Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Finding an equilibrium point between judicial independence and judicial accountability is a key challenge in designing a judicial oversight system. This balance requires an institutional structure capable of clearly dividing oversight authority. To this date, existing studies have not provided an adequate structure regarding the division of oversight authority between the Supreme Court and the Judicial Commission. This study examines the problematic division of oversight authority between the Supreme Court and the Judicial Commission within the framework of maintaining a balance between judicial independence and accountability. Although both institutions have been normatively mandated to oversee their respective authorities, their implementation has not been optimal due to several legal issues in their regulations. This study uses a normative-empirical legal method through an analysis of laws and regulations, institutional documents, and empirical data regarding the implementation of judicial oversight. The results indicate that the unclear division of authority is a major factor contributing to the ineffectiveness of judicial oversight in realizing judicial accountability. The results indicate that suboptimal oversight is caused by the weak binding power of the Judicial Commission's recommendations and the unclear boundaries between judicial technicalities or legal errors and codes of ethics or judicial misconduct. The novelty of this research lies in the development of the Shared Authority System, which emphasizes the division of supervisory authority between the Supreme Court and the Judicial Commission and introduces the Joint Classification Forum as a mechanism for resolving areas of overlap between judicial technical matters and judicial ethical violations. This model provides a clearer institutional framework to strengthen judicial accountability without compromising judicial independence.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2026 Elza Faiz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
References
Ackerman, Bruce. The New Separation of Powers. Harvard Law Review 113, no. 3 (January 2000).
Bedner, A. Administrative Courts in Indonesia: A Socio-Legal Study. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
Bertin, Fungsi Pengawasan Komisi Yudisial Terhadap Perilaku Hakim Dihubungkan Dengan Independensi Hakim Sebagai Pelaku Kekuasaan Kehakiman, Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Legal Opinion, Edisi 3, Volume 1, Tahun 2013
Biro Pengawasan dan Perilaku Hakim. Tabulasi Laporan Hasil Pengawasan Hakim. Jakarta: Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, 2026.
Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. “Histoire.” Diakses 1 Mei 2026.
Constitute Project. “Italy’s Constitution of 1947, Reinstated in 2020.” Diakses 26 Maret 2026.
Emy Rosna Wati, Prosiding : Sinergitas Mahkamah Agung dan Komisi Yudisial Dalam Mewujudkan Excellent Court, 6 Mei 2017
Faiz, Elza, dkk. Risalah Komisi Yudisial: Cikal Bakal, Pelembagaan dan Dinamika Wewenang. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2013.
Falakh, Fajrul. “Sistem Kekuasaan Kehakiman di Indonesia.” Dalam Bunga Rampai Potret Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia, 1–2. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2010.
Falakh, Muhammad Fajrul. “MA–MK–KY: Kekaburan Konstitusi.” Kompas, 11 Juli 2006.
Gazell, James A. The Future of State Court Management. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1978.
Government of South Africa. “Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.” Diakses 26 Maret 2026.
Hidayatullah, Bagus Anwar. “Rekonstruksi Pengawasan Etik Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Perspektif Hukum Administrasi Negara.” Staatsrecht: Jurnal Hukum Kenegaraan dan Politik Islam 1, no. 1 (2021).
Hoesein, Zainal Arifin. “Strengthening the Role and Function of Judicial Commission in Building Clean and Respectable Justice in Indonesia.” Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ) 4, no. 3 (March 2016).
Jawahir Thontowi, Kedudukan dan Fungsi Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, Jurnal Hukum No. 2 Vol. 18 April 2011
Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. Notulensi Hasil Simposium Internasional “The Line Between Legal Error and Misconduct”. Jakarta: Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, 2016.
Kristian Siburian, Henry. “Fenomena Problematika Lahirnya Lembaga Negara Independen.” Journal Evidence of Law 2, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v2i1.241.
Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. Naskah Akademik dan Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Komisi Yudisial. Jakarta: Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, 2003.
Parameswary, K., dkk. “Reconfiguring Judicial Oversight in Indonesia: The Judicial Commission and the Constitutional Limits of Judicial Integrity Enforcement.” Society 13, no. 3 (2025): 1180–1193.
