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Abstract
Since the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, Shia and its community have been the subject of much research. This paper examines the phenomenon of conversion from Sunni to Shia in Indonesia. It seeks to identify the reasons people choose to convert to Shia, even though it can lead to psychological, economic, social, and political tensions. This is a qualitative research based on a fieldwork conducted in four cities in Indonesia, namely Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta and Makassar. These cities are representative of Indonesia. The results of the study show that there are at least four 'gates' that are commonly cited as reasons for converting from Sunni to Shia. These gates are philosophy, history, irfan/sufism, and fiqh. The typology of encounters through the four gates is a strong typology that we found in our research. Most people who convert from Sunni to Shia usually pass through one or several gates that are key factors in their decision to accept Shia.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Imran Imran, Siti Syamsiyatun, Dicky Sofjan
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References
- Abuza, Zachary. 2006. Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia (Asian Security Studies). Routledge.
- Adeney-Risakotta, Bernard. 2017. Living in an Enchanted Cosmos: Islam and Modernity in Indonesia.
- Al-Gazali, A. H. 2015. Kerancuan Filsafat (Tahafut Al-Falsifah). Penerbit Forum.
- Al-Shaibi, K. M. 1991. Sufism and Shi’ism. LAAM Ltd.
- Bruinessen, Martin Van. 2013. Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the Conservative Turn, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
- Fouda, Farag. 2008. Kebenaran yang Hilang. Democracy Project.
- Formichi, Chiara & Feener, R. Michael. 2015. Shiasm in Southeast Asia: Alid Piety and Sectarian Constructions in Debating Shiasm in the History of Muslim Southeast Asia: Alid Piety and Sectarian Constructions. London: Hurst & Company.
- Halim, W. 2015. The Complex Relationship Between Sufism And Shi‘Ism As Reflected In The Concept Of Walāyah. Kanz Philosophia : A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism, 5(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v5i1.88
- Halimatusa’diyah, I. 2013. Being Shi’ite Women in Indonesia’s Sunni-Populated Community: Roles and Relations among Themselves and with Others. South East Asia Research, 21(1), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2013.0137
- Hasan bin Farhan, Al-Maliki. 2012. Pilih Islam atau Mazhab: Autokritik atas Paham penuduh bid’ah dan Kafir. Jakarta. Noura Books.
- Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. 2009. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
- Hughes, John. 2010. Islamic Extremism and the War of Ideas: Lessons from Indonesia, Hoover Institution Press.
- Ibnu Rusyd. 2004. Tahafut At-Tahafut (Sanggahan Terhadap Tahafut al-falasifah). Pustaka Pelajar.
- Ismail, Faisal. 1995. Islam, Politics, And Ideology In Indonesia: A Study Of The Process Of Muslim Acceptance Of The Pancasila. Montreal. Institute of Islamic Studies Mcgill University.
- Laclau, E. 2005. On Populist Reason. Verso.
- Leaman, O. 2001. Concept of Philosophy In Islam. In Islamic Philosophy. Islamic Philosophy Online, Inc.
- Leaman, O. 2016a. Philosophy and Shi’ism: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies, Vol. IX ∙ No. 1, 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2016.0001
- Leaman, O. 2016b. Philosophy in Islam: The Concept of Shiʿism as a Philosophical Genre.pdf. Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies, Volume 9, Number 2, 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2016.0012
- Leichtman, M. 2009. Revolution, Modernity and (Trans)National Shi’i Islam: Rethinking Religious Conversion in Senegal. Journal of Religion in Africa, 39(3), 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006609X461456
- Nasr, S. H. 1970. Shiʻism and Sufism: Their Relationship in Essence and in History. Religious Studies, 6(3), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500004558
- Nasr, S. H. 2000. Ideals and Realities of Islam. ABC International Group.
- Ramage, Douglas. 1995. Politics in Indonesia: Democracy, Islam and the Ideology of Tolerance (Politics in Asia). Routledge, Canada.
- Sindawi, Khalid. 2011. Al-Mustabṣirūn, “Those Who Are Able To See The Light”: Sunnī Conversion to Twelver Shīʿism in Modern Times. Die Welt des Islams 51 (2011) 210-234
- Sofjan, Dicky. 2013. Kebangkitan Syiah di Asia Tenggara?
- dalam Sejarah dan Budaya Syiah di Asia Tenggara. Yogyakarta. Penerbit Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada.
- Sofjan, Dicky. 2016. Religious Diversity and Politico Religious Intolerance in Indonesia and Malaysia
- Sofjan, Dicky. 2016a. “Minoritization and Criminalization of Shia Islam in Indonesia.” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 39 (2): 29–44. Villanova, PA: Villanova University.
- Suseno, Franz Magnis. 2013. Christian and Muslim Minorities in Indonesia State Policies and Majority Islamic Organizations in Religion, Culture, and Public Life in Mirjam Künkler, Alfred Stepan (ed) - Democracy and Islam in Indonesia) Columbia University Press.
- Syarif, Dede. Zulkarnain, Iskandar. Sofjan, Dicky. 2017. Anti Shi’ism in Indonesia: Genealogy, Development, and Methods. Jurnal Harmoni Januari-Juli.
- Terhalle, Maximilian. 2007. Are the Shia Rising? in Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 2.
