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Abstract
The critics of Islam have hypothesized that several teachings of Islam jeopardize the modern nation-state and its law and order. Islam is perceived as a part of the problem rather than a solution. Islam, however, has a rich inheritance of addressing conflicts in the world. The Islamic texts and Muslim heritage approaches to conflict resolution draw on religious values and present a considerable wealth of responses based on positive solutions to the conflict. The terms/concepts like social justice al-adl to the terms like sulh, translated as settlement and mūslāha translated as reconciliation, wasta (patronage-mediation), tāhkim (arbitration), and importantly salam a peace greeting among Muslims form the conceptual framework of the conflict resolution and peacebuilding in Islam. The specific term for non-violence in the Arabic language is not known, however the alternate vocabulary which stresses non-vehemence and peace is al-unf (no force), sabr (patience), akhlāq (virtuous character), etc. Since the conflict begins within a person, one strives to resolve that conflict through aql (intellect) to fight al-hawa (passions and desire) to overcome jahl (ignorance) with ikhlas (purity) then ihsan (beneficence) or putting the good and beautiful into practice is exercised and above all fighting for social justice jihad. This paper is an effort to build the theoretical aspect of Islam and conflict resolution. A descriptive research design has been employed for the present study. The data was collected through primary and secondary sources of information, and the method of data collection adopted was content analysis.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Nazar Ul Islam Wani
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References
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- Scott. R .Appleby, (2000) The Ambivalence of the sacred, lanham MD Littlefield Publishers.
- Sophia Rose Arjana, (2015) Muslims in the Western Imagination, Oxford University Press, New York.
- Talal Assad, (2007) On Suicide Bombing, Columbia University Press, New York.
- Tutu, Desmond Mpilo. (2011): ‘Reconciliation in Community’. Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Finding Common Ground 68.
- Ulafor, Onoh John. "Martin Luther King Jr’s philosophy of non-violence: A paradigm for global black race towards conflict resolution and peace in Africa." Jurnal Sosialisasi: Jurnal Hasil Pemikiran, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Keilmuan Sosiologi Pendidikan (2020): 54-61.
- Ulafor, Onoh John. (2020) ‘Martin Luther King Jr’s philosophy of non-violence: A paradigm for global black race towards conflict resolution and peace in Africa’. Jurnal Sosialisasi: Jurnal Hasil Pemikiran, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Keilmuan Sosiologi Pendidikan 54-61
- United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UHCHR) (2003). ABC: Teaching human rights: Practical activities for primary and secondary schools (HR/PUB/ DECADE/2003/1). New York: United Nations.
- Wahid ud din Khan, (1999), Islam and Peace, Goodword Books, New Delhi.
- Wahidudin Khan, (1998) Nonviolence and Islam, in Forum on Islam and Peace in the 21st Century 5 D.C.: AmU.
- Wani, N.U.I. Karen Armstrong, (2015). Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence. Rev Relig Res 57, 327–328 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0210-9.
- Weber, Katja, and Allison Stanford. (2017) ‘Myanmar: Promoting Reconciliation between the Rohingya Muslims and Buddhists of Rakhine State’. Social Justice, vol. 44, no. 4 (150), pp. 55–82, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26538395. Accessed 17 Apr. 2022.
- Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. 1993. Springfield, MA: Merriam. Webster, Inc., 1660.
- X, Malcolm and Haley, Alex. (2013) "From The Autobiography of Malcolm X". Writing New England: An Anthology from the Puritans to the Present, edited by Andrew Delbanco, Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, , pp. 402-415. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674335486.c83
References
Abdul Aziz, S. and Funk, N. (2010) (eds.) Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam: Precept and Practice. Lanham: University Press of America.
Abu-Nimer, M. (2010) An Islamic Model of Conflict Resolution: Principles and Challenges. In: Huda, Q. (ed.) Crescent and Dove: Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace. Pp.73-92.
Ahmed Mohsen Al- Dawoody, (2009) War in Islamic Law: Justifications and Regulations, A thesis submitted to Department of theology and Religion, College of Arts and Law, University of Birmingham.
Allama Shibli Nomani, (1986) Sirat Un Nabi, R Z Package, Lahore.
Al-Ramahi, Aseel, (2008). Sulh: A Crucial Part of Islamic Arbitration, LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 12/2008, Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Paper No. 08-45.
Anthony H Johns and Nelly Lahoud, (2005) Islam in World Politics, Rutledge, New York.
Beverly Milton- Edwards, (2005) Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945, Rutledge, London.
David P. Barash, Charles P. Webel, (2014), Peace and Conflict Studies, Sage Publications, USA.
Douglas Karim, (2001) “Non Violence ethics and character development in Islam”, in Abdul Aziz Said, Nathan.C. Funk (ed.) Peace and conflict resolution in Islam, American University Washington, University Press of America.
Fisher, S.et al. (2007) Impression 7, Working with Conflicts, Skills and Strategies for Action, London: Zed Books.
Galtung, J. (1996). Peace by peaceful means: Peace and conflict development and civilization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gopin., Marc. (1997): “Religion, Violence, and Conflict Resolution.” Peace & Change 22 1-31.
Helmick. G and Rodney L Peterson (eds.), (2002) Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict, Radnor PA.: Templeton Foundation Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1993) “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3: 22–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621.
