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Abstract
Air passenger right is a crucial aspect of modern aviation law, ensuring the protection of passengers and promoting accountability among air carriers. This research examines the legal framework governing air passenger rights in Indonesia and Madagascar, comparing them to international standards such as the Montreal Convention of 1999 and Core Principles on Consumer Protections of ICAO and IATA. The research method is comparative law method, complemented with normative and conceptual approaches, using secondary data analysed qualitatively to obtain a deductive analysis. While both countries have regulations protecting passenger interests and outlining carrier obligations, Indonesia demonstrates stronger compliance, particularly in compensation provisions and enforcement mechanisms, whereas Madagascar lacks fixed compensation rules and explicit protections for passengers with disabilities. Through a detailed analysis of relevant laws and regulations, this research highlights where national laws fall short of global norms, emphasising the need for greater alignment with international standards to ensure consistency and accountability in air travel. Recommendations include revising Madagascar’s legal framework to introduce fixed compensation rules, establish clear complaint-handling procedures, and incorporate explicit protections for passengers with disabilities. For both countries, strengthening enforcement mechanisms and adopting mandatory insurance requirements would improve passenger protection, legal certainty, and alignment with international standards.
Keywords: Air Passenger Rights, Indonesia, International Air Law, Madagascar
Abstrak
Hak penumpang pesawat merupakan aspek penting dari hukum penerbangan kontemporer, yang menjamin perlindungan penumpang dan mendorong akuntabilitas maskapai penerbangan. Penelitian ini mengkaji kerangka hukum nasional yang mengatur hak penumpang pesawat yang berlaku di Indonesia dan Madagaskar, dan membandingkannya dengan standar internasional seperti Konvensi Montreal tahun 1999 dan Prinsip Utama tentang Perlindungan Konsumen ICAO dan IATA. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode hukum komparatif, dilengkapi dengan pendekatan normatif dan konseptual, menggunakan data sekunder yang dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk memperoleh analisis deduktif. Meskipun kedua negara memiliki peraturan yang melindungi kepentingan penumpang dan menguraikan kewajiban maskapai, Indonesia di satu sisi, menunjukkan kepatuhan yang lebih kuat, khususnya dalam ketentuan kompensasi dan mekanisme penegakan hukum; sedangkan Madagaskar di sisi lain tidak memiliki aturan kompensasi tetap dan perlindungan eksplisit bagi penumpang penyandang disabilitas. Melalui analisis terperinci terhadap undang-undang dan peraturan yang relevan, penelitian ini menyoroti di mana undang-undang nasional tidak memenuhi norma global, yang menekankan perlunya penyelarasan yang lebih baik dengan standar internasional untuk memastikan konsistensi dan akuntabilitas dalam perjalanan udara. Rekomendasi yang diberikan meliputi revisi kerangka hukum Madagaskar untuk memperkenalkan aturan kompensasi tetap, menetapkan prosedur penanganan pengaduan yang jelas, dan memasukkan perlindungan eksplisit bagi penumpang penyandang disabilitas. Bagi kedua negara, penguatan mekanisme penegakan hukum dan penerapan persyaratan asuransi wajib akan meningkatkan perlindungan penumpang, kepastian hukum, dan keselarasan dengan standar internasional.
Kata Kunci: Hak Penumpang Udara, Indonesia, Hukum Udara Internasional, Madagaskar
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Adya Paramita Prabandari, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea Manitra
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References
Arthur Hedar, Harris. ‘The Indonesian Government’s Policies to Improve Air Travel Consumer Protection’. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities 2, no. 3 (2023): 1802–11. https://doi.org/10.59888/ajosh.v2i03.198.
AZ Nasution. Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen: Suatu Pengantar. 1st ed. Jakarta: DayaWidya, 1999.
Bachtiar. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Edited by Oksidelfa Yanto. Tanggerang Selatan: UNPAM PRESS, 2019.
