Pancasila. Jakarta: Tintamas.
Ibrahimy, M. Nur, el. 1986. Teungku Muhammad Daud Beureueh: Peranannya dalam Pergolakan di Aceh. Jakarta: Gunung Agung.
Indonesia, Konstituante Republik. 1958. Risalah Perundingan. Vols. 1, 2, and 7. Bandung: Masa Baru.
Indonesia, Konstituante Republik. 1958. Tentang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia dalam Konstituante. 3 vols. Bandung: Konstituante.
Indonesia, Presiden Republik. 1968. Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 12 tahun 1968/13 April 1968 tentang Penyeragaman Tata Urut dan Rumusan Sila-sila dalam Penulisan/Pembacaan/ Pengucapan Pancasila.
Khan, Qamaruddin. n.d. Al-Mawardi’s Theory of the State. Lahore: Bazm-i-Iqbal.
-----------------------------. 1973. Political Concepts in the Qur’an. Karachi: Institute of Islamic Studies.
-----------------------------. 1973. The Political Thought of Ibn Taimiyya. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute.
Krissantono (ed). 1976. Pandangan Presiden Soeharto tentang Pancasila. Jakarta: CSIS.
Lima, Panitia. 1980. Uraian Pancasila. Jakarta: Mutiara.
Maarif, Ahmad Syafii. 1983. ”Islam as the Basis of State: A Study of the Islamic Political Ideas as Reflected in the Constituent Assembly Debates in Indonesia.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.
Malang, Laboratorium Pancasila IKIP. 1983. Pancasila dalam Pemikiran dan Pemasyarakatannya. Malang: Panitia Peringatan Dwiwindu Laboratorium Pancasila IKIP Malang.
Mangkusasmito, Prawoto. 1970. Pertumbuhan Historis Rumus Dasar Negara dan Sebuah Refleksi. Jakarta: Hudaya.
Nagazumi, Akira. 1972. The Dawn of Indonesian Nationalism. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economics.
Nakamura, Mitsuo. 1983. The Crescent Arises Over the Banyan Tree: A Study of the Muhammadiyah Movement in Central Java. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Nasution, A. H. 1976. Sejarah Kembali ke UUD 45. Jakarta: n. p.
Nasution, Adnan Buyung. 1992. The Aspiration for Constitutional Government in Indonesia: A Socio-legal Study of the Indonesian Konsti-tuante 1956-1959. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Nasution, Harun. 1968.”The Islamic State in Indonesia: the Rise of the Ideology, the Movement for its Creation and the Theory of the Masyumi.” M. A. thesis, McGill University.
Natsir, Mohammad. 1957. Capita Selecta. vol. 2. Jakarta: Pustaka Pendis.
---------------------. 1957. Islam sebagai Dasar Negara. Bandung: Fraksi Masjumi dalam Konstituante.
------------------------. 1951. Islam sebagai Ideologie. Djakarta: Pustaka Aida,.
Noer, Deliar. 1960. ”Masyumi: Its Organization, Ideology, and Political Role in Indonesia.” M.A. thesis, Cornell University.
----------------. 1964. Islam, Pancasila dan Asas Tunggal. Jakarta: Yayasan Perkhidmatan.
----------------. 1973. The Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia 1900-1942. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Notonagoro. 1982. Beberapa Hal Mengenai Falsafah Pancasila. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali.
Notosusanto, Nugroho. 1971. Naskah Proklamasi yang Otentik dan Rumusan Pancasila yang Otentik. Jakarta: Pusat Sejarah ABRI Departemen Hankam.
--------------------------. 1981. Proses Perumusan Pancasila Dasar Negara. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Pinardi. 1964. Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo. Djakarta: Arjaguna.
Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened and Nugroho Notosusanto (eds). 1984. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia. 6 vols. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Pospielovsky, Dimitry V. 1987. A History of Marxist Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies. London: Macmillan Press.
-------------------------------. 1988. Soviet Anti-Religious Campaign and Persecutions. New York: St. Martin Press.
Powell, David E. 1975. Anti-Religious Propaganda in the Soviet Union: A Study of Mass Persecutions. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Pranarka, A. M. W. 1985. Sejarah Pemikiran tentang Pancasila. Jakarta: CSIS.
Pringgodigdo, A. K. 1981. Tiga Undang-Undang Dasar. Jakarta: PT Pembangunan.
Salim, Haji Agus and Mohamad Roem. 1977. Ketuhanan Y. M. E. & Lahirnya Pancasila. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
Simorangkir, J.T.C. and B. Mang Reng Say. n. d Konstitusi dan Konstituante Indonesia. Jakarta: Surungan.
Sjadzali, H. Munawir. 1990. Islam dan Tata Negara. Jakarta: UI Press.
Soekarno. 1990. Bung Karno dan Islam: Kumpulan Pidato tentang Islam 1953-1966. Comp. by CV Haji Masagung in cooperation with Yayasan Pendidikan Soekarno. Jakarta: CV Haji Masagung,.
-------------. 1964. Dibawah Bendera Revolusi 1-II. Djakarta: Panitia Penerbitan Buku Dibawah Bendera Revolusi.
----------. 1964. Piagam Djakarta Mewadjibkan Sjari’at Islam bagi Pemeluknya. Djakarta: Departemen Agama.
----------. 1984. Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism. Trans. by Karel H. Warouw and Peter D. Weldon. Ithaca: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.
-----------. 1986. Pancasila sebagai Dasar Negara. Jakarta: Inti Idayu Press–Yayasan Pendidikan Soekarno.
----------. 1965. Sukarno: An Autobiography as Told to Cindy Adams. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
----------. 1958. The Birth of Pancasila: An Outline of the Five Principles of the Indonesian State. Jakarta: Ministry of Information.
Sun Yat-Sen. 1961. San Min Chu I: Tiga Asas Pokok Rakyat. Trans. by Anizar Ibrahim. Djakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Syamsuddin, Nazaruddin. 1985. The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Van Dijk, C. 1981. Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Yamin, Muhammad (ed). 1959. Naskah Persiapan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. 3 vols. Djakarta: Jajasan Prapantja.
---------------------. n. d. Pembahasan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia. Djakarta: Jajasan Prapantja.
-------------------. 1952. Proklamasi dan Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Djakarta: Djambatan.
-------------------------. 1956. Konstitusi Indonesia dalam Gelanggang Demokrasi. Djakarta: Djambatan.
-------------------. 1958. Sistema Falsafah Pancasila. Djakarta: Jajasan Prapantja.

