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Abstract
Gempa bumi di Kabupaten Bantul tahun 2006 dan beberapa gempa kuat di Indonesia telah banyak merenggut korban ribuan jiwa dan luka karena keengganan masyarakat dalam penerapan konsep-konsep tahan gempa pada rumah tinggalnya. Pada kenyataannya, penerapan standar kegempaan tidak hanya sekedar intervensi fisik dan teknis semata, tetapi juga aspek non-teknis. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan factor-faktor pengaruh (teknis dan non-teknis) untuk kemudahan pembangunan rumah tahan gempa bagi masyarakat di Kabupaten Bantul. Pemahaman yang baik atas factor-faktor pengaruh ini akan memberi kontribusi signifikan bagi para pemangku kepentingan dalam menentukan strategi yang efektif dan efisien bagi masyarakat Kabupaten Bantul yang akan membangun rumah tinggalnya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kajian pustaka, wawancara, dan tiga kali focus group discussion (FGD). Temuan pertama yang mengemuka dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat indicator-indikator utama terkait dengan konsep-konsep tahan gempa yang sudah semestinya perlu ditindaklanjuti dalam penerapannya. Sedangkan, temuan yang kedua adalah terdapat 13 faktor-faktor pengaruh untuk kemudahan pembangunan rumah tahan gempa bagi masyarakat Bantul, yaitu (1) alamat rumah, (2) lokasi rumah, (3) jenis tanah, (4) kedalaman muka air sumur, (5) luas rumah tinggal yang akan dibangun, (6) jumlah jiwa penghuni, (7) kemampuan finansial, (8) rencana fungsi rumah, (9) ketersediaan tukang, (10) ketersediaan material, (11) adanya warga atau kelompok masyarakat di sekitar yang mendukung dan peduli, (12) adanya ahli yang bisa diajak diskusi, dan (13) diskusi lanjutan dengan BPBD dan akademisi. Faktor-faktor ini perlu disusun dalam sebuah kerangka kerja yang sistematis, yang dapat mempermudah dalam pengambilan keputusan bagi individu dalam membangun rumah aman gempa yang lebih baik.
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References
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- Pusat_Litbang_Perumahan_dan_Permukiman. (2016). Rumah Sederhana Sehat Berbasis Nilai Lokal. Jakarta: Kementrian Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah.
- SCEC/Southern_California_Earthquake_Center. (2002). Earthquake as Extreme Events. California: Extreme Events Workshop.
- Shah, H. C. (2002). Earthquake Risk Management: A Crucial Ingredient in Reducing Death, Injury, and Economic Disruption. India: Risk Management Solutions.
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- Winarno, S. (2018). Ten Years after the Java Earthquake: Post Reconstruction for Earthquake Houses. Jordan: The Seventh International Jordanian Civil Engineering Conference.
References
Andrews, J. (2004). Development and Implementation of an Outreach Program to Promote Public Awareness of Seismic Hazards and Encourage Risk Mitigation in Vulnerability Communities. United States: http://www.scec.org/news/00news/feature000424c.html; accessed on 15 May 2020.
BAPPENAS/National_Development_Planning_Agency. (2005). Preliminary Damage and Loss Assessment: The December 26, 2004 Natural Disaster. Jakarta: The Consultative Group on Indonesia.
BAPPENAS/National_Development_Planning_Agency. (2006). Preliminary Damage and Loss Assessment: Yogyakarta and Central Java Natural Disaster. Jakarta: The Consultative Group on Indonesia.
BAPPENAS/National_Development_Planning_Agency. (2009). West Sumatra and Jambi Natural Disasters: Damage, Loss and Preliminary Needs Assessment. Jakarta: BNPB, Bappenas, and the Provincial and District/City Governments of West Sumatra and Jambi and International Partners.
BNPB. (2016). Data and Disaster Information in Indonesia. http.dibi.bnpb/go.id, accessed on 29 December 2016. Jakarta: BNPB.
BSSC/Building_Seismic_Safety_Council. (1995). Seismic Considerations for Communities at Risk. Washington DC: BSSC & FEMA Publication.
Charette, R. N. (2002). Risk Management, Encyclopedia of Software Engineering. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comartin, C., Brzev, S., Naeim, F., Greene, M., Blondet, M., Cherry, S., Sassu, M. (2004). A Challenge to Earthquake Engineering Professionals. Earthquake Spectra, Volume 20, 25-37.
DFID/UK_Department_for_International_Development. (2004). Disaster Risk Reduction: A Development Concern. Norwich: School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia.
Direktorat_Jenderal_Cipta_Karya. (1993). Pedoman Pembangunan Bangunan Tahan Gempa. Jakarta: Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum.
Direktorat_Jenderal_Cipta_Karya. (2006). Pedoman Teknis Rumah dan Bangunan Gedung Tahan. Jakarta: Kementrian Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah.
EERI/Earthquake_Engineering_Research_Institute. (1999). Lesson Learned Over Time. California: EERI Publication.
IDEA/Instituto_de_Estudios_Ambientales. (2005). Indicators of Disaster risk and Risk Management: Program for Latin America and the Caribbean. Colombia: World Conference on Disaster Reduction.
IITK-BMTPC. (2002). Earthquake Tip 1-10. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur and Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council.
Kementrian_Permukiman_dan_Prasarana_Wilayah. (2002). Pedoman Teknis Pembangunan Rumah Sederhana Sehat. Jakarta: Kementrian_Permukiman_dan_Prasarana_Wilayah.
Mansouri, B., Aghda, F., & Safari. (2002). Preliminary Earthquake Reconnaissance Report on the June 22 2002 Changureh (Avaj) Iran Earthquake. Teheran: Reconnaissance Report_http: //www.iiees.ac.ir/English/Publication/eng_publication_journal_12.html; accessed on 8 Oct 2020.
Petak, W. (2002). Managing Risk in a Complex Environment with Competing Worldviews. California: Extreme Events Workshop.
Pusat_Litbang_Perumahan_dan_Permukiman. (2016). Rumah Sederhana Sehat Berbasis Nilai Lokal. Jakarta: Kementrian Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah.
SCEC/Southern_California_Earthquake_Center. (2002). Earthquake as Extreme Events. California: Extreme Events Workshop.
Shah, H. C. (2002). Earthquake Risk Management: A Crucial Ingredient in Reducing Death, Injury, and Economic Disruption. India: Risk Management Solutions.
UNDP/United_Nations_Development_Programme. (2004). Reducing Disaster Risk, a Challenge for Development. New York: Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery.
USGS_(The_United_States_Geology_Survei). (2020). Earthquake facts and statistics at http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html accessed on 20 August 2020. United States: USGS.
Wenzel, F. (Academia Europaea, United Kingdom ). Earthquake Risk Reduction – Obstacles and Opportunities. Cambridge Journals, European Review, Vol 14 No 2, 221- 231.
Winarno, S. (2007). Seismic Risk Management of Non-Engineered Buildings _ PhD. Tesis. UK: Sheffield Hallam University.
Winarno, S. (2018). Ten Years after the Java Earthquake: Post Reconstruction for Earthquake Houses. Jordan: The Seventh International Jordanian Civil Engineering Conference.