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Abstract
This study specifically examines the success of Germany and South Korea in legal policy, which has direct implications for the direction, form, and effectiveness of regulatory governance in respective countries. In that regard, to better understand the role of legal policy in regulatory governance, this study formulates two primary questions. First, how is the legal policy of legislation in Germany and South Korea formulated and implemented? Second, to what extent does this legal policy influence regulatory governance institutions? This study uses a normative legal research method considering the object of study relates to legal norms, principles, and opinions. The approach used is a comparative legal approach, with the basic concept of comparison being to identify similarities, differences, and relationships between the two countries. The theory used as an analytical tool is path dependency theory, to examine the background of legal policy and its implications for the outcomes of legal policy. The results show that strong legal policy encourages the formation of effective and contextual regulatory institutions, capable of addressing specific issues in each country. The Nationaler Normenkontrollrat (NKR) in Germany has successfully increased bureaucratic efficiency, while the Regulatory Reform Committee (PRC) and the Ministry of Government Legislation (MOLEG) in South Korea have ensured regulatory quality by minimizing political interests and increasing public participation. This study concludes that a well-formulated legal policy will create an effective, adaptive regulatory management institution capable of addressing multi-complex and multidimensional socio-economic challenges. Germany has succeeded with its bureaucratic efficiency approach, while South Korea has succeeded with its quality and public participation approach.
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Copyright (c) 2026 I Kadek Ade Pebriana, Fanny Nafisah Hasibuan, I Gusti Ayu Putri Kartika
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References
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Arnold-Moore, Timothy dkk., Innovation of Legislative Process, Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the International Association of Legislation (IAL) in Seoul (Gukchaegyeonguwon-ro: Lee Ik-hyeon Institute, 2018).
Astariyani, Ni Luh Gede, dkk., “Preventive and Evaluative Mechanism Analysis on Regulatory and Legislation Reform in Indonesia,” Law Reform 19, no.2 (2023): 248-269, https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i2.55819.
Attar, Saeed dan Hojjat Kazemi, “Economic Policy and Developmental Regulation in South Korea,” European Journal of East Asian Studies (Brill Academic Publishers, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01601005.
Choi, Dae Yong dan Pan Suk Kim, “Regulatory Reform at a Critical Time: the Case of the Republic of Korea,” Public Organization Review 17, no. 2 (2017): 315–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-016-0355-1.
Choi, DaeYong dkk., The Regulatory Reform System and Policy Coordination in Korea: A Guillotine Rule of Regulatory Clearance for Economic Crisis Management of Korea’s Development Experience (Sejong: Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF) Republic of Korea, 2014).
Clara, S., Review, L., & Sourgens, F. G. “The Virtue of Path Dependence in the Law,” Santa Clara L. Rev 56, no. 2 (2016): 303-374, http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/lawreview.
Dewi, Natalia Nanda Eka dan Fitriani Ahlan Sjarif, “Design of Government Organs to Achieve Regulatory Reform in Indonesia: Learning from Malaysia and Vietnam,” Pena Justisia: Communication Media and Legal Studies 23, no. 1 (2024): 1-18, https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v23i1.3997.
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Frese, A., & Mones, E. “Path Dependency or Dynamic Consistency in EU Anti-Discrimination Law?,” International Journal of Language and Law 13, (2024): 71–96, https://doi.org/10.14762/jll.2024.071.
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Islamiyati dan Dewi Hendrawati, “Analisis Politik Hukum Dan Implementasinya,” Law, Development and Justice Review 2, no. 1 (2019): 104–17, https://doi.org/10.14710/ldjr.v2i1.5139.
Kaloka, Yola Natasyah, Putri Tegar, dan M Eldy, “Strategi Korea Selatan dalam Pemulihan Krisis Moneter Tahun 1997 Melalui IMF,” National State Journal of International Studies 2, no. 1 (2019): 44-56, https://doi.org/10.24076/NSJIS.2019v2i1.145.
Kim, Jungwook dan Jinkyeong Kim, “Regulatory Sentiment and Economic Performance,” KDI Journal of Economic Policy 45, no. 1 (2023): 69–86, https://doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2023.45.1.69.
Kim, Jungwook dan Su Bok Chae, “Economic Effects of Regulatory Reform in Korea” KDI Journal of Economic Policy 39, no. 4 (2017): 51–68, https://doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2017.39.4.51.
