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Abstract
Economic policy of the state is a process to achieve certain goals implemented by the government of a country. The existence of a country's economic goals, means of support necessary to achieve it. Guidelines and state policy directions can be budget plan, capital improvements formulated by the state for use in the future. In economic studies, economic policy of a country is divided into two parts, namely monetary policy and fiscal policy. This article aims to understand the issues from both the Ottomans basic economic policies, both monetary and fiscal. While the methodology used is to look at the literature of the researchers highlight different perspectives and views, which of all the literature is intended to complement and add to the treasures of knowledge in the basic scope Ottomans policy. As for the results of this study are the determination of money Akce evidence and found that the money was not used during the reign of Ottomans. While the existence of trade relations between the Ottomans and the European economy is a factor increasing Ottomans and a cause of the decline in currency values Akce, Ottomans were in short supply in addition to gold and silver as a money it self. The results of the study of fiscal policy shows that the fiscal deficit is not a political matter but due to a mistake in policy Ottomans empire, either in the form of debt, delivery of various rich region, reduced state revenues, the department 's financial plan swells each year, the lack of audit and account, corruption and differences in the pattern of the budget of the Islamic calendar and the AD were used simultaneously.
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References
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- Abidin Anwar Zainal. Sejarah penggunaan matawang Dinar. Seminar Dinar Peringkat Kebangsaan. KUIM. 16 March 2002.
- Agoston Gabor and Masters Bruce, Facts On File Library On World History: Encyclopedia Of The Ottoman Empire (New York: An imprint of Infobase Publishing, 2009M).
- Alram M. and N. Schindel (Numismatic Commission).
- Azziaty Ermy, Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa, Sistem Matawang Dawlah Uthmaniyyah: Aspek Pembuatan, Nilai dan Transaksi pada Abad ke-16M (Selangor: Jabatan Pengajian Arab dan Tamadun Islam, Fakulti Pengajian Islam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 2009).
- Birdal Murat, The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt, (New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2010).
- CDM-Executive Board, “Deffinitions of Policy and Programme of Activities,†(Annotated Agenda, UNFCCC/ CCNUCC).
- Donald C. Blaisdell, European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire, (New York: Columbia University Press 1966).
- Ecchia Stefania, The Economic Policy of the Ottoman Empire 1876-1922, (Italy: University Of Salerno, 2010).
- Genç Mehmet, ‘Osmanlı Maliyesinde Malikane Sistemi’, in Ünal Nalbantoğlu and Osman Okyar (eds.), Türkiye Iktisat Semineri (Ankara: hacettepe universitesi, 1975).
- Grierson Philip, “The monetary reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik.†Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 3 (1960).
- Güran Tevfik, Tanzimat Döneminde Osmanlı Maliyesi: Bütçeler ve Hazine Hesapları, 1841-1861, (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevı 1989).
- Issawi Charles, The Economic History of Turkey 1800–1914, (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1980).
- Kiyotaki Keiko, Ottoman State Finance: A Study of Fiscal Defisits and Internal Debt in 1859-1863, (United Kingdom: Department of Economic History, London School of Economics, 2005).
- Kocklemann W., S. Siano, M. Schreiner: Time Of Light Neotron Diffraction (TOF-ND) for characterising archaeological artefacts. Studio e Conservazione Manufatti archeologici, Nardini Editore, Firenza 2004.
- Melcher M., Statistical Analysis. (Melcher)
- Mujani Wan Kamal, Sejarah Dinar Menyusuri Zaman (Malaysia: Portal Resmi Muamalat dan Kewangan Islam, 2009).
- Owen Roger, The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914, (London: I.B.Tauris, 2002).
- Pamuk Sevket, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000M). (Radtke & Muller)
- Pamuk Savket, “In the absence of domestic currency: Debased european coinage in the seventeenth-century Ottoman empireâ€. Journal of Economic History 57, (1997).
- Pamuk Sevket, The disentegration of the Ottoman monetary system during the seventeenth century, Dennis O. Flynn & Arturo Giraldez (sunt.), Metals and monies in an emerging global economy, Variorum, London, (1997).
- “Policy Definition†(An Introduction, Council Policy Manual).
- Quataert Donald, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, (United Kingdom UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
- Radtke M. and B. Muller, Lab BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Bessy) Berlin (SR-XRF).
- Rodrigues M., M. Schreiner, M. Mader, M. Melcher, M. Huerra, J. Salomon, M. Radtke, M. Alram, N. Schindel, the hoard of becin-non-destructive analysis of the silver coins. Appl. Phys. 2009 in press.
- Rodrigues Marta, PhD Student at the Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.
- Salomon J. and M. Guerra, Laboratory AGLAE in Louvre, C2RMF, Paris (PIXE).
- Schreiner Manfred, Marta Rodrigues, The Silver Content Of The Akce Coins During The Reigns Of Murad 3, Mehmad 3 and Ahmed 1, (Austria: Institute of Science and Technology in Art Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, 2009M).
- S Tezel Y., “Notes on the Consolidated Foreign Debt of the Ottoman Empire: the servicing of the loansâ€, The Turkish Year Book of International Relations, (1972).
- The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO) FO 424/24, Report on the Financial Condition of Turkey.
- Tabakoğlu Ahmet, Osmanlı Maliyesi, (Turki: Dergah Yayinlari Istanbul, 1985).
