Main Article Content
Abstract
The phenomenon of social engineering in the world of digital crypto asset investment has become an increasingly pressing concern in Indonesia, where investors are often trapped in fraudulent schemes that claim to offer high opportunities with low risk. The Pig Butchering Scam is one form of fraud that is currently occurring. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pig butchering scheme through the function of law as a social engineering tool designed to form policies to create new conditions. The research method used is Normative Legal Research, using a conceptual approach. Data sources include primary legal materials consisting of laws and regulations related to the research and secondary legal materials consisting of law books and so on. Data collection was carried out through a study of legal norms, legal regulations, and the legal system in general, as well as qualitative data analysis techniques, with a focus on interpretation. The research findings indicate that the legal paradox of the pig butchering scam social engineering in digital crypto asset investment in Indonesia, when faced with cross-border legal regulations, is not yet supported by a strong international framework. Mutual legal assistance (MLA) can be a solution, but in practice, it also has weaknesses, such as Indonesia's limitations in bilateral agreements. In conclusion, the government is obliged to cooperate and establish regulations bilaterally and multilaterally to protect the interests of its citizens from cybercrime. With international regulations, participating countries can align uniform legal standards and provide global protection, particularly in the case of crypto-asset investment crimes.
Keywords
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References
Abraham, Sherly, and InduShobha Chengalur-Smith. “An Overview of Social Engineering Malware: Trends, Tactics, and Implications.” Technology in Society 32, no. 3 (2010): 183–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2010.07.001.
Acharya, Bhupendra, Thorsten Holz. “An Explorative Study of Pig Butchering Scams.” ArXiv, 2024. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.15423.
Al. “Kerugian Akibat Pig Butchering Tembus $9,9 Miliar: Apa Yang Harus Dilakukan?” Indodax, April 15, 2025. https://indodax.com/academy/kerugian-pig-butchering/.
Alyami, Marwa, Reem Alhotaylah, Sawsan Alshehri, Abdullah Alghamdi. “Phishing Attacks on Cryptocurrency Investors in the Arab States of the Gulf.” Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 5 (2023): 271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16050271.
Ashibly. “Investasi Digital Aset Kripto Dalam Perspektif Islamic Ethical Investment.” In Membangun Peradaban Yang Berkeadilan Suatu Perspektif Hukum Persembahan Tri Dharma 35 Tahun Pengabdian Prof. Dr. Neni Sri Imaniyati, S.H., M.H., 675–76. Depok: PT Rajagrafindo Persada, 2024.
Bahram, Muhammad. “Tantangan Hukum Dan Etika (Rekayasa Sosial Terhadap Kebebasan Berpendapat Di Dunia Digital).” SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah 2, no. 12 (2023): 5092–5109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i12.
Bernard L Tanya, Yoan N Simanjuntak, Markus Y Hage. Teori Hukum (Strategi Tertib Manusia Lintas Ruang Dan Generasi). Yogyakarta: Genta Pubishing, 2013.
Bing Han, Mark Button. “An Anatomy of ‘Pig Butchering Scams’: Chinese Victims’ and Police Officers’ Perspectives.” Deviant Behavior, 2025, 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2025.2453821.
Burton, S. L., Moore, P. D. “Pig Butchering in Cybersecurity: A Modern Social Engineering Threat.” Socio Economic Challenges 8, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61093/sec.8(3).46-60.2024.
Cassandra Cross. “Romance Baiting, Cryptorom and ‘Pig Butchering’: An Evolutionary Step in Romance Fraud.” Current Issues in Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (2023): 334–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2023.2248670.
Chainalysis Team. “Crypto Scam Revenue 2024: Pig Butchering Grows Nearly 40% YoY as Fraud Industry Leverages AI and Increases in Sophistication,” 2025. https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2024-pig-butchering-scam-revenue-grows-yoy/.