Kube, Hanno, “Digitization of Law in Germany─Status and Prospects,” 月旦法學雜誌 339, no. 339 (2023): 165–81, https://doi.org/10.53106/1025593133910.
Kuhlmann, Sabine dan Patrick Eckner, “Bürokratieabbau konkret : Der Nationale Normenkontrollrat als Impulsgeber für Bessere Rechtsetzung, Verfahrensbeschleunigung und digitaltaugliches Recht,” Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 72, no. 3 (2023): 248–59, https://doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2023-2018.
Lee, Jongyearn, “Easier Set Than Done: Stakeholder Engagement as Public-Private Partnership in Regulatory Policy of South Korea,” KDI Journal of Economic Policy 41, no. 3 (2019): 39–75, https://doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2019.41.3.39.
Liu, Chenyi, “Political and Economic Impacts of German Reunification,” Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences HMEET 15, (2023): 119-127, https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v15i.9208.
Maolana, Mohamad Iksan dkk., “Regulation Simplification and Implementation of Regulatory Reform Agenda,” Bappenas Working Papers 1, no.1 (2018): 66-79, https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v1i1.10.
Ministry of Government Legislation, “Main Function and Works, 법제처영문사이트,” Ministry of Government Legislation, diakses 2 Oktober 2024, https://www.moleg.go.kr/menu.es?mid=.
National Regulatory Control Council, Future-Proof State-Less Bureaucracy, Practical Legislation and Efficient Public Services (Berlin: National Regulatory Control Council, 2021).
National Regulatory Control Council. “For bureaucracy reduction, better law making and digital administration,” Federal Ministry of Justice, diakses 2 Oktober 2024, https://www.normenkontrollrat.bund.de/Webs/NKR/EN/about-us/overall-concept/overall-concept.html.
Nurhayati, Yati, Irfani, dan M. Yasir Said, “Metodologi Normatif Dan Empiris Dalam Perspektif Ilmu Hukum,” Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Indonesia (JPHI) 2, no. 1 (2021): 1-20, 10.51749/jphi.v2i1.14.
OECD, Regulatory Policy in Korea: Towards Better Regulation, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264274600-en.
Pambudi. S, Rilo, Oksep Adhayanto, dan Pery Rehendra Sucipta, “Lembaga Tunggal Pengelola Regulasi: Dasar Pemikiran Dan Tawaran Implementasinya Dalam Ketatanegaran Indonesia,” Veritas et Justitia 7, no. 2 (2021): 431–58, https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v7i2.4237.
Park, Nara, Jihyun Ham, dan Yeonu Son, “Deregulating a Developmental State: Changes since South Korea’s 1998 Regulatory Reform,” Public Administration Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2023): 514–45, https://doi.org/10.37808/paq.47.4.5.
Racy, Joaquim Carlos, Pedro Raffy Vartanian, dan Bruno Dalle Piagge Vendruscolo, “German Exports, Economic Growth and Foreign Demand: An Analysis of the Period 2000–2017,” International Journal of Business, Economics and Management 6, no. 6 (2019): 335–54, https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.62.2019.66.335.354.
Renda, Andrea, “Introducing EU Reduction Targets on Regulatory Costs: A Feasibility Study,” CEPS 10, no. 2017 (2017): 1-69, www.ceps.eu.
S. A. Minich, “Improving the System of Mandatory Requirements to Business under the Digital Transformation of Economy,” Journal of Digital Technologies and Law 1, no. 3 (2023): 775–802, https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.34.
Śliwa, Renata, “Recent Trends in Regulatory Design - Stakeholder Engagement in Regulatory Impact Assessment,” Horyzonty Polityki 13, no. 42 (2022): 91–107, https://doi.org/10.35765/hp.2177.
Triningsih, Anna, “Legal Policy of Judicial Review of Laws and Legislation in State Administration,” Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no.1 (2016): 124-144.
Uhlmann, Felix, “Evaluation and Regulatory Impact Analysis-Comments from a Swiss Legal Perspective,” Journal of Legislative Evaluation 10, no. 1 (2016): 103-106, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3186053#.
Zeitz, Dirk, “Better regulation in Germany as quality assurance system: Recent development and current challenges,” Netherlands Administrative Law Library (NALL) 5, (2016), https://doi.org/10.5553/nall/.000025.