Nessa Fajriyana Farda dan Yosep Hadi Putra, Menara Ilmu : Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmiah, Vol. 18 No. 2 April 2024.
Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial. Laporan Akhir Periode Komisi Yudisial 2005–2010. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2010.
Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. Meluruskan Manajemen Arah Kekuasaan Kehakiman. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, 2018.
Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. Proceeding Symposium: The Line Between Legal Error and Misconduct of Judges. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, n.d.
Sekretariat Jenderal Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. Risalah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (1999–2000), Tahun Sidang 2000, Buku V. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI, 2008.
Sentosa, Mas Achmad. “Menjelang Pembentukan Komisi Yudisial.” Kompas, 2 Maret 2005.
Setiawan dan Erwin Susilo, Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman Dalam Menjatuhkan Putusan Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Undang-Undang Sebagai Perjanjian, Jurnal Mimbar Hukum Volume 31, Nomor 1, Tahun 2025.
Suparto. Komisi Yudisial: Lembaga Negara Konstitusi, Amputasi Kewenangan, dan Prospeknya. Jakarta: Bina Karya, 2021.
T.M Qashmal Jabbar, et al, Urgensi Penguatan Wewenang Komisi Yudisial Sebagai Upaya Menegakkan Kehormatan, Keluhuran Martabat Hakim Dalam Penegakan Hukum Di Indonesia, Recht Studio Sumlaw Review Volume 1(1) 2022.
Rahmad Maulana Nasution, Andi Rachmad, Liza Agnesta Krisna, Peran Komisi Yudisial Sebagai Pengawas Hakim Dalam Memenuhi Rasa Keadilan Pada Masyarakat, Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Meukuta Alam, Volume 5, Nomor 1, 2023.
Tohari, Ahsin. Komisi Yudisial dan Reformasi Peradilan. Jakarta: ELSAM, 2004.
The Law Library of Congress. Judicial Tenure: The Removal and Discipline of Judges in Selected Countries. Washington, DC: Global Legal Research Directorate, The Law Library of Congress, 1993.
Umi Illiyana, Pasang Surut Komisi Yudisial: Kreasi, Resistensi, dan Restorasi, Jurnal Konstitusi, Volume 8, Nomor 3, Juni 2011.
Walsh, Jessica A. S. Judicial Councils and the Process for the Removal of Lower-Court Judges in Argentina: Judicial Independence at the Federal Level, in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and the Province of Tucumán. PhD diss., University of Surrey, 2019.
Widjojanto, Bambang. “Komisi Yudisial: Checks and Balances dan Urgensi Kewenangan Pengawasan.” Dalam Bunga Rampai Refleksi Satu Tahun Komisi Yudisial, 112–113. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2006.
References
Ackerman, Bruce. The New Separation of Powers. Harvard Law Review 113, no. 3 (January 2000).
Bedner, A. Administrative Courts in Indonesia: A Socio-Legal Study. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
Bertin, Fungsi Pengawasan Komisi Yudisial Terhadap Perilaku Hakim Dihubungkan Dengan Independensi Hakim Sebagai Pelaku Kekuasaan Kehakiman, Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Legal Opinion, Edisi 3, Volume 1, Tahun 2013
Biro Pengawasan dan Perilaku Hakim. Tabulasi Laporan Hasil Pengawasan Hakim. Jakarta: Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, 2026.
Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature. “Histoire.” Diakses 1 Mei 2026.
Constitute Project. “Italy’s Constitution of 1947, Reinstated in 2020.” Diakses 26 Maret 2026.
Emy Rosna Wati, Prosiding : Sinergitas Mahkamah Agung dan Komisi Yudisial Dalam Mewujudkan Excellent Court, 6 Mei 2017
Faiz, Elza, dkk. Risalah Komisi Yudisial: Cikal Bakal, Pelembagaan dan Dinamika Wewenang. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2013.
Falakh, Fajrul. “Sistem Kekuasaan Kehakiman di Indonesia.” Dalam Bunga Rampai Potret Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia, 1–2. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2010.
