Main Article Content

Abstract

Introduction
The rapid expansion of capital market participation among students in emerging economies has increased the importance of understanding the determinants of investment decision-making. Despite growing access to financial information, many student investors still exhibit varying levels of financial literacy, risk perception, and goal orientation. Previous studies suggest that these factors influence investment behavior, yet their combined effects remain insufficiently explored, particularly within student populations and in relation to ethical considerations in Islamic finance.
Objectives
This study aims to examine the influence of risk perception, educational information, and financial goals on investment decisions among student investors. It seeks to identify which factors significantly shape decision-making behavior and to provide a more comprehensive understanding of investment behavior by integrating cognitive and motivational variables within a unified framework.
Method
The study employs a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire distributed to 35 members of a capital market study group at a state polytechnic. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to assess both measurement validity and structural relationships among variables. This method enables the evaluation of complex relationships within a relatively small sample size.
Results
The findings indicate that educational information and financial goals have a positive and statistically significant influence on investment decisions, while risk perception does not show a significant effect. The model explains a substantial proportion of variance in investment decisions, highlighting the dominant role of knowledge and goal orientation in shaping behavior among student investors.
Implications
These results suggest that improving financial literacy and promoting goal-based financial planning are essential for enhancing investment decision quality. The findings also indicate that risk perception may function as a secondary or conditional factor rather than a primary determinant, particularly among less experienced investors.
Originality/Novelty
This study contributes to the literature by integrating risk perception, educational information, and financial goals within a single empirical model and by incorporating an Islamic finance perspective to enrich the interpretation of investment behavior.

Keywords

educational information financial goals financial literacy investment decisions Islamic finance risk perception student investors

Article Details

How to Cite
Ismawanto, T. ., Sari, D. H. ., Khairiyah, N. M. ., Arazy, D. R. ., Opu, N. V. ., & Ramli, R. (2026). Determinants of student investment decisions: Examining risk perception, educational information, and financial goals with perspectives from Islamic finance. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 12(1), 365–392. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol12.iss1.art13

References

  1. Abdelrahman, T. E. E. (2025). Financial risks in (gharar) and (riba) transactions. Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 23(S6), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.52152/801760

  2. Abdul Khir, M. F., & Mohamed, I. (2023). Applying risk-taking in Islamic banking and finance from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 10(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.18646/2056.101.23-005

  3. Abro, A. M., Maitlo, A. A., Mughal, D. D. K., Sangah, S., & Mughal, I. (2024). Mediating role of financial literacy in relationship of factors affecting the money management skills. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 13(1), 626–642. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.1.52

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.1.52
  4. Aisa, N. N. (2021). Do financial literacy and technology affect intention to invest in the capital market in the early pandemic period? Journal of Accounting and Investment, 23(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v23i1.12517

  5. Akguc, S., & Al Rahahleh, N. (2021). Shariah compliance and investment behavior: Evidence from GCC countries. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 57(13), 3766–3791. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1706164

  6. Alfando, K., Njo, A., & Yuliana, O. Y. (2025). Empowering Indonesian Millennials: The role of financial literacy, goal clarity, and risk tolerance in retirement savings. Financial Planning Review, 8(3), e70013. https://doi.org/10.1002/cfp2.70013

  7. Alhammadi, S., Alotaibi, K. O., & Hakam, D. F. (2022). Analysing Islamic banking ethical performance from Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah perspective: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 12(4), 1171–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2020.1848179

  8. Alhejaili, M. (2025). Harmonising derivatives with Shari’ah: Ethical practices and regulatory insights. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 18(5), 1132–1149. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-03-2024-0163

  9. Ali, I., Liu, J., Shah, S. K., & Khattak, M. S. (2025). Islamic practices and investment decision: The role of money management skills and digital financial literacy. Sage Open, 15(4), 21582440251379142. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251379142

  10. Ammer, M. A., & Aldhyani, T. H. H. (2022). An investigation into the determinants of investment awareness: Evidence from the young saudi generation. Sustainability, 14(20), 13454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013454

  11. Aren, S., & Hamamci, H. N. (2023). Evaluation of investment preference with phantasy, emotional intelligence, confidence, trust, financial literacy and risk preference. Kybernetes, 52(12), 6203–6231. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2022-0014

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2022-0014
  12. Asia, N., & Semaun, S. (2025). Strategies for preventing prohibited transactions in Islamic digital finance: A reflection on riba, gharar, and maysir. El-Kahfi | Journal of Islamic Economics, 6(2), 424–432. https://doi.org/10.58958/elkahfi.v6i02.591