이민창, “우리나라 규제개혁 추진 과정에 관한 고찰: 규제개혁 거버넌스와 민관협력 성과를 중심으로,” 한국거버넌스학회보 24, no. 1 (2017): 271-298, 10.17089/kgr.2017.24.1.010.
종 석김, “규제개혁 30년: 평가와 과제,” 규제연구 29, no. 2 (2020): 3–31, 10.22954/ksrs.2020.29.2.001.
References
Ali, Muhammad Imran, “Comparative Legal Research-Building a Legal Attitude for a Transnational World,” Journal of Legal Studies 26, no. 40 (2020): 66–80, https://doi.org/10.2478/jles-2020-0012.
Arnold-Moore, Timothy dkk., Innovation of Legislative Process, Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the International Association of Legislation (IAL) in Seoul (Gukchaegyeonguwon-ro: Lee Ik-hyeon Institute, 2018).
Astariyani, Ni Luh Gede, dkk., “Preventive and Evaluative Mechanism Analysis on Regulatory and Legislation Reform in Indonesia,” Law Reform 19, no.2 (2023): 248-269, https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i2.55819.
Attar, Saeed dan Hojjat Kazemi, “Economic Policy and Developmental Regulation in South Korea,” European Journal of East Asian Studies (Brill Academic Publishers, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01601005.
Choi, Dae Yong dan Pan Suk Kim, “Regulatory Reform at a Critical Time: the Case of the Republic of Korea,” Public Organization Review 17, no. 2 (2017): 315–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-016-0355-1.
Choi, DaeYong dkk., The Regulatory Reform System and Policy Coordination in Korea: A Guillotine Rule of Regulatory Clearance for Economic Crisis Management of Korea’s Development Experience (Sejong: Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF) Republic of Korea, 2014).
Clara, S., Review, L., & Sourgens, F. G. “The Virtue of Path Dependence in the Law,” Santa Clara L. Rev 56, no. 2 (2016): 303-374, http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/lawreview.
Dewi, Natalia Nanda Eka dan Fitriani Ahlan Sjarif, “Design of Government Organs to Achieve Regulatory Reform in Indonesia: Learning from Malaysia and Vietnam,” Pena Justisia: Communication Media and Legal Studies 23, no. 1 (2024): 1-18, https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v23i1.3997.
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. “Making Our Everyday Life Easier and Reducing the Burden on Business,” BMWK Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, diakses 2 Oktober 2024, https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/cutting-bureaucracy.html.
Frese, A., & Mones, E. “Path Dependency or Dynamic Consistency in EU Anti-Discrimination Law?,” International Journal of Language and Law 13, (2024): 71–96, https://doi.org/10.14762/jll.2024.071.
Gill, Derek dan Ponciano Intal, The Development of Regulatory Management Systems in East Asia Country Studies written notice to and permission from ERIA. National Library of Indonesia Cataloguing in Publication Data (Jakarta: Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, 2016).
Islamiyati dan Dewi Hendrawati, “Analisis Politik Hukum Dan Implementasinya,” Law, Development and Justice Review 2, no. 1 (2019): 104–17, https://doi.org/10.14710/ldjr.v2i1.5139.
Kaloka, Yola Natasyah, Putri Tegar, dan M Eldy, “Strategi Korea Selatan dalam Pemulihan Krisis Moneter Tahun 1997 Melalui IMF,” National State Journal of International Studies 2, no. 1 (2019): 44-56, https://doi.org/10.24076/NSJIS.2019v2i1.145.
Kim, Jungwook dan Jinkyeong Kim, “Regulatory Sentiment and Economic Performance,” KDI Journal of Economic Policy 45, no. 1 (2023): 69–86, https://doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2023.45.1.69.
Kim, Jungwook dan Su Bok Chae, “Economic Effects of Regulatory Reform in Korea” KDI Journal of Economic Policy 39, no. 4 (2017): 51–68, https://doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2017.39.4.51.
Kube, Hanno, “Digitization of Law in Germany─Status and Prospects,” 月旦法學雜誌 339, no. 339 (2023): 165–81, https://doi.org/10.53106/1025593133910.
Kuhlmann, Sabine dan Patrick Eckner, “Bürokratieabbau konkret : Der Nationale Normenkontrollrat als Impulsgeber für Bessere Rechtsetzung, Verfahrensbeschleunigung und digitaltaugliches Recht,” Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 72, no. 3 (2023): 248–59, https://doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2023-2018.