References

Abdulgani, Roeslan. n. d. Pancasila: The Prime Mover of the Indonesian Revolution. Djakarta: Prapantja.

Alfian. 1971. Hasil Pemilihan Umum 1955 untuk Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Jakarta: Leknas.

Anshari, Saifuddin. 1976. ”The Jakarta Charter of June 1945: A History of the Gentleman’s Agreement between the Islamic and the Religiously Neutral Nationalists in Modern Indonesia.” M. A. thesis, McGill University.

Aziz, M. A. 1955. Japan’s Colonialism and Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Bachtiar, Harja W. 1972. ”The Formation of the Indonesian Nation.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.

Benda, Harry J. 1960. The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Occupation 1942-1945. The Hague: W. Van Hoeve.

Bocquet-Siek, Margaret and Robert Gribb. 1991. Islam and the Pancasila. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies.

Boland, B. J. 1982. The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Bonneff, Marcel et al. 1980. Pantjasila Trente Années de Debats Politiques en Indonesia. Paris: Editions de Ia Maison des sciences de l’homme.

Burns, Peter. 1981. Revelation and Revolution: Natsir and the Pancasila. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland.

Dahm, Bernhard. 1969. Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence. Trans. by F. Somers Heidhues, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Darmaputera, Eka. 1988. Pancasila and the Search for Identity and Modernity in Indonesian Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Darmodihardjo, Darji. 1984. Pancasila: Suatu Orientasi Singkat. Jakarta: Aries Lima.

