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Abstract
As many countries would benefit from promoting women empowerment, several developing countries are also endeavoring for it. Pakistan and Indonesia are among those countries who took serious measures to improve the state of women empowerment. This study provides the overview of the efforts of Indonesia and Pakistan made at state level to empower their women. This is the era when each country matches the rate of progress; opportunity would also come from raising the female participation. In both countries, hundred many women live their lives under the societal pressure which is being exerted by ancient traditions. The patriarchal structure swept up women to live as hand-maiden of men in society. In the result of multifaceted discrimination, women are lagging behind in many fields. The main theme of this research is to examine the level of women empowerment by focusing the arenas of politics, economic and social. This nature of this study is descriptive as well as exploratory. Qualitative method has been adopted to carry out this research. While conducting this research, both primary and secondary sources of data will be used. This study will be useful to identify the causes which detain the progress of women. This brief but comprehensive analysis will also help to recommend some suggestions to improve level of women empowerment in both states.
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References
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References
Ahmed, A. (2021, March 31). Pakistan Loses Two Spots on Global Gender Gap Index, slides into ranks of worst four countries. The Dawn, 07.
________ (1996). Women and Social Justice: An Islamic Paradigm Second Revised Edition. 07.
al-Hibri, A. (1998). Islam, Law, and Custom: Redefining Muslim Women’s Rights (p. 406). transnational Publishers, Inc.
Ardiansa, Dirga. "Presenting Women's Interests in Political Representation in Indonesia." Political Journal 2, no. 1 (2017): 71.
Alvarez, M. (n.d.). From Unheard Screams to Powerful Voices: A Case Study of Women’s Political Empowerment in the Philippines. 12th National Convention on Statistics (NCS) Mandaluyong City, EDSA Shangri-al Hotel.
Central Bureau of Statistics. “The Prevention of Undelayed Accelerated Child Marriage.” Central Bureau of Statistics (2020): 6–10.
Cita Puspita Sari. “Gender Inequality: Its Impact on Per Capita Income (Case Study of 33 Provinces in Indonesia 2011-2019).” Independent 1, no. 1 (2021): 48.
Coleman, I. (2004). Gender Disparities, Economic Growth and Islamization in Pakistan. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Desilva, D. A. (2000). Honour, Patronage, Kinship & Pùrity, Unlocking New Testament Culture (p. 25). InterVarsity Press.
Fakih, Mansour. Gender Analysis and Social Transformation. Print 5. Yogyakarta: Student Library, 2013.
Gender Inequality in Pakistan. (2016, October 27). Daily Times, 07.
Girls Education. (2020, June 22). The Nation, 07.
Hassan, K., Atiyah, U., & Zakuan, A. (2019). Women’s Economic Empowerment in Developing Countries: Reengineering Patriarchy. 36–55.
Hassan, Y. (1999, May 25). The Fate of Pakistani Wome. International Herald Tribune, 08.
Herien Puspitawati. Gender and the Family: Concepts and Realities in Indonesia. Bogor: IPB Press, 2012.
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. (2015). Report on State of Human Rights (pp. 161–170).
Javaid, U. (2021, March 8). Women and Political inequality. The Dawn, 07.
Jilani, H. (1998). Human Rights and Democratic Development in Pakistan (p. 143). Vanguard.
Kapadia, M. Z., Saleem, S., & Karim, M. S. (2010). The hidden figure: Sexual intimate partner violence among Pakistani women. European Journal of Public Health, 20(02), 164–168.
Khan, N. S., Saigo, R., & Zia, A. S. (1995). A Celebration of Women: Essays and Abstracts from the women 's studies conference March (p. 211). ASR Publications.
Kholid Zulfa. "The Shackles of Women's Leadership in Politics." Musawa Vol 3, no. No. 1 (2004): 74–75.
Malhotra, A. (2019). Innovation for Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality (pp. 100–117). International Center for Research on Women (ICRW).
__________. (2009). Innovation for Women and Gender Equality. International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), 100–117.
Many Initiatives taken for Women Empowerment. (2019, June 15). The News, 07.
__________________. (2017, June 15). The News, 07.
Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. Gender-Based Human Development, 2020.
———. Thematic Gender Statistics- A Portrait of Gender Inequality in the Economy, 2016.
Mirza, J. (2002). Between Chaddar and the Market: Female offices workers in Lahore (pp. 28–53). Oxford University Press.
Mohammad, A., & Halim, A. (1994). Challenges to the Application of International Women’s Human Rights in the Sudan (p. 397). University of Pennsylvania Press.
page, N., & Czuba, C. (1999). Empowerment: Ehat is it? J.Ext, 37(04), 80–98.
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Labor Force Survey of Pakistan.
Pudji, Tri Marhaeni. "The Image of Women in Politics." Yinyang: Journal of Gender and Child Islamic Studies 3, no. 1 (2008): 3–16.
Qureshi, U. (2019, March 22). Pakistan has highest gender wage gap in World. The Dawn, 07.
Rasheed, S. A. (2021, April 14). Reading the Gender Report. The Dawn, 07.
Rashid, T. (2006). Contested Representation: Punjabi Women in Feminist Debate in Pakistan (pp. 88–99). Oxford University Press.
Shahid, S. (2010). , Untold Stories: Women Domestic Workers in Pakistan and their Struggle for Empowerment (pp. 131–139). Oxford University Press.
Sindhi, G. H. (2007). Honour Killing and Status of Women in Pakistan (p. 134). National Institute of Pakistan Studies.
Singh, A. (2014). Killing:A Global Perspective (pp. 200–222). Vanguard.Syamsiyah, Dailatus. “Women in Global Education Challenges:” Palastren 8, no. 2 (2015): 232.
Tridewiyanti, Kunthi. “Gender Equality and Justice in Politics 'The Importance of Women's Participation and Representation in the Legislature.'” Indonesian Legislation Journal 9, no. 1 (2012): 83.
Ulfat, A., & Chaudhary, G. M. (2007). Women and Protection of Women Rights House, 2007 (pp. 83–87). Federal Law House.
UNDP. (2011). Enforcing rights and correcting wrongs.
UNDP Indonesia. Women's Participation in Politics and Government. UNDP Indonesia, 2010.
Wibowo, Dwi Edi. “Women's Dual Roles and Gender Equality.” Gender 3, no. 1 (2011): 358.
World Economic Forum. (2019). The Global Gender Gap Report.
__________________. Global Gender Gap Report 2021, 2021.