Lee, Jongyearn, “Easier Set Than Done: Stakeholder Engagement as Public-Private Partnership in Regulatory Policy of South Korea,” KDI Journal of Economic Policy 41, no. 3 (2019): 39–75, https://doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2019.41.3.39.
Liu, Chenyi, “Political and Economic Impacts of German Reunification,” Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences HMEET 15, (2023): 119-127, https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v15i.9208.
Maolana, Mohamad Iksan dkk., “Regulation Simplification and Implementation of Regulatory Reform Agenda,” Bappenas Working Papers 1, no.1 (2018): 66-79, https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v1i1.10.
Ministry of Government Legislation, “Main Function and Works, 법제처영문사이트,” Ministry of Government Legislation, diakses 2 Oktober 2024, https://www.moleg.go.kr/menu.es?mid=.
National Regulatory Control Council, Future-Proof State-Less Bureaucracy, Practical Legislation and Efficient Public Services (Berlin: National Regulatory Control Council, 2021).
National Regulatory Control Council. “For bureaucracy reduction, better law making and digital administration,” Federal Ministry of Justice, diakses 2 Oktober 2024, https://www.normenkontrollrat.bund.de/Webs/NKR/EN/about-us/overall-concept/overall-concept.html.
Nurhayati, Yati, Irfani, dan M. Yasir Said, “Metodologi Normatif Dan Empiris Dalam Perspektif Ilmu Hukum,” Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Indonesia (JPHI) 2, no. 1 (2021): 1-20, 10.51749/jphi.v2i1.14.
OECD, Regulatory Policy in Korea: Towards Better Regulation, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264274600-en.
Pambudi. S, Rilo, Oksep Adhayanto, dan Pery Rehendra Sucipta, “Lembaga Tunggal Pengelola Regulasi: Dasar Pemikiran Dan Tawaran Implementasinya Dalam Ketatanegaran Indonesia,” Veritas et Justitia 7, no. 2 (2021): 431–58, https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v7i2.4237.
Park, Nara, Jihyun Ham, dan Yeonu Son, “Deregulating a Developmental State: Changes since South Korea’s 1998 Regulatory Reform,” Public Administration Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2023): 514–45, https://doi.org/10.37808/paq.47.4.5.
Racy, Joaquim Carlos, Pedro Raffy Vartanian, dan Bruno Dalle Piagge Vendruscolo, “German Exports, Economic Growth and Foreign Demand: An Analysis of the Period 2000–2017,” International Journal of Business, Economics and Management 6, no. 6 (2019): 335–54, https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.62.2019.66.335.354.
Renda, Andrea, “Introducing EU Reduction Targets on Regulatory Costs: A Feasibility Study,” CEPS 10, no. 2017 (2017): 1-69, www.ceps.eu.
S. A. Minich, “Improving the System of Mandatory Requirements to Business under the Digital Transformation of Economy,” Journal of Digital Technologies and Law 1, no. 3 (2023): 775–802, https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.34.
Śliwa, Renata, “Recent Trends in Regulatory Design - Stakeholder Engagement in Regulatory Impact Assessment,” Horyzonty Polityki 13, no. 42 (2022): 91–107, https://doi.org/10.35765/hp.2177.
Triningsih, Anna, “Legal Policy of Judicial Review of Laws and Legislation in State Administration,” Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no.1 (2016): 124-144.
Uhlmann, Felix, “Evaluation and Regulatory Impact Analysis-Comments from a Swiss Legal Perspective,” Journal of Legislative Evaluation 10, no. 1 (2016): 103-106, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3186053#.
Zeitz, Dirk, “Better regulation in Germany as quality assurance system: Recent development and current challenges,” Netherlands Administrative Law Library (NALL) 5, (2016), https://doi.org/10.5553/nall/.000025.
이민창, “우리나라 규제개혁 추진 과정에 관한 고찰: 규제개혁 거버넌스와 민관협력 성과를 중심으로,” 한국거버넌스학회보 24, no. 1 (2017): 271-298, 10.17089/kgr.2017.24.1.010.
종 석김, “규제개혁 30년: 평가와 과제,” 규제연구 29, no. 2 (2020): 3–31, 10.22954/ksrs.2020.29.2.001.