Beck, Matthew J., John M. Rose, and Rico Merkert. ‘Exploring Perceived Safety, Privacy, and Distrust on Air Travel Choice in the Context of Differing Passenger Screening Procedures’. Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 4 (2018): 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517700316.
Budd, Lucy, and Stephen Ison. ‘Supporting the Needs of Special Assistance (Including PRM) Passengers: An International Survey of Disabled Air Passenger Rights Legislation’. Journal of Air Transport Management 87, no. June (2020): 101851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101851.
Canada Air Passenger Protection Regulations (APPR). SOR/2019-150. Government of Canada.
Chant, Sylvia, and Cathy McIlwaine. Geographies of Development in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Global South. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2009.
Chicheportiche, Olivier. ‘Comment Les Compagnies Aériennes Trainent Des Pieds Pour Rembourser Les Billet Anullés Pendant Le Covid’. bfmtv.com, 2023. https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/transports/comment-les-compagnies-aeriennes-trainent-des-pieds-pour-rembourser-les-billets-annules-pendant-le-covid_AV-202304220117.html.
Chong, Jed. ‘Air Passenger Rights in Canada and Other Jurisdictions’. Otawa: Library of Parliament, 2018. https://bdp.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/BackgroundPapers/PDF/2018-09-e.pdf.
Cooper, John Cobb. ‘The International Air Navigation Conference, Paris 1910’. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 19, no. 2 (1952): 127–43.
Defossez, Delphine. ‘I Wish My Mum Was Brazilian: The Regulation of Passenger Liability in the EU and Brazil’. Issues in Aviation Law & Policy Journal 18, no. 2 (2018): 333–64.
Ekanem, Etefia Ekwere, and Ekaobong Akan Thomas. ‘Consumer Protection and Carrier’s Liability for Flight Cancelations and Delays in Nigeria’. African Journal Of Law And Human Rights 2 (2018): 152–62.
European Union Regulation (EC) No. 261/2004. “Establishing Common Rules on Compensation and Assistance to Passengers in the Event of Denied Boarding and of Cancellation or Long Delay of Flights.”
Fox, Sarah Jane, and Luis Martin-Domingo. ‘EU Air Passengers’ Rights Past, Present, and Future: In an Uncertain World (Regulation (EC) 261/2004: Evaluation and Case Study)’. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 85, no. 2 (2020): 271–308.
Franciscone, Bruno Garcia, Xiaolong Zou, and Elton Fernandes. ‘The Global South Air Transport Belt: A Catalyst for Sustainable Tourism and Economic Growth’. Transport Policy 159, no. September (2024): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.09.018.
Havel, Brian F., and Gabriel S. Sanchez. The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law. New York: Cambridg University Press, 2014.
Howse, Robert, and Ruti Teitel. ‘Beyond Compliance: Rethinking Why International Law Really Matters’. Global Policy 1, no. 2 (7 May 2010): 127–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00035.x.
Huber, Marie, and Waqar H. Zaidi. ‘Introduction: Civil Aviation in the Global South’. Journal of Transport History, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241293736.
ICAO Core Principles on Consumer Protection (CPCP)
IATA Core Principles on Consumer Protection (CPCP).
Indonesia, Law No. 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation.
Indonesia, Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection.
Indonesia, Ministry of Transportation Regulation No. 77 of 2011 (Permenhub No. 77/2011). “Liabilities of Air Carriers.”
Johnson, Benjamin J. ‘From Burma to Berlin : The Development of U . S . Air Transport 1938-1949’. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2014.
Lev, Daniel S. ‘Colonial Law and the Genesis of the Indonesian State’. In Law and Society in East Asia, edited by Christoph Antons, 1st ed., 3–20. London: Routledge, 2017.
LG. ‘Des Fouilles Etonnamment Poussées Pour Un Vol Réunion-Madagascar’. Zinfos974, 2013. https://www.zinfos974.com/des-fouilles-etonnamment-poussees-pour-un-vol-reunion-madagascar/.