Dhofier, Zamakhsyari. 1982. Tradisi Pesantren: Studi tentang Pandangan Hidup Kyai. Jakarta: LP3ES.

Enayat, Hamid. 1982. Modern Islamic Political Thought. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Faruki, Kemal A. 1952. Islamic Constitution. Karachi: Khokhropar Gateway Publication.

Feith, Herbert and Lance Castles (eds). 1977. Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Feith, Herbert. 1971. The Indonesian Election of 1955. Ithaca: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.

Geertz, Clifford. 1976. The Religion of Java. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Hadikusumo, Ki Bagus. n. d. Islam sebagai Dasar Negara dan Akhlak Pemimpin. Jogjakarta: Pusataka Rahaju.

Harvey, Barbara S. 1974. ”Tradition, Islam, and Rebellion: South Sulawesi 1950-1965.” Ph.D. diss., Cornell University.

Hatta, Lembaga Soekarno. 1986. Sejarah Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar dan Pancasila. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Inti Idayu Press.

Hatta, Mohammad. 1977. Pengertian Pancasila. Jakarta: Idayu Press.

----------------------. 1982. Sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945. Jakarta: Tintamas.

-----------------------. 1970. Sekitar Pancasila. Jakarta: Tintamas.

Hazairin. 1970. Demokrasi Pancasila. Jakarta: Tintamas.

Ibrahimy, M. Nur, el. 1986. Teungku Muhammad Daud Beureueh: Peranannya dalam Pergolakan di Aceh. Jakarta: Gunung Agung.

Indonesia, Konstituante Republik. 1958. Risalah Perundingan. Vols. 1, 2, and 7. Bandung: Masa Baru.

Indonesia, Konstituante Republik. 1958. Tentang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia dalam Konstituante. 3 vols. Bandung: Konstituante.

Indonesia, Presiden Republik. 1968. Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 12 tahun 1968/13 April 1968 tentang Penyeragaman Tata Urut dan Rumusan Sila-sila dalam Penulisan/Pembacaan/ Pengucapan Pancasila.

Khan, Qamaruddin. n.d. Al-Mawardi’s Theory of the State. Lahore: Bazm-i-Iqbal.

-----------------------------. 1973. Political Concepts in the Qur’an. Karachi: Institute of Islamic Studies.

-----------------------------. 1973. The Political Thought of Ibn Taimiyya. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute.

Krissantono (ed). 1976. Pandangan Presiden Soeharto tentang Pancasila. Jakarta: CSIS.

Lima, Panitia. 1980. Uraian Pancasila. Jakarta: Mutiara.

Maarif, Ahmad Syafii. 1983. ”Islam as the Basis of State: A Study of the Islamic Political Ideas as Reflected in the Constituent Assembly Debates in Indonesia.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.

Malang, Laboratorium Pancasila IKIP. 1983. Pancasila dalam Pemikiran dan Pemasyarakatannya. Malang: Panitia Peringatan Dwiwindu Laboratorium Pancasila IKIP Malang.

Mangkusasmito, Prawoto. 1970. Pertumbuhan Historis Rumus Dasar Negara dan Sebuah Refleksi. Jakarta: Hudaya.

Nagazumi, Akira. 1972. The Dawn of Indonesian Nationalism. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economics.

Nakamura, Mitsuo. 1983. The Crescent Arises Over the Banyan Tree: A Study of the Muhammadiyah Movement in Central Java. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Nasution, A. H. 1976. Sejarah Kembali ke UUD 45. Jakarta: n. p.

Nasution, Adnan Buyung. 1992. The Aspiration for Constitutional Government in Indonesia: A Socio-legal Study of the Indonesian Konsti-tuante 1956-1959. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.

Nasution, Harun. 1968.”The Islamic State in Indonesia: the Rise of the Ideology, the Movement for its Creation and the Theory of the Masyumi.” M. A. thesis, McGill University.

Natsir, Mohammad. 1957. Capita Selecta. vol. 2. Jakarta: Pustaka Pendis.