Cindy Aulia Norman. “Transformasi Hukum Aset Kripto Di Indonesia: Analisis Komparatif Dengan Malaysia Mengenai Pergeseran Dari Komoditas Ke Instrumen Keuangan.” Padjadjaran Law Review 13, no. 1 (2025): 100–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56895/plr.v13i1.2214.
David Krause. “The Deceptive Allure: Understanding and Combating Cryptocurrency Pig Butchering Scams.” SSRN, 2025. https://doi.org/Krause, David, The Deceptive Allure: Understanding and Combating Cryptocurrency Pig Butchering Scams (April 28, 2025). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5233661 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5233661.
EU Council. “EU Cybersecurity: Strategy and Key Policies,” 2024. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/cybersecurity/.
Farichatul Chusna. “Apa Itu Investasi Digital?” Investbro.id, 2022. https://investbro.id/investasi-digital/.
Felix Friederich, Jan-Hinrich Meyer, Jorge Matute, Ramon Palau-Saumell. “Crypto-Mania: How Fear-of-Missing-out Drives Consumers’ (Risky) Investment Decisions.” Psychology & Marketing 41, no. 1 (2023): 102–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21906.
Filshella Goldwen, Rugun Romaida Hutabarat. “Pembuktian Penipuan Investasi Mata Uang Kripto Dalam Pig Butchering Scam.” Legal Standing 8, no. 3a (2024): 806–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24269/ls.v8i3a.10525.
H.Yacob Djasmani. “Hukum Sebagai Alat Rekayasa Sosial Dalam Praktek Berhukum Di Indonesia.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 40, no. 3 (2011): 365–74. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.40.3.2011.365-374.
Hadnagy, Christopher. Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking. Wiley Publishing, Inc, 2011.
Hatfield, Joseph M. “Social Engineering in Cybersecurity: The Evolution of a Concept.” Computers and Security 73 (March 1, 2018): 102–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2017.10.008.
Irene Klom. “Clusters and Copies: An Analysis of Cryptocurrency Investment Scam Websites.” Delft University of Technology, 2024. https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:827bb7ed-664d-402d-ae32-63ef5cce8aa0.
Janki Velani, Suchita Patel. “A Review: Fraud Prospects in Cryptocurrency Investment.” International Journal of Innovative Science and Modern Engineering (IJISME) 11, no. 6 (2023): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijisme.E4167.0611623.
Loso Judijanto, Budi Nugroho. “Regulasi Keamanan Siber Dan Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Cybercrimedi Indonesia.” Sanskara Hukum Dan HAM 3, no. 3 (2025): 118–24. https://doi.org/10.58812/shh.v3.i03.
M. Yusuf Yahya, Harwis Alimuddin. “Roscou Pound: Hukum Sebagai Alat Rekayasa Sosial (Keterhubungannya Dengan Kaidah La Yunkaru Tagayyur Alahkam Bi Tagayyuri Azzaman).” Indonesian Journal of Shariah and Justice (IJSJ) 2, no. 2 (2022): 141–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46339/ijsj.v2i2.22.
Marie-Helen Maras, Emily R. Ives. “Deconstructing a Form of Hybrid Investment Fraud: Examining ‘Pig Butchering’ in the United States.” Journal of Economic Criminology 5, no. Sept (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100066.
Marilyne Ordekian, Antonis Papasavva, Enrico Maricont, Marie Vasek. “A Sinister Fattening: Dissecting the Tales of Pig Butchering and Other Cryptocurrency Scams.” In PWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (ECrime), 136–48. Boston, USA, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/eCrime66200.2024.00016.
Matthew Anderson, Evita March, Christine Boshuijzen-van Burken. “Exploring the Roles Played by Trust and Technology in the Online Investment Fraud Victimisation Process.” Journal of Criminology 57, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076241248176.
Muh Afdal Yanuar. “Risiko Dan Posibilitas Penyalahgunaan Aset Kripto Dalam Kejahatan Pencucian Uang.” Majalah Hukum Nasional 52, no. 2 (2022): 170. https://doi.org/10.33331/mhn.v52i2.170.
Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Mataram: UPT Mataram University Press, 2020.
Muhammad Raihan Fadhali, Pan Lindawaty Suherman Sewu. “Tinjauan Hukum Aset Kripto Dihubungkan Dengan Sistem Hukum Jaminan Dan Pengamanannya Di Indonesia.” VERITAS 10, no. 1 (2024): 39–55.
Muhammad Syafriza Aqib, Sukiati. “Crime of Fraud (Pig Butchering Scam) Through Social Media in the Perspective of Islamic Criminal Law.” Journal Equity of Law and Governance 4, no. 2 (2024). https://ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/elg/article/view/10013/5769.
Nadira Karisma Ramadanti. “Trategi Pemberantasan Cybercrime Lintas Batas: Implementasi Mekanisme Mutual Legal Assistance Berdasarkan Permenkumham Nomor 12 Tahun 2022.” Padjadjaran Law Review 12, no. 2 (2024): 184–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56895/plr.v12i2.1829.
Pertiwi, Wahyunanda Kusuma. “Fenomena ‘Pig Butchering’ Di Indonesia, Berawal Dari DM Instagram Berujung Rugi Rp 500-an Juta.” Tekni.Kompas.Com, October 11, 2022. https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2022/10/11/13000067/fenomena-pig-butchering-di-indonesia-berawal-dari-dm-instagram-berujung-rugi-rp?page=all.
Riani, Asnida. “Pig Butchering, Skema Penipuan Online Berkedok Cinta Yang Tengah Meluas.” Liputan6, October 2, 2021. https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4673522/pig-butchering-skema-penipuan-online-berkedok-cinta-yang-tengah-meluas?page=4.
Rianto Adi. Sosiologi Hukum: Kajian Hukum Secara Sosiologis. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2016.
Sahamad, IW, Asikin, Z., & Sili, EB. “Aspek Hukum Terhadap Investasi Kripto Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika 4, no. 3 (2023): 1740–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36312/jcm.v4i3.2464.
Samantha B. Larkin. “Lipstick on a Slaughtered Piggybank: Civil RICO Against “Pig Lipstick On A Slaughtered Piggybank: Civil RICO Against ‘Pig Butchering’ Cryptocurrency Investment Schemes.” Roger Williams University Law Review 30, no. 1 (2025).
Satjipto Rahardjo. Sosiologi Hukum: Perkembangan Metode Dan Pilihan Masalah. 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Genta Pubishing, 2010.
Sharon L. Burton, Pamela D. (Vickerson) Moore. “Pig Butchering in Cybersecurity: A Modern Social Engineering Threat.” SocioEconomic Challenges 8, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61093/sec.8(3).46-60.2024.
Siregar, Emiel Salim, Widya Manurung, Rudi Gunawan, Muhammad Dzulkhairil, Ramadhan Siagian, Muhammad Ardiansyah, Rusdi Lubis, Andreansyah Sitorus. “Kepastian Hukum Aset Kripto Sebagai Instrumen Investasi Dalam Persfektif Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positif.” El-Mujtama: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (2024): 181–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47467/elmujtama.v4i1.3249.
Siti Yona Hukmana. “90 Orang Jadi Korban Investasi Bodong Jenis Kripto, Kerugian Mencapai Rp105 Miliar.” Metrotvnews.Com, 2025. https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/Ky6C1Z0L-90-orang-jadi-korban-investasi-bodong-jenis-kripto-kerugian-mencapai-rp105-miliar.
Soerjono Soekanto. Pokok-Pokok Sosiologi Hukum. 1st ed. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2013.
Sudjana. “Pelindungan Paten Dalam Perspektif Fungsi Hukum Sebagai Kontrol Sosial Dan Rekayasa Sosial.” Dialogia Iuridica 13, no. 1 (2021): 61–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v13i1.3757.