  13. Asmar, Mohd. D. A., Andriansyah, Y., & Masuwd, M. (2023). Performance measurement analysis of Sharia commercial banks in Indonesia with Maqashid Index and Sharia Conformity and Profitability (SCnP). Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 9(2), 541–566. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol9.iss2.art13

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol9.iss2.art13
  14. Azwar, A., & Jamaluddin, J. (2024). Securities crowdfunding as a source of capital and alternative investment in the Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah perspective: Indonesian case. Journal of Management and Muamalah, 14(2), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.53840/jmm.v14i2.198

  15. Bagh, T., Hunjra, A. I., Guo, Y., & Bouri, E. (2025). Corporate capital structure in BRICS economies: An integrated analysis of ESG, firm, industry, and macroeconomic determinants. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 30(3), 2682–2704. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.3036

  16. Bai, R. (2023). Impact of financial literacy, mental budgeting and self control on financial wellbeing: Mediating impact of investment decision making. PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0294466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294466

  17. Baihaqqi, I. K., & Prajawati, M. I. (2023). Pengaruh risk tolerance dan religiusitas terhadap keputusan investasi dengan literasi keuangan sebagai variabel moderasi [The effect of risk tolerance and religiosity on investment decisions, with financial literacy as a moderating variable]. Ekonomi, Keuangan, Investasi Dan Syariah (EKUITAS), 4(3), 960–968. https://doi.org/10.47065/ekuitas.v4i3.2448

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.47065/ekuitas.v4i3.2448
  18. Barone, M., Bussoli, C., & Fattobene, L. (2025). The influence of financial literacy and financial self-efficacy in equity crowdfunding investment decisions. Venture Capital, 0(0), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2025.2535957

  19. Barua, R., Koh, B., & Mitchell, O. S. (2018). Does financial education enhance financial preparedness? Evidence from a natural experiment in Singapore. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 17(3), 254–277. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747217000312

  20. Basheer, A., & Siddiqui, D. A. (2020). Explaining the disposition bias among investors: The mediatory role of personality, financial literacy, behavioral bias and risk tolerance. Business and Economic Research, 10(2), 290. https://doi.org/10.5296/ber.v10i2.16827

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ber.v10i2.16827
  21. Begam, M. R., Babu, M., & Sulphey, M. M. (2024). Development and validation of an islamic investor’s sentiment scale for stock market investment. Business Perspectives and Research, 12(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/22785337221148888

  22. Bilivogui, P., & Iqbal, M. A. (2025). Do ESG scores matter? An empirical analysis of corporate financial performance in BRICS economies. Environmental Research Communications, 7(6), 065023. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ade36e

  23. Bouslama, G., & Lahrichi, Y. (2017). Uncertainty and risk management from Islamic perspective. Research in International Business and Finance, Special Issue Articles on Finance Reconsidered Edited by Dr. Thomas Lagoarde-Segot and Dr. Bernard Paranque, Special Issue Articles on Recent Trends and Challenges in Financial and Commodity Markets Edited by Prof. Fredj Jawadi and Prof. Benoît Sevi & Special Issue Articles on Recent Topics in Banking and Finance: New Findings and Implications Edited by Prof. Fredj Jawadi and Prof. Wael Louhichi, 39, 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.11.018

  24. Bradford, B. C., Basu Mallick, D., & Baraniuk, R. (2023). Money matters: A mixed-methods needs assessment of US young adults’ financial needs. EdArXiv. https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/khtfu

  25. Bradford, B. C., Basu Mallick, D., & Baraniuk, R. (2025). Improving financial education for US college students: A mixed-methods needs assessment. EdArXiv. https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/khtfu_v2

  26. Che Hassan, N., Abdul-Rahman, A., Ab. Hamid, S. N., & Mohd Amin, S. I. (2024). What factors affecting investment decision? The moderating role of fintech self-efficacy. PLOS ONE, 19(4), e0299004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299004

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299004
  27. Dahiya, M., Özen, E., & Yadav, K. (2023). The financial literacy of college students: Evidence from India. ASR: Chiang Mai University Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 10(1), e2023009. https://doi.org/10.12982/CMUJASR.2023.009

  28. D’Alvia, D. (2020). Risk, uncertainty and the market: A rethinking of Islamic and Western finance. International Journal of Law in Context, 16(4), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552320000154