Falakh, Muhammad Fajrul. “MA–MK–KY: Kekaburan Konstitusi.” Kompas, 11 Juli 2006.
Gazell, James A. The Future of State Court Management. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1978.
Government of South Africa. “Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.” Diakses 26 Maret 2026.
Hidayatullah, Bagus Anwar. “Rekonstruksi Pengawasan Etik Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Perspektif Hukum Administrasi Negara.” Staatsrecht: Jurnal Hukum Kenegaraan dan Politik Islam 1, no. 1 (2021).
Hoesein, Zainal Arifin. “Strengthening the Role and Function of Judicial Commission in Building Clean and Respectable Justice in Indonesia.” Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ) 4, no. 3 (March 2016).
Jawahir Thontowi, Kedudukan dan Fungsi Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, Jurnal Hukum No. 2 Vol. 18 April 2011
Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. Notulensi Hasil Simposium Internasional “The Line Between Legal Error and Misconduct”. Jakarta: Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, 2016.
Kristian Siburian, Henry. “Fenomena Problematika Lahirnya Lembaga Negara Independen.” Journal Evidence of Law 2, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v2i1.241.
Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. Naskah Akademik dan Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Komisi Yudisial. Jakarta: Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, 2003.
Parameswary, K., dkk. “Reconfiguring Judicial Oversight in Indonesia: The Judicial Commission and the Constitutional Limits of Judicial Integrity Enforcement.” Society 13, no. 3 (2025): 1180–1193.
Nessa Fajriyana Farda dan Yosep Hadi Putra, Menara Ilmu : Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmiah, Vol. 18 No. 2 April 2024.
Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial. Laporan Akhir Periode Komisi Yudisial 2005–2010. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2010.
Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. Meluruskan Manajemen Arah Kekuasaan Kehakiman. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, 2018.
Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. Proceeding Symposium: The Line Between Legal Error and Misconduct of Judges. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, n.d.
Sekretariat Jenderal Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. Risalah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (1999–2000), Tahun Sidang 2000, Buku V. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI, 2008.
Sentosa, Mas Achmad. “Menjelang Pembentukan Komisi Yudisial.” Kompas, 2 Maret 2005.
Setiawan dan Erwin Susilo, Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman Dalam Menjatuhkan Putusan Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Undang-Undang Sebagai Perjanjian, Jurnal Mimbar Hukum Volume 31, Nomor 1, Tahun 2025.
Suparto. Komisi Yudisial: Lembaga Negara Konstitusi, Amputasi Kewenangan, dan Prospeknya. Jakarta: Bina Karya, 2021.
T.M Qashmal Jabbar, et al, Urgensi Penguatan Wewenang Komisi Yudisial Sebagai Upaya Menegakkan Kehormatan, Keluhuran Martabat Hakim Dalam Penegakan Hukum Di Indonesia, Recht Studio Sumlaw Review Volume 1(1) 2022.
Rahmad Maulana Nasution, Andi Rachmad, Liza Agnesta Krisna, Peran Komisi Yudisial Sebagai Pengawas Hakim Dalam Memenuhi Rasa Keadilan Pada Masyarakat, Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Meukuta Alam, Volume 5, Nomor 1, 2023.
Tohari, Ahsin. Komisi Yudisial dan Reformasi Peradilan. Jakarta: ELSAM, 2004.
The Law Library of Congress. Judicial Tenure: The Removal and Discipline of Judges in Selected Countries. Washington, DC: Global Legal Research Directorate, The Law Library of Congress, 1993.
Umi Illiyana, Pasang Surut Komisi Yudisial: Kreasi, Resistensi, dan Restorasi, Jurnal Konstitusi, Volume 8, Nomor 3, Juni 2011.
Walsh, Jessica A. S. Judicial Councils and the Process for the Removal of Lower-Court Judges in Argentina: Judicial Independence at the Federal Level, in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and the Province of Tucumán. PhD diss., University of Surrey, 2019.
Widjojanto, Bambang. “Komisi Yudisial: Checks and Balances dan Urgensi Kewenangan Pengawasan.” Dalam Bunga Rampai Refleksi Satu Tahun Komisi Yudisial, 112–113. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial, 2006.