- Velay A Du, Essai sur l'Histoire financière de la Turquie, (Hongkong: Forgotten Books, 2013), (Original Work Published, 1903).
- Wernisch and Monica Waas, Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology (SEM/EDX).
- XXV European Crystallographic Meeting, Satellite Conference, Symmetry and Crystallography in Turkish art and Culture, Istancul, Turkey, 14-16 August 2009. Organized by: The IUCr Commission on Mathematical and Theoretical Crystallography (MaThCryst) and The IUCr Commission on Crystallography in Art and Cultural Heritage (CrysAC).
- Zich, µ-XRF Measurements.
References
Abidin Anwar Zainal, “Sejarah penggunaaan mata wang dinar,â€â€˜Ulum Islamiyyah 1, No 1 (2002).
Abidin Anwar Zainal. Sejarah penggunaan matawang Dinar. Seminar Dinar Peringkat Kebangsaan. KUIM. 16 March 2002.
Agoston Gabor and Masters Bruce, Facts On File Library On World History: Encyclopedia Of The Ottoman Empire (New York: An imprint of Infobase Publishing, 2009M).
Alram M. and N. Schindel (Numismatic Commission).
Azziaty Ermy, Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa, Sistem Matawang Dawlah Uthmaniyyah: Aspek Pembuatan, Nilai dan Transaksi pada Abad ke-16M (Selangor: Jabatan Pengajian Arab dan Tamadun Islam, Fakulti Pengajian Islam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 2009).
Birdal Murat, The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt, (New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2010).
CDM-Executive Board, “Deffinitions of Policy and Programme of Activities,†(Annotated Agenda, UNFCCC/ CCNUCC).
Donald C. Blaisdell, European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire, (New York: Columbia University Press 1966).
Ecchia Stefania, The Economic Policy of the Ottoman Empire 1876-1922, (Italy: University Of Salerno, 2010).
Genç Mehmet, ‘Osmanlı Maliyesinde Malikane Sistemi’, in Ünal Nalbantoğlu and Osman Okyar (eds.), Türkiye Iktisat Semineri (Ankara: hacettepe universitesi, 1975).
Grierson Philip, “The monetary reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik.†Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 3 (1960).
Güran Tevfik, Tanzimat Döneminde Osmanlı Maliyesi: Bütçeler ve Hazine Hesapları, 1841-1861, (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevı 1989).
Issawi Charles, The Economic History of Turkey 1800–1914, (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1980).
Kiyotaki Keiko, Ottoman State Finance: A Study of Fiscal Defisits and Internal Debt in 1859-1863, (United Kingdom: Department of Economic History, London School of Economics, 2005).
Kocklemann W., S. Siano, M. Schreiner: Time Of Light Neotron Diffraction (TOF-ND) for characterising archaeological artefacts. Studio e Conservazione Manufatti archeologici, Nardini Editore, Firenza 2004.
Melcher M., Statistical Analysis. (Melcher)
Mujani Wan Kamal, Sejarah Dinar Menyusuri Zaman (Malaysia: Portal Resmi Muamalat dan Kewangan Islam, 2009).
Owen Roger, The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914, (London: I.B.Tauris, 2002).
Pamuk Sevket, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000M). (Radtke & Muller)
Pamuk Savket, “In the absence of domestic currency: Debased european coinage in the seventeenth-century Ottoman empireâ€. Journal of Economic History 57, (1997).
Pamuk Sevket, The disentegration of the Ottoman monetary system during the seventeenth century, Dennis O. Flynn & Arturo Giraldez (sunt.), Metals and monies in an emerging global economy, Variorum, London, (1997).
“Policy Definition†(An Introduction, Council Policy Manual).
Quataert Donald, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, (United Kingdom UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Radtke M. and B. Muller, Lab BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Bessy) Berlin (SR-XRF).
Rodrigues M., M. Schreiner, M. Mader, M. Melcher, M. Huerra, J. Salomon, M. Radtke, M. Alram, N. Schindel, the hoard of becin-non-destructive analysis of the silver coins. Appl. Phys. 2009 in press.
Rodrigues Marta, PhD Student at the Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.
Salomon J. and M. Guerra, Laboratory AGLAE in Louvre, C2RMF, Paris (PIXE).
Schreiner Manfred, Marta Rodrigues, The Silver Content Of The Akce Coins During The Reigns Of Murad 3, Mehmad 3 and Ahmed 1, (Austria: Institute of Science and Technology in Art Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, 2009M).
S Tezel Y., “Notes on the Consolidated Foreign Debt of the Ottoman Empire: the servicing of the loansâ€, The Turkish Year Book of International Relations, (1972).
The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO) FO 424/24, Report on the Financial Condition of Turkey.
Tabakoğlu Ahmet, Osmanlı Maliyesi, (Turki: Dergah Yayinlari Istanbul, 1985).
Velay A Du, Essai sur l'Histoire financière de la Turquie, (Hongkong: Forgotten Books, 2013), (Original Work Published, 1903).
Wernisch and Monica Waas, Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology (SEM/EDX).
XXV European Crystallographic Meeting, Satellite Conference, Symmetry and Crystallography in Turkish art and Culture, Istancul, Turkey, 14-16 August 2009. Organized by: The IUCr Commission on Mathematical and Theoretical Crystallography (MaThCryst) and The IUCr Commission on Crystallography in Art and Cultural Heritage (CrysAC).
Zich, µ-XRF Measurements.