Madagascar, Law No. 2012-011 concerning the Malagasy Code of Civil Aviation.
Madagascar, Law No. 2015-014 concerning Guarantees and Consumer Protection.
Madagascar, Ministry of Transport and Meteorology & Ministry of Finance and Budget Regulation No. 25275/2017 (ARRETE No. 25275/2017). “Violations, Administrative Sanctions, and the Rate of Fines in Civil Aviation.”
Mahfud, Muh. Afif. Buku Ajar Pengantar Ilmu Hukum. Semarang: Yoga Pramata, 2024.
Mandimbisoa R. ‘Annulation Vol Air Madagascar : L’ Ambassade de France Donne Sa Position’. Tribune.com, 2020. https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Annulation-vol-Air-Madagascar-l,26248.
Montreal Convention of 1999. Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, signed at Montreal, May 28, 1999.
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. ‘Legal Issues Surroundings Airline Alliances and Code-Share Arrangements: Insights for the Indonesian and Asean Airline Industry’. Indonesia Law Review 8, no. 1 (2018): 37. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v8n1.382.
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya, and Lalin Kovudhikulrungsri. ‘Aviation Legal Issues in Indonesia and Thailand: Towards Better Passengers’ Rights in Asean’. Indonesia Law Review 7, no. 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v7n1.290.
P, Nicole. ‘Tsaradia Airline - Flight Delay’. Tripadvisor, 2023. https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g293808-i9291-k14558213-Tsaradia_Airline_flight_delay-Madagascar.html.
Parthiana, Wayan. Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Bandung: Mandar Maju, 2003.
Peter H, Sand (Germany), Jorge de Sousa Freitas (Brazil), and Pratt (U.K) Geoffrey N. ‘An Historical Survey of International Air Law before the Second World War’. McGill Law Journal 7, no. 1 (1952): 25–42.
Prabandari, Adya Paramita. ‘Indonesia`s Air Sovereignty Issues in The Global Era’. Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 2 (1 October 2019): 181. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.2.2019.181-193.
Prabandari, Adya, Rahayu Rahayu, and Elfia Farida. ‘The Implementation of Indonesia’s State Obligations in Relation to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Aviation’. In Proceedings of The International Conference on Environmental and Technology of Law, Business and Education on Post Covid 19, ICETLAWBE 2020, 26 September 2020, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, 10–14. EAI, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-9-2020.2302706.
Purwosutjipto, HMN. Pengertian Pokok Hukum Dagang Indonesia Dan Hukum Pengangkutan. 7th ed. Jakarta: Djambatan, 2008.
Ravelomanana, Jacqueline. ‘Droit Français, Droit Malgache: Le Droit Positif Malgache et Ses Problèmes d’application’. Revue Juridique de l’Océan Indien, no. NS-2005 (2005): 53–64. https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-02549630/document.
Rouissi, Noura, and Vincent Correia. ‘Global, Regional and National Air Passenger’. Air and Space Law 40, no. 2 (2015): 123–46. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2015011.
Samuel, Geoffrey. ‘Comparative Law and Its Methodology’. In Research Methods in Law, edited by Dawn Waktins and Mandy Burton, 2nd ed., 122–45. London and New York: Routledge, 2018.
Sariwati, Retno. ‘Responsibilities of Air Carriers on International Flights’. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 13, no. 2 (1 August 2022): 194–201. https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v13i2.7963.
Singapore. Carriage by Air Act 1988.
Small, Jennie, ed. The Passenger Experience of Air Travel: A Critical Approach. The Passenger Experience of Air Travel. Bristol: Channel View Publications, 2022.
Solikin, Nur. Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian Hukum. Edited by Tim Qiara Media. Pasuruan: CV. PENERBIT QUIARA MEDIA, 2021.
South Africa. Civil Aviation Act 13 of 2009.