Ibn Hisham, Sirat Un Nabi, (2007) ed. Maulana Abdul Jaleel Sidiqui, Farid Book Depo, New Delhi,. See
Journal of Law and Religion, 2006, DOI: 10.2307/10515.
Khakimov, saidilyos (2020) "arbitration (tahkim) and reconciliation (sulh) in islam as alternative dispute resolution mechanisms," the light of islam: vol. 2020 : iss. 4 , article 4. available at: https://uzjournals.edu.uz/iiau/vol2020/iss4/4
Korbel, Josef. (1953) "The Kashmir dispute after six years" International Organization 7.4 :498-510.
Lederach J.P , (2002) ‘Five Qualities of Practice in support of Reconciliation Processes’ in Raymond G helmick and Rodney L peterson (eds) Forgiveness and Reconciliation Religion, Public Policy and Conflict, Radnor PA.: Templeton Foundation Press, p. 195.
Marc Gopin Religion, (1997) Violence, and Conflict Resolution, Peace and Change, 22:1, 1.31.
Marc Gopin, (2001) Reconciliation, Coexistence, and Justice in Interethnic Conflicts: Theory and Practice, ed. Mohammed Abu-Nimer, Lexington Books.
Mark Juergensmeyer, (2000) ‘Terror in the mind of God-The Global Rise of Religious Violence, University of California Press, Berkley London,
Marten E Marty and R Scott Appleby, (2000) Fundamentalisms and the State, University of Chicago Press, Chicagox.
Mehmood Ahamd Ghazi, (2013) Muhazrat-i-Seerat, Areeb Publications, New Delhi, India.
Mohammed A.N.A.Imam & Ibrahim Alkali, (2021) peace and conflict resolution in Islam: an instrument for sustainable peaceful coexistence in Nigeria, Journal of Social Sciences and Public Policy Volume 13, Number. 1, ISSN: 2277 – 0038.
Muhammad Hamidullah, ((1941)) Muslim Conduct of State Adam publishers, New Delhi.
Muhammad Hamidullah, (2007) The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam, ed. Mehboob Ahmad, Adam Publishers, India.
Muhammad Hamidullah, (2007) The Prophet’s Establishing a State and His Succession, Adam publishers, New Delhi.
Muhammad Khatami, (2000) address to ‘Dialogue among Civilizations’, conference at the UN, 5 September.Available at[www.on.int/iran/dialog05] 16Muhammad Khatami, Speech at the European University Institute,
Nugroho, B. S., & Aryani, D. S. (2021). The influence of systemic racism on quarter-life crisis in The Autobiography of Malcolm X (as told to Alex Haley). EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture, 6(1), 120-133.
Qamar al Huda, (2011) ‘Crescent and Dove: Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam’. Choice Reviews Online 48.09 48–5342--48–5342. Web.
S. Abul Hassan Nadwi, (1982) Muhammad Rasulullah, ed. by Mohiuddin Ahmad, Academy of Islamic Research and Publications, Lucknow, India.
Samuel. P. Huntington, (1997) The Clash of Civilizations’ and the Remaking of the World Order, New York; Touch Stone.
Scott. R .Appleby, (2000) The Ambivalence of the sacred, lanham MD Littlefield Publishers.
Sophia Rose Arjana, (2015) Muslims in the Western Imagination, Oxford University Press, New York.
Talal Assad, (2007) On Suicide Bombing, Columbia University Press, New York.
Tutu, Desmond Mpilo. (2011): ‘Reconciliation in Community’. Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Finding Common Ground 68.
Ulafor, Onoh John. "Martin Luther King Jr’s philosophy of non-violence: A paradigm for global black race towards conflict resolution and peace in Africa." Jurnal Sosialisasi: Jurnal Hasil Pemikiran, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Keilmuan Sosiologi Pendidikan (2020): 54-61.
Ulafor, Onoh John. (2020) ‘Martin Luther King Jr’s philosophy of non-violence: A paradigm for global black race towards conflict resolution and peace in Africa’. Jurnal Sosialisasi: Jurnal Hasil Pemikiran, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Keilmuan Sosiologi Pendidikan 54-61
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UHCHR) (2003). ABC: Teaching human rights: Practical activities for primary and secondary schools (HR/PUB/ DECADE/2003/1). New York: United Nations.
Wahid ud din Khan, (1999), Islam and Peace, Goodword Books, New Delhi.
Wahidudin Khan, (1998) Nonviolence and Islam, in Forum on Islam and Peace in the 21st Century 5 D.C.: AmU.
Wani, N.U.I. Karen Armstrong, (2015). Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence. Rev Relig Res 57, 327–328 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0210-9.
Weber, Katja, and Allison Stanford. (2017) ‘Myanmar: Promoting Reconciliation between the Rohingya Muslims and Buddhists of Rakhine State’. Social Justice, vol. 44, no. 4 (150), pp. 55–82, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26538395. Accessed 17 Apr. 2022.
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. 1993. Springfield, MA: Merriam. Webster, Inc., 1660.
X, Malcolm and Haley, Alex. (2013) "From The Autobiography of Malcolm X". Writing New England: An Anthology from the Puritans to the Present, edited by Andrew Delbanco, Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, , pp. 402-415. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674335486.c83