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Abstract
This study aims to see how religious discourse in the presidential election is represented in social media. The study concludes as follows: First: Presidential Election 2109 represents three discourses namely: Discourse on Religion and Candidacy of Candidates, Discourse on Politics and Badar War and Discourse on Ulama and Power. Second: Factors that influence representation are: political factors, religious interpretations and digital culture. On political factors, it appears that religion is politicized in the 2019 Presidential Election because religion alone provides political benefits. So for political purposes the power of religious politicization in the 2019 Presidential Election becomes a necessity. Meanwhile, on the factor of religious interpretation, it was concluded that religious interpretation influenced the representation of the 2019 Presidential Election discourse. Religious interpretation was used as a legitimate tool to support or reject certain candidates. Likewise with the digital world, the representation of religious discourse can be so massive, precisely because it is influenced by digital culture that has touched all aspects of human life, including religion. Through the digital world of marketing and the 2019 Presidential Election campaign can be faster, cheaper and more effective even though it has raised concerns over the future and integration of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. The open nature of the digital world makes open conflict so that it has the potential to trigger national divisions.
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References
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- Altinordu, A. (2010), The Policization of Religion: Political Catholicism and Political Islam in Comparative Perspective. Politics & Socety, 38(4), 517-551.
- Artz, L. & Kamalipour, Y.R. (Ed.), (2003), The Globalization of Corporate Media Hegemony, New York: State University of New York Press.
- Ayoob, M. (2008), The Faces Of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim Worls, University of Michigan Press.
- ___________, (2008), On Ideology, London ; New York : Verso.
- Barker, C. (2004), The SAGE Dictionary of Cultural Studies, London: SAGE.
- Berger, P.L. & Luckman, T., (1996), The Social Construction of Relaity: a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Garden City: NY: Anchor Books.
- Bielefeldt, H., (2003), Symbolic Representation in Kant’s Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press.
- Bordieu, P. & Thompson, J.B., (1991), Language and Symbolic Power, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
- Branston, G., & Stafford, R., (1996), The Media Student’s Book, New York, Roudledge.
- __________, (2008) , Yang Tersembunyi Dibalik Media: Pengantar Kajian Media, Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.
- Burton, D., (1980), Dialogue and Discourse: A Sociolinguistik Approach Modern Drama Dialogue and Naturally Occuring Conversation, London: Roudledge& Kegan Paul.
- Christian Hofffman, Wolfram Bublitz (Eds), (2017). Pragmatics of Social Media, Boston: Walter de Gruter GmbH & Co KG.
- Chomsky, N. (2003), Hegemony or Survival, America’s Quest for Global Dominance, New York: Metropolitan Books.
- Cochran, C.E. (2014). Religion in Public and Private Life (Routledge Revivals), New York: Routledge.
- Combat Poverty Agency, (1990), Towards a Policy for Combating Poverty Among Women, tt. Combat Poverty Agency.
- Darmawan, D., Kustandi, C., & Syah, R. (2019). Web-based Information Openness to Increasing Political Participation in Indonedia. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(3), 642-651.
- Durham, G.M. et.all., (2006), Media and Cultural Studies, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.
- Edkin, J. & William, N.V., (Ed.), (2009), Critical Theories and International Relation, Oxon: Routledge.
- Fahmi, Muhammad, (2016), Representasi Islam dalam Media di Surakarta, Disertasi: Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.
- Fairlough, N., (1995), Media Discourse, London: Arnold.
- _____________, (1989), Language and Power, London: Longman.
- _____________, (1992), Discourse and Social Change, Cambridge : Polity Press.
- Fairclough, N. & Wodak, R., (1997), “Cricital Discourse Analysis: An Overview,” dalam: Teun van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse and Interaction, London: SAGE Publications.
- Hall, S., et.all., (2005), Culture Media and Language, London: Routledge.
- ----------------------, (2003), Representation: Culture Representation and Signifying Practise, London: SAGE Publications.
- Hall, S., (1995), “The White of Their Eyes: Racis Ideologis and Media”, dalam Dines, Gail dan Humez, M., (eds), Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text Reader, London, Sage.
- Hasan, N. (2015). Agama dan Kekuasaan Politik Negara. KARSA: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 22(2), 260-271.
- Hashemi, N. (2014). Rethinking religion and political legitimacy across the Islam–West divide. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 40(4-5), 439-447.