Sovern, Jeff. ‘Six Scandals: Why We Need Consumer Protection Laws Instead of Just Markets’. Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–62. https://doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.11.1.six.
Starke, J. G. Introduction to International Law. 10th ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1989.
Sudiarto, Sudiarto, and Budi Sutrisno. ‘Legal Protection Concerning Domestic Flights Passengers of Air Transport Services’. Unram Law Review 4, no. 1 (31 March 2020): 74–83. https://doi.org/10.29303/ulrev.v4i1.106.
Truxal, Steven. ‘Air Carrier Liability and Air Passenger Rights: A Game of Tug of War?’ Journal of International and Comparative Law 4, no. 1 (2017): 103–22.
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
14 CFR Part 250. “Oversales” (Compensation for Denied Boarding). U.S. Department of Transportation.
14 CFR Part 259.4. “Tarmac Delay Contingency Plans.” U.S. Department of Transportation.14 CFR Part 399.85. “Full Fare Advertising Rule.” U.S. Department of Transportation.
Weaver, Lydia C. ‘US Airline Passenger Rights: States’ Ongoing Fight for Passenger Protections in the Wake of Cuomo and Insufficient Federal Legislation’. Loyola Maritime Law Journal 23, no. 2 (2024): 126–44.
Wibowo, Evan Fernando Agung, and Amad Sudiro. ‘Airline Legal Liability for Lost Cabin Baggage : A Review of Consumer Protection in Air Transportation’. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kyadiren 7, no. 1 (2025): 116–34.
Yahanan, Annalisa, Febrian Febrian, and Rohani Abdul Rahim. ‘The Protection of Consumer Rights for Aviation Safety and Security in Indonesia and Malaysia’. Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 1 (30 January 2017): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol1.Iss1.7.pp027-043.
References
Arthur Hedar, Harris. ‘The Indonesian Government’s Policies to Improve Air Travel Consumer Protection’. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities 2, no. 3 (2023): 1802–11. https://doi.org/10.59888/ajosh.v2i03.198.
AZ Nasution. Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen: Suatu Pengantar. 1st ed. Jakarta: DayaWidya, 1999.
Bachtiar. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Edited by Oksidelfa Yanto. Tanggerang Selatan: UNPAM PRESS, 2019.
Beck, Matthew J., John M. Rose, and Rico Merkert. ‘Exploring Perceived Safety, Privacy, and Distrust on Air Travel Choice in the Context of Differing Passenger Screening Procedures’. Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 4 (2018): 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517700316.
Budd, Lucy, and Stephen Ison. ‘Supporting the Needs of Special Assistance (Including PRM) Passengers: An International Survey of Disabled Air Passenger Rights Legislation’. Journal of Air Transport Management 87, no. June (2020): 101851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101851.
Canada Air Passenger Protection Regulations (APPR). SOR/2019-150. Government of Canada.
Chant, Sylvia, and Cathy McIlwaine. Geographies of Development in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Global South. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2009.
Chicheportiche, Olivier. ‘Comment Les Compagnies Aériennes Trainent Des Pieds Pour Rembourser Les Billet Anullés Pendant Le Covid’. bfmtv.com, 2023. https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/transports/comment-les-compagnies-aeriennes-trainent-des-pieds-pour-rembourser-les-billets-annules-pendant-le-covid_AV-202304220117.html.
Chong, Jed. ‘Air Passenger Rights in Canada and Other Jurisdictions’. Otawa: Library of Parliament, 2018. https://bdp.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/BackgroundPapers/PDF/2018-09-e.pdf.
Cooper, John Cobb. ‘The International Air Navigation Conference, Paris 1910’. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 19, no. 2 (1952): 127–43.
Defossez, Delphine. ‘I Wish My Mum Was Brazilian: The Regulation of Passenger Liability in the EU and Brazil’. Issues in Aviation Law & Policy Journal 18, no. 2 (2018): 333–64.
