Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to measure and compare The Stability of the efficiency of insurance companies, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, at 70 insurance institutions (both sharia and conventional) in Indonesia over Five years, from 2016 to 2020.
Methodology – Non-parametric approach, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), then extended by Window DEA analysis was employed as the research method.
Findings – This study found that COVID-19 has little effect on Insurance efficiency. COVID-19 has a detrimental impact on the efficiency of conventional insurance but does not affect Sharia insurance. This study also found that most Indonesian Insurances are considered the worst performers in terms of efficiency and efficiency stability during the study period. Most of the insurances are included in quadrant IV (low efficiency and high stability). Furthermore, according to the window DEA analysis, the most relatively stable value of Indonesian Insurances is Sinarmas Conventional Insurance
Originality – The study that focuses on measuring the efficiency of sharia insurances compared to the efficiency of conventional insurances in Indonesia during the COVID-19 outbreak has never been conducted. This study was the first to measure and compare the efficiency of Indonesian Insurances using the Window DEA analysis.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
- Abidi, I., Nsaibi, M., & Regaieg, B. (2020). Challenges of Islamic insurance. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(4), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9860
- Adams, M., Andersson, J., Andersson, L.F., & Lindmark, M. (2009). Commercial banking, insurance, and economic growth in Sweden between 1830 and 1998. Accounting, Business & Financial History, 19(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585200802667139
- Adawiyah, R., & Scott, H. (2008). Essential Guide to Takaful (Sharia insurance). Kuala Lumpur: CERT Publication.
- Alshammari, A. A., Alhabshi, S. B., & Saiti, B. (2018). The impact of competition on cost efficiency of insurance and takaful sectors: Evidence from GCC markets based on the stochastic frontier analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 47, 410-427 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2018.09.003
- Ascarya & Yumanita, D. (2007). Analisis efisiensi perbankan syariah di indonesia dengan data envelopment analysis (DEA). TAZKIA Islamic Finance and Business Review.1(2). 1-32. https://www.tifbr-tazkia.org/index.php/TIFBR/issue/archive
- Babuna, P., Yang, X., Gyilbag, A., Awudi, D. A., Ngmenbelle, D., & Bian, D. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on the insurance industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165766
- Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Tingkat pengangguran terbuka (TPT). Retrieved from bps.go.id: https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/05/05/1815/februari-2021--tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-6-26-persen.html
- Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2631725
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
- Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L.M., & Zhu, J. (2011). Data envelopment analysis: History, models, and interpretations. In Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis (pp.1-39). Springer: Boston
- Cristea, M., Marcu, N., & Cârstina, S. (2014). The relationship between insurance and economic growth in Romania compared to the main results in Europe: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 8, 226-235. https://org.id/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00085-9
- Diacon, S. (2001). The efficiency of UK general insurance companies. Center for Risk & Insurance Studies, CRIS Discussion Paper Series, 2001.III, 1-32. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.385&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Hidayat, I. P., & Firmansyah, I. (2017). Determinants of financial performance in the Indonesian Islamic insurance industry. Etikonomi, 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v16i1.4648
- Husin, M. M., & Rahman, A. A. (2016). Do Muslims intend to participate in Islamic insurance? Analysis from theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 34(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2014-0012
- Islam, J., Rahman, A., & Bhuiyan, Z. H. (2013). Measures of efficiency in the Takaful industry of Bangladesh-A Bangladesh non-approach. European Journal of Business and Management - Special Issue: Islamic Management and Business, 5(11), 163–173. https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/view/5434
- Karbhari, Y., Muye, I., Hassan, A. F. S., & Elnahass, M. (2018). Governance mechanisms and efficiency: Evidence from an alternative insurance (Takaful) market. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 56, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2018.02.017
- Khan, A., & Noreen, U. (2014). Efficiency measure of insurance v/s Takaful firms using DEA approach: A case of Pakistan. Islamic Economic Studies, 22(1), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.12816/0004133
- Nailah., & Rusydiana, A, S. (2020). Efficiency and stability of Islamic banking in ASEAN: DEA window analysis. Tazkia Islamic Finance and Business Review, 14(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.30993/tifbr.v14i1.211
- Nugraheni, P., & Muhammad, R. (2019). Innovation in the takaful industry: a strategy to expand the takaful market in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Marketing. 11(6), 1313-1326. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-08-2018-0143
- Rusyidiana, A, S. (2013). Mengukur tingkat efisiensi dengan metode data envelopment analysis (DEA). Tim SMART Consulting: Katulampa Bogor
- Sercy E, Duane TM, Lieser M, Madayag RM, Berg G, Banton KL, Hamilton D, Bar-Or D. (2021). Effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on health insurance coverage among trauma patients: a study of six level I trauma centers. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2020-000640
- Setiawan, S. (2013). Prospek dan daya saing sektor perasuransian indonesia di tengah tantangan integrasi jasa (The prospects and competitiveness of Indonesian insurance sector in the challenges of service integration). Jakarta: Naga Media.