Weber, K., Schütz, A.E., Fertig, T., Müller, N.H. “Exploiting the Human Factor: Social Engineering Attacks on Cryptocurrency Users.” In Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Human and Technology Ecosystems, 650–668. Springer, Cham, 2020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50506-6_45.
Xun Tan. “The New Network Fraud of ‘Pig Butchering’ from the Perspective of Criminal Law.” In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Educational Innovation and Philosophical Inquiries, 57–62, 2023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/17/20231215.
Yayuk Kusumawati. “Representasi Rekayasa Sosial Sebagai Sarana Keadilan Hukum.” Jurnal Pemikiran Syariah Dan Hukum 1, no. 2 (2017): 132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52266/sangaji.v1i2.199.
References
Abraham, Sherly, and InduShobha Chengalur-Smith. “An Overview of Social Engineering Malware: Trends, Tactics, and Implications.” Technology in Society 32, no. 3 (2010): 183–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2010.07.001.
Acharya, Bhupendra, Thorsten Holz. “An Explorative Study of Pig Butchering Scams.” ArXiv, 2024. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.15423.
Al. “Kerugian Akibat Pig Butchering Tembus $9,9 Miliar: Apa Yang Harus Dilakukan?” Indodax, April 15, 2025. https://indodax.com/academy/kerugian-pig-butchering/.
Alyami, Marwa, Reem Alhotaylah, Sawsan Alshehri, Abdullah Alghamdi. “Phishing Attacks on Cryptocurrency Investors in the Arab States of the Gulf.” Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 5 (2023): 271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16050271.
Ashibly. “Investasi Digital Aset Kripto Dalam Perspektif Islamic Ethical Investment.” In Membangun Peradaban Yang Berkeadilan Suatu Perspektif Hukum Persembahan Tri Dharma 35 Tahun Pengabdian Prof. Dr. Neni Sri Imaniyati, S.H., M.H., 675–76. Depok: PT Rajagrafindo Persada, 2024.
Bahram, Muhammad. “Tantangan Hukum Dan Etika (Rekayasa Sosial Terhadap Kebebasan Berpendapat Di Dunia Digital).” SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah 2, no. 12 (2023): 5092–5109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i12.
Bernard L Tanya, Yoan N Simanjuntak, Markus Y Hage. Teori Hukum (Strategi Tertib Manusia Lintas Ruang Dan Generasi). Yogyakarta: Genta Pubishing, 2013.
Bing Han, Mark Button. “An Anatomy of ‘Pig Butchering Scams’: Chinese Victims’ and Police Officers’ Perspectives.” Deviant Behavior, 2025, 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2025.2453821.
Burton, S. L., Moore, P. D. “Pig Butchering in Cybersecurity: A Modern Social Engineering Threat.” Socio Economic Challenges 8, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61093/sec.8(3).46-60.2024.
Cassandra Cross. “Romance Baiting, Cryptorom and ‘Pig Butchering’: An Evolutionary Step in Romance Fraud.” Current Issues in Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (2023): 334–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2023.2248670.
Chainalysis Team. “Crypto Scam Revenue 2024: Pig Butchering Grows Nearly 40% YoY as Fraud Industry Leverages AI and Increases in Sophistication,” 2025. https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2024-pig-butchering-scam-revenue-grows-yoy/.
Cindy Aulia Norman. “Transformasi Hukum Aset Kripto Di Indonesia: Analisis Komparatif Dengan Malaysia Mengenai Pergeseran Dari Komoditas Ke Instrumen Keuangan.” Padjadjaran Law Review 13, no. 1 (2025): 100–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56895/plr.v13i1.2214.
David Krause. “The Deceptive Allure: Understanding and Combating Cryptocurrency Pig Butchering Scams.” SSRN, 2025. https://doi.org/Krause, David, The Deceptive Allure: Understanding and Combating Cryptocurrency Pig Butchering Scams (April 28, 2025). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5233661 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5233661.
EU Council. “EU Cybersecurity: Strategy and Key Policies,” 2024. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/cybersecurity/.