Ekanem, Etefia Ekwere, and Ekaobong Akan Thomas. ‘Consumer Protection and Carrier’s Liability for Flight Cancelations and Delays in Nigeria’. African Journal Of Law And Human Rights 2 (2018): 152–62.
European Union Regulation (EC) No. 261/2004. “Establishing Common Rules on Compensation and Assistance to Passengers in the Event of Denied Boarding and of Cancellation or Long Delay of Flights.”
Fox, Sarah Jane, and Luis Martin-Domingo. ‘EU Air Passengers’ Rights Past, Present, and Future: In an Uncertain World (Regulation (EC) 261/2004: Evaluation and Case Study)’. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 85, no. 2 (2020): 271–308.
Franciscone, Bruno Garcia, Xiaolong Zou, and Elton Fernandes. ‘The Global South Air Transport Belt: A Catalyst for Sustainable Tourism and Economic Growth’. Transport Policy 159, no. September (2024): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.09.018.
Havel, Brian F., and Gabriel S. Sanchez. The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law. New York: Cambridg University Press, 2014.
Howse, Robert, and Ruti Teitel. ‘Beyond Compliance: Rethinking Why International Law Really Matters’. Global Policy 1, no. 2 (7 May 2010): 127–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00035.x.
Huber, Marie, and Waqar H. Zaidi. ‘Introduction: Civil Aviation in the Global South’. Journal of Transport History, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241293736.
ICAO Core Principles on Consumer Protection (CPCP)
IATA Core Principles on Consumer Protection (CPCP).
Indonesia, Law No. 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation.
Indonesia, Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection.
Indonesia, Ministry of Transportation Regulation No. 77 of 2011 (Permenhub No. 77/2011). “Liabilities of Air Carriers.”
Johnson, Benjamin J. ‘From Burma to Berlin : The Development of U . S . Air Transport 1938-1949’. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2014.
Lev, Daniel S. ‘Colonial Law and the Genesis of the Indonesian State’. In Law and Society in East Asia, edited by Christoph Antons, 1st ed., 3–20. London: Routledge, 2017.
LG. ‘Des Fouilles Etonnamment Poussées Pour Un Vol Réunion-Madagascar’. Zinfos974, 2013. https://www.zinfos974.com/des-fouilles-etonnamment-poussees-pour-un-vol-reunion-madagascar/.
Madagascar, Law No. 2012-011 concerning the Malagasy Code of Civil Aviation.
Madagascar, Law No. 2015-014 concerning Guarantees and Consumer Protection.
Madagascar, Ministry of Transport and Meteorology & Ministry of Finance and Budget Regulation No. 25275/2017 (ARRETE No. 25275/2017). “Violations, Administrative Sanctions, and the Rate of Fines in Civil Aviation.”
Mahfud, Muh. Afif. Buku Ajar Pengantar Ilmu Hukum. Semarang: Yoga Pramata, 2024.
Mandimbisoa R. ‘Annulation Vol Air Madagascar : L’ Ambassade de France Donne Sa Position’. Tribune.com, 2020. https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Annulation-vol-Air-Madagascar-l,26248.
Montreal Convention of 1999. Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, signed at Montreal, May 28, 1999.
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. ‘Legal Issues Surroundings Airline Alliances and Code-Share Arrangements: Insights for the Indonesian and Asean Airline Industry’. Indonesia Law Review 8, no. 1 (2018): 37. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v8n1.382.
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya, and Lalin Kovudhikulrungsri. ‘Aviation Legal Issues in Indonesia and Thailand: Towards Better Passengers’ Rights in Asean’. Indonesia Law Review 7, no. 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v7n1.290.
P, Nicole. ‘Tsaradia Airline - Flight Delay’. Tripadvisor, 2023. https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g293808-i9291-k14558213-Tsaradia_Airline_flight_delay-Madagascar.html.
Parthiana, Wayan. Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Bandung: Mandar Maju, 2003.