  29. Derbali, A., El Khaldi, A., & Jouini, F. (2017). Shariah-compliant Capital Asset Pricing Model: New mathematical modeling. Journal of Asset Management, 18(7), 527–537. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41260-017-0051-x

  30. Dinarjito, A. (2023). The influence of financial behavior on investment decisions with financial literacy as a mediation variable: Case study in PKN STAN learning assignment students. Jurnal Pajak Dan Keuangan Negara (PKN), 5(1), 128–143. https://doi.org/10.31092/jpkn.v5i1.2281

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.31092/jpkn.v5i1.2281
  31. Dirie, K. A., Alam, Md. M., & Maamor, S. (2023). Islamic social finance for achieving sustainable development goals: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 40(4), 676–698. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-12-2022-0317

  32. Elnahas, A., Ismail, G., El‐Khatib, R., & Hassan, M. K. (2021). Islamic labeled firms: Revisiting Dow Jones measure of compliance. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 48(5–6), 988–1021. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12507

  33. Elshaer, I. A., & Sobaih, A. E. E. (2023). Antecedents of risky financial investment intention among higher education students: A mediating moderating model using structural equation modeling. Mathematics, 11(2), 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11020353

  34. Fauzi, A., & Rafik, A. (2024). The impact of Sharia financial literacy, religiosity, and perceived quality on investment decisions on sharia-compliant products. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(2), 156–173. https://doi.org/10.61132/ijems.v1i2.56

  35. Fidhayanti, D., Mohd Noh, M. S., Ramadhita, R., & Bachri, S. (2024). Exploring the legal landscape of Islamic fintech in Indonesia: A comprehensive analysis of policies and regulations. F1000Research, 13, 21. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.143476.1

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.143476.1
  36. Franzoni, S., & Ait Allali, A. (2018). Principles of Islamic finance and principles of corporate social responsibility: What convergence? Sustainability, 10(3), 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030637

  37. Gerth, F., Lopez, K., Reddy, K., Ramiah, V., Wallace, D., Muschert, G., Frino, A., & Jooste, L. (2021). The behavioural aspects of financial literacy. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(9), 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14090395

  38. Gidage, M., Gyamfi, B. A., & Asongu, S. A. (2025). Environmental reporting and financial performance: Evidence from the banking sector in BRICS countries. Business Strategy and the Environment, 34(6), 7412–7437. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.4358

  39. Gunanto, A., Hamzalouh, L. M. O., Sunarmi, S., & Ridwan, M. (2024). Islamic mutual funds: Risk and return management. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Finance Research, 6(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.21580/jiafr.2024.6.1.18034

  40. Gustiarum, T., & Kusumawardhani, I. (2023). The effects of financial literacy, accounting information, risk perception and herding behavior on investment decision. Journal of Business and Information System, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.36067/jbis.v5i1.156

  41. Harahap, S., Thoyib, A., Sumiati, S., & Djazuli, A. (2022). The impact of financial literacy on retirement planning with serial mediation of financial risk tolerance and saving behavior: Evidence of medium entrepreneurs in Indonesia. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(3), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10030066

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10030066
  42. Hardiati, N., Fitriani, & Nugroho, W. (2024). Fatwa on the opinion of contemporary scholars on stock buying and selling activities in the Sharia capital market. Journal of International Multidisciplinary Research, 2(7), 318–326. https://doi.org/10.62504/jimr800

  43. Hassan, M. K. (2017). Introduction: Empirical research on Islam and economic life. In M. K. Hassan (Ed.), Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784710736.00006

  44. Hastuti, W. (2025). Pengaruh literasi keuangan syariah, persepsi risiko, dan religiusitas terhadap minat investasi saham syariah pada Generasi Milenial [The influence of Sharia financial literacy, risk perception, and religiosity on Millennials’ interest in investing in Sharia stocks]. Journal of Financial Economics & Investment, 5(3), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.22219/jofei.v5i3.42125

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/jofei.v5i3.42125
  45. Holzmeister, F., Huber, J., Kirchler, M., Lindner, F., Weitzel, U., & Zeisberger, S. (2020). What drives risk perception? A global survey with financial professionals and laypeople. Management Science, 66(9), 3977–4002. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3526

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3526
  46. Irfan, Sari, M., & Jufrizen. (2025). Exploring the roles of financial literacy, past behavior, and subjective norms in shaping investment intention: A mediation analysis. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 22(4), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.22(4).2025.03