Farichatul Chusna. “Apa Itu Investasi Digital?” Investbro.id, 2022. https://investbro.id/investasi-digital/.
Felix Friederich, Jan-Hinrich Meyer, Jorge Matute, Ramon Palau-Saumell. “Crypto-Mania: How Fear-of-Missing-out Drives Consumers’ (Risky) Investment Decisions.” Psychology & Marketing 41, no. 1 (2023): 102–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21906.
Filshella Goldwen, Rugun Romaida Hutabarat. “Pembuktian Penipuan Investasi Mata Uang Kripto Dalam Pig Butchering Scam.” Legal Standing 8, no. 3a (2024): 806–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24269/ls.v8i3a.10525.
H.Yacob Djasmani. “Hukum Sebagai Alat Rekayasa Sosial Dalam Praktek Berhukum Di Indonesia.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 40, no. 3 (2011): 365–74. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.40.3.2011.365-374.
Hadnagy, Christopher. Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking. Wiley Publishing, Inc, 2011.
Hatfield, Joseph M. “Social Engineering in Cybersecurity: The Evolution of a Concept.” Computers and Security 73 (March 1, 2018): 102–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2017.10.008.
Irene Klom. “Clusters and Copies: An Analysis of Cryptocurrency Investment Scam Websites.” Delft University of Technology, 2024. https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:827bb7ed-664d-402d-ae32-63ef5cce8aa0.
Janki Velani, Suchita Patel. “A Review: Fraud Prospects in Cryptocurrency Investment.” International Journal of Innovative Science and Modern Engineering (IJISME) 11, no. 6 (2023): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijisme.E4167.0611623.
Loso Judijanto, Budi Nugroho. “Regulasi Keamanan Siber Dan Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Cybercrimedi Indonesia.” Sanskara Hukum Dan HAM 3, no. 3 (2025): 118–24. https://doi.org/10.58812/shh.v3.i03.
M. Yusuf Yahya, Harwis Alimuddin. “Roscou Pound: Hukum Sebagai Alat Rekayasa Sosial (Keterhubungannya Dengan Kaidah La Yunkaru Tagayyur Alahkam Bi Tagayyuri Azzaman).” Indonesian Journal of Shariah and Justice (IJSJ) 2, no. 2 (2022): 141–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46339/ijsj.v2i2.22.
Marie-Helen Maras, Emily R. Ives. “Deconstructing a Form of Hybrid Investment Fraud: Examining ‘Pig Butchering’ in the United States.” Journal of Economic Criminology 5, no. Sept (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100066.
Marilyne Ordekian, Antonis Papasavva, Enrico Maricont, Marie Vasek. “A Sinister Fattening: Dissecting the Tales of Pig Butchering and Other Cryptocurrency Scams.” In PWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (ECrime), 136–48. Boston, USA, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/eCrime66200.2024.00016.
Matthew Anderson, Evita March, Christine Boshuijzen-van Burken. “Exploring the Roles Played by Trust and Technology in the Online Investment Fraud Victimisation Process.” Journal of Criminology 57, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076241248176.
Muh Afdal Yanuar. “Risiko Dan Posibilitas Penyalahgunaan Aset Kripto Dalam Kejahatan Pencucian Uang.” Majalah Hukum Nasional 52, no. 2 (2022): 170. https://doi.org/10.33331/mhn.v52i2.170.
Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Mataram: UPT Mataram University Press, 2020.
Muhammad Raihan Fadhali, Pan Lindawaty Suherman Sewu. “Tinjauan Hukum Aset Kripto Dihubungkan Dengan Sistem Hukum Jaminan Dan Pengamanannya Di Indonesia.” VERITAS 10, no. 1 (2024): 39–55.
Muhammad Syafriza Aqib, Sukiati. “Crime of Fraud (Pig Butchering Scam) Through Social Media in the Perspective of Islamic Criminal Law.” Journal Equity of Law and Governance 4, no. 2 (2024). https://ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/elg/article/view/10013/5769.