- Shawtari, F. A., Salem, M. A., & Bakhit, I. (2018). Decomposition of efficiency using DEA window analysis: A comparative evidence from Islamic and conventional banks. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(6), 1681–1705. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2016-0183
- Taib, C. A., Ashraf, M. S., & Razimi, M. S. B. A. (2018). Technical, pure technical and scale efficiency: A non-parametric approach of Pakistan’s insurance and takaful industry. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 22(1). https://www.abacademies.org/articles/technical-pure-technical-and-scale-efficiency-a-nonparametric-approach-of-pakistans-insurance-and-takaful-industry-7070.html
- Tulkens, H., & Van den Eekaut, P. (1995). Nonparametric efficiency, progress and regress measures for panel-data: Methodological aspects, European Journal of Operation Research, 80(3), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)00132-V
- Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, X., & Fu, Q. (2020). How does Covid-19 affect China's insurance market? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56, 2350–2362. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2020.1791074
- Word Health Organization. (2021, 29 October). WHO Coronavirus (Covid-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/table
- Yanīkkaya, H., & Pabuçcu, Y. U. (2017). Causes and solutions for the stagnation of Islamic banking in Turkey. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(1), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-07-2017-005
- Yildirim, I. (2015). Financial efficiency analysis in Islamic banks: Turkey and Malaysia models. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 2(3): 289–289. https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2015312956
References
Abidi, I., Nsaibi, M., & Regaieg, B. (2020). Challenges of Islamic insurance. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(4), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9860
Adams, M., Andersson, J., Andersson, L.F., & Lindmark, M. (2009). Commercial banking, insurance, and economic growth in Sweden between 1830 and 1998. Accounting, Business & Financial History, 19(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585200802667139
Adawiyah, R., & Scott, H. (2008). Essential Guide to Takaful (Sharia insurance). Kuala Lumpur: CERT Publication.