- Hasfi, N., Usman, S., & Santosa, H. P. (2017) Representasi Kepemimpinan Calon Presiden di Twitter. Jurnal ASPIKOM-Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 3(2), 270-284.
- Huda, M. C., Yusriyadi, Y., & Thohir, (2020). "M.Perspectives and Movement of Nadlatul Ulama (NU) in Counter-Terrorism." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(2).
- Husein, F., Slama, M., (2018). Online Piety and Its Discontent: revisiting Islamic Anxieties on Social Media, Idonesia and Malay World, 46(134): 80-93, January 2018.
- Ismah, I. (2020). "STUDI ISLAM DENGAN PENDEKATAN SOSIOLOGIS (Pemikiran Ali Syari’ati)." Al-Munqidz: Jurnal Kajian Keislaman 139-156 . 8(1).
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- Kellner, D., (1995), Media Culture, London: Routledge.
- Kelsey, D., & Khoravinik, M., (2020). Social Media, Discourse and Politics: Contemporary spaces ofpower and critique, Lancaster: Bloosbury Academic.
- Leeuwen, T., V., (1996), The Representation of Social Actors.
- ------------------, (2008), Discourse and Practice: New Toolls for Critical Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press. In Discourse, London: Routledge.
- Lentner, H.H. & Haugaard, M.. (Ed.), (2006), Hegemony and Power, Consensus and Coercion in Comtemporary Politics, Oxford: Lexington Books.
- Luhmann, N., (2000), The Reality of the Mass Media, California: Polity Press.
- Lumsden, K., & Harmer, E. (2019). Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web, Liverpol: Palgrave.
- Madjid, N., (2001), Pluralitas Agama Kerukunan Dalam Keberagamaan, Jakarta: Kompas.
- ---------------, (1995). Islam Agama Kemanusiaan: Membangun Tradisi dn Visi Baru Islam Indonesia, Jakarta: Paramadina.
- Mark Durkin, Aodheen Mc Cartan, Mairead Brady (Eds), (2018), Social Media and Interactive Communications: A service sector reflective on th challenges for practice and theory, New York: Roudledge.
- Markoff, J., & Regan, D. (1987). Religious Morality and Political Legitimacy in the World’s Constitutions, Church-State Relation: Tensions and Transitions, 161-182.
- Nusi, A. (2016) “Pemikiran Islam Dalam Bingkai Pergolakan Politik Sektarian”. Jurnal Taqzhan: Analisis Filsafat, Agama dan Kemanusiaan, Vol. 2. No.2.
- Papacharissi, Z. (2019), The Virtual Sphare. The Internet as a Public Sphare, in Praktiken den Überwatchten, (pp.46-60). Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
- Perry, M.J., (1993), Religious Morality and Political Choice: Further Thoughts--And Second Thoughts--on Love and Power, San Diego L. Rev., 30, 703.
- Ricklefs, M.C., (2012), Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java: A Political, Social, Cultural and Religious History, c. 1930 to the Present, Singpore: NUS Press.
- Ridwan, I. M. . J, 3(1). (2020). " Harmoni, Disharmoni, dan Integrasi Antara Sains dan Agama." urnal Filsafat Indonesia 8-13.
- Solahudin, D., & Fakhruroji, M. (2020), "Internet and Islamic Learning Practices in Indonesia: Social Media, Religious Populism, and Religious Authority." Religions 11(1), 19.
- Segara, I. N. Y. (2018). MENCEGAH PENISTAAN AGAMA DI INDONESIA DENGAN MELEK LITERASI KERAGAMAN BUDAYA. Jurnal Maha Widya Bhuwana, 1(1).
- Sara & Francis, (2017), Identity and Play in Interactive Digital Media: Ergodic Ontogeny, New York : Routledge.
- Stokes, Jane, (2006), How to Do Media and Cultural Studies, Yogyakarta: Bentang Pustaka.
- Strenski, I. (2010). Why Politics Can't Be Freed From Religion, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
- Suaedy, A., Rumadi, & Suaedy, A. (2007), Politisasi Agama dan Konflik Komunal: Beberapa Isu Penting di Indonesia, Wahid Institute.
- Sustein, C.R., (2018), #Republic: Devided Democracy in the Age of Social Media, Princeton University Press.
- Tyak, D. (1999). Monuments Between Covers: The Politics of Textbooks. American Behavioral Scientist, 42 (6), 922-932.