- Tim Ahlul bait Indonesia. 2012. Buku Putih Mazhab Syiah Menurut Para Ulamanya yang muktabar. Dewan Pengurus Pusat, Ahlul bait Indonesia (ABI).
- Zulkifli. 2009. THE STRUGGLE OF THE SHI‘IS IN INDONESIA. Leiden University.
- Zulkifli. 2016. Kesalehan ’Alawi dan Islam di Asia Tenggara. Studia Islamika, Vol. 23, no. 3, 605–624.
References
Abuza, Zachary. 2006. Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia (Asian Security Studies). Routledge.
Adeney-Risakotta, Bernard. 2017. Living in an Enchanted Cosmos: Islam and Modernity in Indonesia.
Al-Gazali, A. H. 2015. Kerancuan Filsafat (Tahafut Al-Falsifah). Penerbit Forum.
Al-Shaibi, K. M. 1991. Sufism and Shi’ism. LAAM Ltd.
Bruinessen, Martin Van. 2013. Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the Conservative Turn, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Fouda, Farag. 2008. Kebenaran yang Hilang. Democracy Project.
Formichi, Chiara & Feener, R. Michael. 2015. Shiasm in Southeast Asia: Alid Piety and Sectarian Constructions in Debating Shiasm in the History of Muslim Southeast Asia: Alid Piety and Sectarian Constructions. London: Hurst & Company.
Halim, W. 2015. The Complex Relationship Between Sufism And Shi‘Ism As Reflected In The Concept Of Walāyah. Kanz Philosophia : A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism, 5(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v5i1.88
Halimatusa’diyah, I. 2013. Being Shi’ite Women in Indonesia’s Sunni-Populated Community: Roles and Relations among Themselves and with Others. South East Asia Research, 21(1), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2013.0137
Hasan bin Farhan, Al-Maliki. 2012. Pilih Islam atau Mazhab: Autokritik atas Paham penuduh bid’ah dan Kafir. Jakarta. Noura Books.
Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. 2009. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
Hughes, John. 2010. Islamic Extremism and the War of Ideas: Lessons from Indonesia, Hoover Institution Press.
Ibnu Rusyd. 2004. Tahafut At-Tahafut (Sanggahan Terhadap Tahafut al-falasifah). Pustaka Pelajar.
Ismail, Faisal. 1995. Islam, Politics, And Ideology In Indonesia: A Study Of The Process Of Muslim Acceptance Of The Pancasila. Montreal. Institute of Islamic Studies Mcgill University.
Laclau, E. 2005. On Populist Reason. Verso.
Leaman, O. 2001. Concept of Philosophy In Islam. In Islamic Philosophy. Islamic Philosophy Online, Inc.
Leaman, O. 2016a. Philosophy and Shi’ism: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies, Vol. IX ∙ No. 1, 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2016.0001
Leaman, O. 2016b. Philosophy in Islam: The Concept of Shiʿism as a Philosophical Genre.pdf. Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies, Volume 9, Number 2, 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2016.0012
Leichtman, M. 2009. Revolution, Modernity and (Trans)National Shi’i Islam: Rethinking Religious Conversion in Senegal. Journal of Religion in Africa, 39(3), 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006609X461456
Nasr, S. H. 1970. Shiʻism and Sufism: Their Relationship in Essence and in History. Religious Studies, 6(3), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500004558
Nasr, S. H. 2000. Ideals and Realities of Islam. ABC International Group.
Ramage, Douglas. 1995. Politics in Indonesia: Democracy, Islam and the Ideology of Tolerance (Politics in Asia). Routledge, Canada.
Sindawi, Khalid. 2011. Al-Mustabṣirūn, “Those Who Are Able To See The Light”: Sunnī Conversion to Twelver Shīʿism in Modern Times. Die Welt des Islams 51 (2011) 210-234
Sofjan, Dicky. 2013. Kebangkitan Syiah di Asia Tenggara?
dalam Sejarah dan Budaya Syiah di Asia Tenggara. Yogyakarta. Penerbit Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Sofjan, Dicky. 2016. Religious Diversity and Politico Religious Intolerance in Indonesia and Malaysia
Sofjan, Dicky. 2016a. “Minoritization and Criminalization of Shia Islam in Indonesia.” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 39 (2): 29–44. Villanova, PA: Villanova University.
Suseno, Franz Magnis. 2013. Christian and Muslim Minorities in Indonesia State Policies and Majority Islamic Organizations in Religion, Culture, and Public Life in Mirjam Künkler, Alfred Stepan (ed) - Democracy and Islam in Indonesia) Columbia University Press.
Syarif, Dede. Zulkarnain, Iskandar. Sofjan, Dicky. 2017. Anti Shi’ism in Indonesia: Genealogy, Development, and Methods. Jurnal Harmoni Januari-Juli.
Terhalle, Maximilian. 2007. Are the Shia Rising? in Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 2.
Tim Ahlul bait Indonesia. 2012. Buku Putih Mazhab Syiah Menurut Para Ulamanya yang muktabar. Dewan Pengurus Pusat, Ahlul bait Indonesia (ABI).
Zulkifli. 2009. THE STRUGGLE OF THE SHI‘IS IN INDONESIA. Leiden University.
Zulkifli. 2016. Kesalehan ’Alawi dan Islam di Asia Tenggara. Studia Islamika, Vol. 23, no. 3, 605–624.