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.22(4).2025.03
  47. Johnston-Rodriguez, S., & Henning, M. B. (2019). Pre-service teachers’ perception of financial literacy curriculum: National standards, universal design, and cultural responsiveness. Education Sciences, 9(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9010034

  48. Kumari, S., Muhammed Tufail, M., & Pallavi, D. R. (2023). An empirical study on awareness about investment opportunities amongst higher education students. REST Journal on Banking, Accounting and Business, 2(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.46632/jbab/2/2/1

  49. Linciano, N., Lucarelli, C., Gentile, M., & Soccorso, P. (2018). How financial information disclosure affects risk perception. Evidence from Italian investors’ behaviour. The European Journal of Finance, 24(15), 1311–1332. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2017.1414069

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2017.1414069
  50. Lontchi, C. B., Yang, B., & Su, Y. (2022). The mediating effect of financial literacy and the moderating role of social capital in the relationship between financial inclusion and sustainable development in Cameroon. Sustainability, 14(22), 15093. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215093

  51. Looney, C. A., Akbulut, A. Y., & Poston, R. S. (2008). Understanding the determinants of service channel preference in the early stages of adoption: A social cognitive perspective on online brokerage services. Decision Sciences, 39(4), 821–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00215.x

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00215.x
  52. Lou, S., Wang, J., Zeng, Y. T., & Fong, C. C. (2024). Research on influences of education and financial literacy on commercial insurance purchase in China. Pacific Accounting Review, 36(1), 96–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-10-2023-0144

  53. Luo, Z., Azam, S. M. F., & Wang, L. (2023). Impact of financial literacy on household stock profit level in China. PLOS ONE, 18(12), e0296100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296100

  54. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S., & Curto, V. (2010). Financial literacy among the young. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 358–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01173.x

  55. Mahastanti, L. A., Asri, M., Purwanto, B. M., & Junarsin, E. (2021). Capital Aset Pricing Model (CAPM) revisited: The context of Sharia-based stocks with the Barakah Risk Premium Variable. Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 25(2), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v25i2.5572

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v25i2.5572
  56. Mahdzan, N. S., Zainudin, R., Che Hashim, R., & Sulaiman, N. A. (2017). Islamic religiosity and portfolio allocation: The Malaysian context. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 10(3), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-11-2016-0162

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-11-2016-0162
  57. Makkulau, A. R., Hajar, I., Sabrin, & Husin. (2024). Influence of financial literacy, investment promotion, and socioeconomic status on stock investment decisions through risk perception. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(6), e06269. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n6-138

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n6-138
  58. McGregor, S. L. T., & Alghamdi, A. K. H. (2024). Measuring islamic financial literacy. Financial Planning Research Journal, 10(1), 20240003. https://doi.org/10.2478/fprj-2024-0003

  59. Mergaliyev, A., Asutay, M., Avdukic, A., & Karbhari, Y. (2021). Higher ethical objective (Maqasid al-Shari’ah) augmented framework for Islamic banks: Assessing ethical performance and exploring its determinants. Journal of Business Ethics, 170(4), 797–834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04331-4

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04331-4
  60. Mladenović, S. S., Mladenović, I., & Ranđelović, M. P. (2020). Emerging markets and internationalization of retail: The case of BRIC countries. Economic Themes, 58(4), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0027

  61. Mohd Noh, M. S., Nor Azelan, S. H., & Zulkepli, M. I. S. (2024). A review on Gharar dimension in modern Islamic finance transactions. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 16(5), 976–989. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2023-0006

  62. Mohd Noor, N. S., Ismail, A. G., & Mohd. Shafiai, M. H. (2018). Shariah risk: Its origin, definition, and application in Islamic finance. Sage Open, 8(2), 2158244018770237. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018770237

  63. Pandey, A. & Utkarsh. (2024). Determinants of positive financial behavior: A parallel mediation model. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 19(11), 4073–4093. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-01-2022-0124

  64. Pham, K. D., & Le, V. L. T. (2023). Nexus between financial education, literacy, and financial behavior: Insights from Vietnamese young generations. Sustainability, 15(20), 14854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014854

  65. Poon, E., Bissonnette, P., Sedighi, S., MacNevin, W., & Kulkarni, K. (2022). Improving financial literacy using the medical mini-MBA at a Canadian medical school. Cureus, 14(6), e25595. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25595

  66. Prati, A. H., Ashfaq, M., Ullah, S., & Hasan, R. (2025). Performance of shariah-compliant and non-shariah-compliant ETFs: A comparative study. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 18(1), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-04-2024-0181