- P.W. Singer, Emerson T. Brooking, (2018). Like War: The Weaponization of Social Media, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
- Wanto, A., & Sebastian, L.C. (2019). Indonesia’s Presidential Election 2019-Sarungan vs Cingkrangan: Elections and Contestations Within Indonesian Islam.
- Weintraub, Andrew N. (2011), Islam and Popular Culture in Indonesia and Malaysia, Routledge, Apr 20, 2011.
- Wolin, S. (1960). Machiavelli: Politics and the Economy of Violence. Politics and Vision: Contuinity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, 195-238.
References
Althusser, L. (2012), Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus (Notes Toward an Investigation) dalam Mapping Ideology, London-NY: Verso.
Altinordu, A. (2010), The Policization of Religion: Political Catholicism and Political Islam in Comparative Perspective. Politics & Socety, 38(4), 517-551.
Artz, L. & Kamalipour, Y.R. (Ed.), (2003), The Globalization of Corporate Media Hegemony, New York: State University of New York Press.
Ayoob, M. (2008), The Faces Of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim Worls, University of Michigan Press.
___________, (2008), On Ideology, London ; New York : Verso.
Barker, C. (2004), The SAGE Dictionary of Cultural Studies, London: SAGE.
Berger, P.L. & Luckman, T., (1996), The Social Construction of Relaity: a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Garden City: NY: Anchor Books.
Bielefeldt, H., (2003), Symbolic Representation in Kant’s Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press.
Bordieu, P. & Thompson, J.B., (1991), Language and Symbolic Power, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Branston, G., & Stafford, R., (1996), The Media Student’s Book, New York, Roudledge.
__________, (2008) , Yang Tersembunyi Dibalik Media: Pengantar Kajian Media, Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.
Burton, D., (1980), Dialogue and Discourse: A Sociolinguistik Approach Modern Drama Dialogue and Naturally Occuring Conversation, London: Roudledge& Kegan Paul.
Christian Hofffman, Wolfram Bublitz (Eds), (2017). Pragmatics of Social Media, Boston: Walter de Gruter GmbH & Co KG.
Chomsky, N. (2003), Hegemony or Survival, America’s Quest for Global Dominance, New York: Metropolitan Books.
Cochran, C.E. (2014). Religion in Public and Private Life (Routledge Revivals), New York: Routledge.
Combat Poverty Agency, (1990), Towards a Policy for Combating Poverty Among Women, tt. Combat Poverty Agency.
Darmawan, D., Kustandi, C., & Syah, R. (2019). Web-based Information Openness to Increasing Political Participation in Indonedia. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(3), 642-651.
Durham, G.M. et.all., (2006), Media and Cultural Studies, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.
Edkin, J. & William, N.V., (Ed.), (2009), Critical Theories and International Relation, Oxon: Routledge.
Fahmi, Muhammad, (2016), Representasi Islam dalam Media di Surakarta, Disertasi: Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.
Fairlough, N., (1995), Media Discourse, London: Arnold.
_____________, (1989), Language and Power, London: Longman.
_____________, (1992), Discourse and Social Change, Cambridge : Polity Press.
Fairclough, N. & Wodak, R., (1997), “Cricital Discourse Analysis: An Overview,” dalam: Teun van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse and Interaction, London: SAGE Publications.
Hall, S., et.all., (2005), Culture Media and Language, London: Routledge.
----------------------, (2003), Representation: Culture Representation and Signifying Practise, London: SAGE Publications.
Hall, S., (1995), “The White of Their Eyes: Racis Ideologis and Media”, dalam Dines, Gail dan Humez, M., (eds), Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text Reader, London, Sage.
Hasan, N. (2015). Agama dan Kekuasaan Politik Negara. KARSA: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 22(2), 260-271.
Hashemi, N. (2014). Rethinking religion and political legitimacy across the Islam–West divide. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 40(4-5), 439-447.
Hasfi, N., Usman, S., & Santosa, H. P. (2017) Representasi Kepemimpinan Calon Presiden di Twitter. Jurnal ASPIKOM-Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 3(2), 270-284.
Huda, M. C., Yusriyadi, Y., & Thohir, (2020). "M.Perspectives and Movement of Nadlatul Ulama (NU) in Counter-Terrorism." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(2).
Husein, F., Slama, M., (2018). Online Piety and Its Discontent: revisiting Islamic Anxieties on Social Media, Idonesia and Malay World, 46(134): 80-93, January 2018.