Peter H, Sand (Germany), Jorge de Sousa Freitas (Brazil), and Pratt (U.K) Geoffrey N. ‘An Historical Survey of International Air Law before the Second World War’. McGill Law Journal 7, no. 1 (1952): 25–42.
Prabandari, Adya Paramita. ‘Indonesia`s Air Sovereignty Issues in The Global Era’. Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 2 (1 October 2019): 181. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.2.2019.181-193.
Prabandari, Adya, Rahayu Rahayu, and Elfia Farida. ‘The Implementation of Indonesia’s State Obligations in Relation to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Aviation’. In Proceedings of The International Conference on Environmental and Technology of Law, Business and Education on Post Covid 19, ICETLAWBE 2020, 26 September 2020, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, 10–14. EAI, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-9-2020.2302706.
Purwosutjipto, HMN. Pengertian Pokok Hukum Dagang Indonesia Dan Hukum Pengangkutan. 7th ed. Jakarta: Djambatan, 2008.
Ravelomanana, Jacqueline. ‘Droit Français, Droit Malgache: Le Droit Positif Malgache et Ses Problèmes d’application’. Revue Juridique de l’Océan Indien, no. NS-2005 (2005): 53–64. https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-02549630/document.
Rouissi, Noura, and Vincent Correia. ‘Global, Regional and National Air Passenger’. Air and Space Law 40, no. 2 (2015): 123–46. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2015011.
Samuel, Geoffrey. ‘Comparative Law and Its Methodology’. In Research Methods in Law, edited by Dawn Waktins and Mandy Burton, 2nd ed., 122–45. London and New York: Routledge, 2018.
Sariwati, Retno. ‘Responsibilities of Air Carriers on International Flights’. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 13, no. 2 (1 August 2022): 194–201. https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v13i2.7963.
Singapore. Carriage by Air Act 1988.
Small, Jennie, ed. The Passenger Experience of Air Travel: A Critical Approach. The Passenger Experience of Air Travel. Bristol: Channel View Publications, 2022.
Solikin, Nur. Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian Hukum. Edited by Tim Qiara Media. Pasuruan: CV. PENERBIT QUIARA MEDIA, 2021.
South Africa. Civil Aviation Act 13 of 2009.
Sovern, Jeff. ‘Six Scandals: Why We Need Consumer Protection Laws Instead of Just Markets’. Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–62. https://doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.11.1.six.
Starke, J. G. Introduction to International Law. 10th ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1989.
Sudiarto, Sudiarto, and Budi Sutrisno. ‘Legal Protection Concerning Domestic Flights Passengers of Air Transport Services’. Unram Law Review 4, no. 1 (31 March 2020): 74–83. https://doi.org/10.29303/ulrev.v4i1.106.
Truxal, Steven. ‘Air Carrier Liability and Air Passenger Rights: A Game of Tug of War?’ Journal of International and Comparative Law 4, no. 1 (2017): 103–22.
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
14 CFR Part 250. “Oversales” (Compensation for Denied Boarding). U.S. Department of Transportation.
14 CFR Part 259.4. “Tarmac Delay Contingency Plans.” U.S. Department of Transportation.
14 CFR Part 399.85. “Full Fare Advertising Rule.” U.S. Department of Transportation.
Weaver, Lydia C. ‘US Airline Passenger Rights: States’ Ongoing Fight for Passenger Protections in the Wake of Cuomo and Insufficient Federal Legislation’. Loyola Maritime Law Journal 23, no. 2 (2024): 126–44.
Wibowo, Evan Fernando Agung, and Amad Sudiro. ‘Airline Legal Liability for Lost Cabin Baggage : A Review of Consumer Protection in Air Transportation’. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kyadiren 7, no. 1 (2025): 116–34.
Yahanan, Annalisa, Febrian Febrian, and Rohani Abdul Rahim. ‘The Protection of Consumer Rights for Aviation Safety and Security in Indonesia and Malaysia’. Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 1 (30 January 2017): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol1.Iss1.7.pp027-043.