Nadira Karisma Ramadanti. “Trategi Pemberantasan Cybercrime Lintas Batas: Implementasi Mekanisme Mutual Legal Assistance Berdasarkan Permenkumham Nomor 12 Tahun 2022.” Padjadjaran Law Review 12, no. 2 (2024): 184–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56895/plr.v12i2.1829.
Pertiwi, Wahyunanda Kusuma. “Fenomena ‘Pig Butchering’ Di Indonesia, Berawal Dari DM Instagram Berujung Rugi Rp 500-an Juta.” Tekni.Kompas.Com, October 11, 2022. https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2022/10/11/13000067/fenomena-pig-butchering-di-indonesia-berawal-dari-dm-instagram-berujung-rugi-rp?page=all.
Riani, Asnida. “Pig Butchering, Skema Penipuan Online Berkedok Cinta Yang Tengah Meluas.” Liputan6, October 2, 2021. https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4673522/pig-butchering-skema-penipuan-online-berkedok-cinta-yang-tengah-meluas?page=4.
Rianto Adi. Sosiologi Hukum: Kajian Hukum Secara Sosiologis. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2016.
Sahamad, IW, Asikin, Z., & Sili, EB. “Aspek Hukum Terhadap Investasi Kripto Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika 4, no. 3 (2023): 1740–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36312/jcm.v4i3.2464.
Samantha B. Larkin. “Lipstick on a Slaughtered Piggybank: Civil RICO Against “Pig Lipstick On A Slaughtered Piggybank: Civil RICO Against ‘Pig Butchering’ Cryptocurrency Investment Schemes.” Roger Williams University Law Review 30, no. 1 (2025).
Satjipto Rahardjo. Sosiologi Hukum: Perkembangan Metode Dan Pilihan Masalah. 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Genta Pubishing, 2010.
Sharon L. Burton, Pamela D. (Vickerson) Moore. “Pig Butchering in Cybersecurity: A Modern Social Engineering Threat.” SocioEconomic Challenges 8, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61093/sec.8(3).46-60.2024.
Siregar, Emiel Salim, Widya Manurung, Rudi Gunawan, Muhammad Dzulkhairil, Ramadhan Siagian, Muhammad Ardiansyah, Rusdi Lubis, Andreansyah Sitorus. “Kepastian Hukum Aset Kripto Sebagai Instrumen Investasi Dalam Persfektif Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positif.” El-Mujtama: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (2024): 181–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47467/elmujtama.v4i1.3249.
Siti Yona Hukmana. “90 Orang Jadi Korban Investasi Bodong Jenis Kripto, Kerugian Mencapai Rp105 Miliar.” Metrotvnews.Com, 2025. https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/Ky6C1Z0L-90-orang-jadi-korban-investasi-bodong-jenis-kripto-kerugian-mencapai-rp105-miliar.
Soerjono Soekanto. Pokok-Pokok Sosiologi Hukum. 1st ed. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2013.
Sudjana. “Pelindungan Paten Dalam Perspektif Fungsi Hukum Sebagai Kontrol Sosial Dan Rekayasa Sosial.” Dialogia Iuridica 13, no. 1 (2021): 61–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v13i1.3757.
Weber, K., Schütz, A.E., Fertig, T., Müller, N.H. “Exploiting the Human Factor: Social Engineering Attacks on Cryptocurrency Users.” In Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Human and Technology Ecosystems, 650–668. Springer, Cham, 2020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50506-6_45.
Xun Tan. “The New Network Fraud of ‘Pig Butchering’ from the Perspective of Criminal Law.” In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Educational Innovation and Philosophical Inquiries, 57–62, 2023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/17/20231215.
Yayuk Kusumawati. “Representasi Rekayasa Sosial Sebagai Sarana Keadilan Hukum.” Jurnal Pemikiran Syariah Dan Hukum 1, no. 2 (2017): 132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52266/sangaji.v1i2.199.