Ismah, I. (2020). "STUDI ISLAM DENGAN PENDEKATAN SOSIOLOGIS (Pemikiran Ali Syari’ati)." Al-Munqidz: Jurnal Kajian Keislaman 139-156 . 8(1).
Jongman, B. 2020. "Recent Online Resources for the Analysis of Terrorism and Related Subjects. ." Perspectives on Terrorism 155-190, 14(1).
Kellner, D., (1995), Media Culture, London: Routledge.
Kelsey, D., & Khoravinik, M., (2020). Social Media, Discourse and Politics: Contemporary spaces ofpower and critique, Lancaster: Bloosbury Academic.
Leeuwen, T., V., (1996), The Representation of Social Actors.
------------------, (2008), Discourse and Practice: New Toolls for Critical Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press. In Discourse, London: Routledge.
Lentner, H.H. & Haugaard, M.. (Ed.), (2006), Hegemony and Power, Consensus and Coercion in Comtemporary Politics, Oxford: Lexington Books.
Luhmann, N., (2000), The Reality of the Mass Media, California: Polity Press.
Lumsden, K., & Harmer, E. (2019). Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web, Liverpol: Palgrave.
Madjid, N., (2001), Pluralitas Agama Kerukunan Dalam Keberagamaan, Jakarta: Kompas.
---------------, (1995). Islam Agama Kemanusiaan: Membangun Tradisi dn Visi Baru Islam Indonesia, Jakarta: Paramadina.
Mark Durkin, Aodheen Mc Cartan, Mairead Brady (Eds), (2018), Social Media and Interactive Communications: A service sector reflective on th challenges for practice and theory, New York: Roudledge.
Markoff, J., & Regan, D. (1987). Religious Morality and Political Legitimacy in the World’s Constitutions, Church-State Relation: Tensions and Transitions, 161-182.
Nusi, A. (2016) “Pemikiran Islam Dalam Bingkai Pergolakan Politik Sektarian”. Jurnal Taqzhan: Analisis Filsafat, Agama dan Kemanusiaan, Vol. 2. No.2.
Papacharissi, Z. (2019), The Virtual Sphare. The Internet as a Public Sphare, in Praktiken den Überwatchten, (pp.46-60). Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
Perry, M.J., (1993), Religious Morality and Political Choice: Further Thoughts--And Second Thoughts--on Love and Power, San Diego L. Rev., 30, 703.
Ricklefs, M.C., (2012), Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java: A Political, Social, Cultural and Religious History, c. 1930 to the Present, Singpore: NUS Press.
Ridwan, I. M. . J, 3(1). (2020). " Harmoni, Disharmoni, dan Integrasi Antara Sains dan Agama." urnal Filsafat Indonesia 8-13.
Solahudin, D., & Fakhruroji, M. (2020), "Internet and Islamic Learning Practices in Indonesia: Social Media, Religious Populism, and Religious Authority." Religions 11(1), 19.
Segara, I. N. Y. (2018). MENCEGAH PENISTAAN AGAMA DI INDONESIA DENGAN MELEK LITERASI KERAGAMAN BUDAYA. Jurnal Maha Widya Bhuwana, 1(1).
Sara & Francis, (2017), Identity and Play in Interactive Digital Media: Ergodic Ontogeny, New York : Routledge.
Stokes, Jane, (2006), How to Do Media and Cultural Studies, Yogyakarta: Bentang Pustaka.
Strenski, I. (2010). Why Politics Can't Be Freed From Religion, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
Suaedy, A., Rumadi, & Suaedy, A. (2007), Politisasi Agama dan Konflik Komunal: Beberapa Isu Penting di Indonesia, Wahid Institute.
Sustein, C.R., (2018), #Republic: Devided Democracy in the Age of Social Media, Princeton University Press.
Tyak, D. (1999). Monuments Between Covers: The Politics of Textbooks. American Behavioral Scientist, 42 (6), 922-932.
P.W. Singer, Emerson T. Brooking, (2018). Like War: The Weaponization of Social Media, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Wanto, A., & Sebastian, L.C. (2019). Indonesia’s Presidential Election 2019-Sarungan vs Cingkrangan: Elections and Contestations Within Indonesian Islam.
Weintraub, Andrew N. (2011), Islam and Popular Culture in Indonesia and Malaysia, Routledge, Apr 20, 2011.
Wolin, S. (1960). Machiavelli: Politics and the Economy of Violence. Politics and Vision: Contuinity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, 195-238.