---------------------. 1957. Islam sebagai Dasar Negara. Bandung: Fraksi Masjumi dalam Konstituante.

------------------------. 1951. Islam sebagai Ideologie. Djakarta: Pustaka Aida,.

Noer, Deliar. 1960. ”Masyumi: Its Organization, Ideology, and Political Role in Indonesia.” M.A. thesis, Cornell University.

----------------. 1964. Islam, Pancasila dan Asas Tunggal. Jakarta: Yayasan Perkhidmatan.

----------------. 1973. The Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia 1900-1942. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Notonagoro. 1982. Beberapa Hal Mengenai Falsafah Pancasila. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali.

Notosusanto, Nugroho. 1971. Naskah Proklamasi yang Otentik dan Rumusan Pancasila yang Otentik. Jakarta: Pusat Sejarah ABRI Departemen Hankam.

--------------------------. 1981. Proses Perumusan Pancasila Dasar Negara. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Pinardi. 1964. Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo. Djakarta: Arjaguna.

Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened and Nugroho Notosusanto (eds). 1984. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia. 6 vols. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Pospielovsky, Dimitry V. 1987. A History of Marxist Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies. London: Macmillan Press.

-------------------------------. 1988. Soviet Anti-Religious Campaign and Persecutions. New York: St. Martin Press.

Powell, David E. 1975. Anti-Religious Propaganda in the Soviet Union: A Study of Mass Persecutions. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Pranarka, A. M. W. 1985. Sejarah Pemikiran tentang Pancasila. Jakarta: CSIS.

Pringgodigdo, A. K. 1981. Tiga Undang-Undang Dasar. Jakarta: PT Pembangunan.

Salim, Haji Agus and Mohamad Roem. 1977. Ketuhanan Y. M. E. & Lahirnya Pancasila. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.

Simorangkir, J.T.C. and B. Mang Reng Say. n. d Konstitusi dan Konstituante Indonesia. Jakarta: Surungan.

Sjadzali, H. Munawir. 1990. Islam dan Tata Negara. Jakarta: UI Press.

Soekarno. 1990. Bung Karno dan Islam: Kumpulan Pidato tentang Islam 1953-1966. Comp. by CV Haji Masagung in cooperation with Yayasan Pendidikan Soekarno. Jakarta: CV Haji Masagung,.

-------------. 1964. Dibawah Bendera Revolusi 1-II. Djakarta: Panitia Penerbitan Buku Dibawah Bendera Revolusi.

----------. 1964. Piagam Djakarta Mewadjibkan Sjari’at Islam bagi Pemeluknya. Djakarta: Departemen Agama.

----------. 1984. Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism. Trans. by Karel H. Warouw and Peter D. Weldon. Ithaca: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.

-----------. 1986. Pancasila sebagai Dasar Negara. Jakarta: Inti Idayu Press–Yayasan Pendidikan Soekarno.

----------. 1965. Sukarno: An Autobiography as Told to Cindy Adams. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.

----------. 1958. The Birth of Pancasila: An Outline of the Five Principles of the Indonesian State. Jakarta: Ministry of Information.

Sun Yat-Sen. 1961. San Min Chu I: Tiga Asas Pokok Rakyat. Trans. by Anizar Ibrahim. Djakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Syamsuddin, Nazaruddin. 1985. The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Van Dijk, C. 1981. Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Yamin, Muhammad (ed). 1959. Naskah Persiapan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. 3 vols. Djakarta: Jajasan Prapantja.

---------------------. n. d. Pembahasan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia. Djakarta: Jajasan Prapantja.

-------------------. 1952. Proklamasi dan Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Djakarta: Djambatan.

-------------------------. 1956. Konstitusi Indonesia dalam Gelanggang Demokrasi. Djakarta: Djambatan.

-------------------. 1958. Sistema Falsafah Pancasila. Djakarta: Jajasan Prapantja.

RELIGION, STATE, AND IDEOLOGY IN INDONESIA: A HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE ACCEPTANCE OF PANCASILA AS THE BASIS OF INDONESIAN STATE

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