Alshammari, A. A., Alhabshi, S. B., & Saiti, B. (2018). The impact of competition on cost efficiency of insurance and takaful sectors: Evidence from GCC markets based on the stochastic frontier analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 47, 410-427 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2018.09.003
Ascarya & Yumanita, D. (2007). Analisis efisiensi perbankan syariah di indonesia dengan data envelopment analysis (DEA). TAZKIA Islamic Finance and Business Review.1(2). 1-32. https://www.tifbr-tazkia.org/index.php/TIFBR/issue/archive
Babuna, P., Yang, X., Gyilbag, A., Awudi, D. A., Ngmenbelle, D., & Bian, D. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on the insurance industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165766
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Tingkat pengangguran terbuka (TPT). Retrieved from bps.go.id: https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/05/05/1815/februari-2021--tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-6-26-persen.html
Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2631725
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L.M., & Zhu, J. (2011). Data envelopment analysis: History, models, and interpretations. In Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis (pp.1-39). Springer: Boston
Cristea, M., Marcu, N., & Cârstina, S. (2014). The relationship between insurance and economic growth in Romania compared to the main results in Europe: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 8, 226-235. https://org.id/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00085-9
Diacon, S. (2001). The efficiency of UK general insurance companies. Center for Risk & Insurance Studies, CRIS Discussion Paper Series, 2001.III, 1-32. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.385&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Hidayat, I. P., & Firmansyah, I. (2017). Determinants of financial performance in the Indonesian Islamic insurance industry. Etikonomi, 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v16i1.4648
Husin, M. M., & Rahman, A. A. (2016). Do Muslims intend to participate in Islamic insurance? Analysis from theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 34(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2014-0012
Islam, J., Rahman, A., & Bhuiyan, Z. H. (2013). Measures of efficiency in the Takaful industry of Bangladesh-A Bangladesh non-approach. European Journal of Business and Management - Special Issue: Islamic Management and Business, 5(11), 163–173. https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/view/5434
Karbhari, Y., Muye, I., Hassan, A. F. S., & Elnahass, M. (2018). Governance mechanisms and efficiency: Evidence from an alternative insurance (Takaful) market. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 56, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2018.02.017
Khan, A., & Noreen, U. (2014). Efficiency measure of insurance v/s Takaful firms using DEA approach: A case of Pakistan. Islamic Economic Studies, 22(1), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.12816/0004133
Nailah., & Rusydiana, A, S. (2020). Efficiency and stability of Islamic banking in ASEAN: DEA window analysis. Tazkia Islamic Finance and Business Review, 14(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.30993/tifbr.v14i1.211
Nugraheni, P., & Muhammad, R. (2019). Innovation in the takaful industry: a strategy to expand the takaful market in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Marketing. 11(6), 1313-1326. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-08-2018-0143
Rusyidiana, A, S. (2013). Mengukur tingkat efisiensi dengan metode data envelopment analysis (DEA). Tim SMART Consulting: Katulampa Bogor
Sercy E, Duane TM, Lieser M, Madayag RM, Berg G, Banton KL, Hamilton D, Bar-Or D. (2021). Effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on health insurance coverage among trauma patients: a study of six level I trauma centers. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2020-000640
Setiawan, S. (2013). Prospek dan daya saing sektor perasuransian indonesia di tengah tantangan integrasi jasa (The prospects and competitiveness of Indonesian insurance sector in the challenges of service integration). Jakarta: Naga Media.
Shawtari, F. A., Salem, M. A., & Bakhit, I. (2018). Decomposition of efficiency using DEA window analysis: A comparative evidence from Islamic and conventional banks. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(6), 1681–1705. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2016-0183
Taib, C. A., Ashraf, M. S., & Razimi, M. S. B. A. (2018). Technical, pure technical and scale efficiency: A non-parametric approach of Pakistan’s insurance and takaful industry. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 22(1). https://www.abacademies.org/articles/technical-pure-technical-and-scale-efficiency-a-nonparametric-approach-of-pakistans-insurance-and-takaful-industry-7070.html
Tulkens, H., & Van den Eekaut, P. (1995). Nonparametric efficiency, progress and regress measures for panel-data: Methodological aspects, European Journal of Operation Research, 80(3), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)00132-V
Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, X., & Fu, Q. (2020). How does Covid-19 affect China's insurance market? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56, 2350–2362. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2020.1791074
Word Health Organization. (2021, 29 October). WHO Coronavirus (Covid-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/table
Yanīkkaya, H., & Pabuçcu, Y. U. (2017). Causes and solutions for the stagnation of Islamic banking in Turkey. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(1), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-07-2017-005
Yildirim, I. (2015). Financial efficiency analysis in Islamic banks: Turkey and Malaysia models. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 2(3): 289–289. https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2015312956