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-04-2024-0181
  67. Rahim, R., Rathore, H. S., Rabbani, M. R., & Alam, M. N. (2024). Maqasid al-Shariah and green finance: A theoretical framework on Islamic finance with sustainable development goals for a greener future. 2024 International Conference on Sustainable Islamic Business and Finance (SIBF), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIBF63788.2024.10883847

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SIBF63788.2024.10883847
  68. Rahmawati, L., & Rahayu, Y. S. (2024). Factors influencing interest in saving at Islamic bank: A study on the merchants of Pasar Besar in Malang City. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 10(1), 287–306. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol10.iss1.art16

  69. Rathakrishnan, S., Delima, V. J., & Jayasinghe, S. A. D. L. I. (2024). Gender differences in financial literacy: A study of Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University, Sri Lanka. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 24(5), 476–495. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i51324

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i51324
  70. Raut, R. K. (2020). Past behaviour, financial literacy and investment decision-making process of individual investors. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 15(6), 1243–1263. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2018-0379

  71. Raza, A., Tursoy, T., Shaikh, E., & Ali, M. (2024). Impact of financial behavior and experience on financial literacy: A study of universities in Pakistan. Innovation Economics Frontiers, 27(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.36923/economa.v27i1.240

  72. Roslee, N. A., Mat Nor, N., & Mohammad Hatta, M. F. (2023). The determinants among Muslim contributors to adopt Shariah funds decision: Evidence of employees provident fund. Information Management and Business Review, 15(2(I)SI), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i2(I)SI.3421

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i2(I)SI.3421
  73. Salas-Velasco, M. (2022). Causal effects of financial education intervention aimed at university students on financial knowledge and financial self-efficacy. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(7), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15070284

  74. Sarah, F. H., Goi, C. L., Chieng, F., & Taufique, K. M. R. (2021). Examining the influence of atmospheric cues on online impulse buying behavior across product categories: Insights from an emerging E-market. Journal of Internet Commerce, 20(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2020.1836593

  75. Shalhoob, H. (2025). ESG disclosure and financial performance: Survey evidence from accounting and Islamic finance. Sustainability, 17(4), 1582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041582

  76. Sheikh, R. (2025). Developing ethical investment criteria based on Maqasid Shariah. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-04-2025-0103

  77. Sinulingga, C. P., Soemitra, A., & Aslami, N. (2023). Analysis of the literacy level of health workers regarding Islamic life insurance at the Ofa Padang Mahondang Community Health Center. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 9(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol9.iss1.art7

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol9.iss1.art7
  78. Suresh G. (2024). Impact of financial literacy and behavioural biases on investment decision-making. FIIB Business Review, 13(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145211035481

  79. Taufik, G., & Rusmana, O. (2023). Muslim investors’ behavior in deciding to invest in Sharia shares in the period 2018-2023: A systematic literature review. Bukhori: Kajian Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.35912/bukhori.v3i1.2234

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.35912/bukhori.v3i1.2234
  80. Tawfik, O. I., & Elmaasrawy, H. E. (2024). Effect of Shariah compliance on financing decisions: Empirical evidence from GCC. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 15(1), 196–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-07-2022-0165

  81. Thapa, B. S., & Nepal, S. R. (2015). Financial literacy in Nepal: A survey analysis from college students. NRB Economic Review, 27(1), 49–74. https://doi.org/10.3126/nrber.v27i1.52567

  82. Tripathi, V., & Kaur, A. (2022). Does socially responsible investing pay in developing countries? A comparative study across select developed and developing markets. FIIB Business Review, 11(2), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714520980288

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714520980288
  83. Wilson, R. S., Zwickle, A., & Walpole, H. (2019). Developing a broadly applicable measure of risk perception. Risk Analysis, 39(4), 777–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13207

  84. Yesuf, A. J., & Aassouli, D. (2020). Exploring synergies and performance evaluation between Islamic funds and socially responsible investment (SRIs) in light of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Heliyon, 6(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04562

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04562
  85. Zhang, X., & Huang, C.-H. (2024). Investor characteristics, intention toward socially responsible investment (SRI), and SRI behavior in Chinese stock market: The moderating role of risk propensity. Heliyon, 10(14), e34230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34230

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34230
  86. Zhu, T., & Xiao, J. J. (2022). Consumer financial education and risky financial asset holding in China. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 46(1), 56–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12643