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Abstract
Background: The rising global prevalence of obesity and its related health issues make it crucial to explore all potential therapeutic options. Coconut oil (CNO) has been extensively studied for its health benefits, yet no scoping review has specifically assessed its potential as an anti-obesity agent, particularly among obese subjects.
Objective: This review aims to outline the characteristics and findings regarding the use of coconut oil as an anti-obesity agent in both experimental animal and human studies.
Method: The review included original studies on the potential of coconut oil as an anti-obesity agent, published in English or Indonesian between 2011 and 2022. A comprehensive search was performed across databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and Portal Garuda. Articles were selected following the PRISMA-ScR flow diagram, with subsequent data extraction, analysis, and synthesis conducted.
Results: Eight articles met the inclusion criteria, comprising four preclinical trials (involving obese animal models) and four human studies that recruited obese people. The preclinical trials used virgin coconut oil (VCO), while the human studies utilized both VCO and coconut oil (CNO). In preclinical trials, VCO administration was associated with reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels. In clinical trials, consumption of VCO and CNO was linked to increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and reductions in LDL-C, TC, TG, and anthropometric measures (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat mass). However, the effects of VCO and CNO on LDL-C, TC, and TG were inconsistent.
Conclusion: Coconut oil, particularly in the form of VCO, has shown potential as a supplement for managing obesity. However, this scoping review highlights inconsistencies in the effects of coconut oil on lipid profiles (LDL-C, TC, TG), indicating the need for further research to clarify these outcomes.
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References
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- Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2004). Beneficial Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil On Lipid Parameters and In Vitro
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- Polak, J., Bajzova, M., & Stich, V. (2008). Effect of Exercise On Lipolysis In Adipose Tissue. Future Lipidology,
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- Human Adipose Tissue Physiology. Physiological Reviews, 92(1), 157–191. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00012.2011
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- Therapeutic Perspectives of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): A Review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(4), 1750–1758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1967-0
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- -0_3
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- F., Santos, S. H. S., Teixeira, M. M., & Ferreira, A. V. M. (2018). Virgin Coconut Oil Is Effective To Treat Metabolic and Inflammatory Dysfunction Induced By High Refined Carbohydrate-Containing-Diet In Mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 63, 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.08.013
References
Adeyemi, W. J., Olayaki, L. A., Abdussalam, T. A., Ige, S. F., Okesina, B. K., Abolarin, P. O., Usman, H., Tiamiyu, A.
O., Seidu, M. O., & Opabode, A. O. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of The Pharmacological Value of Virgin Coconut Oil, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, and Orlistat In Experimental Study On Obesity With Normo/Hyper-Lipidaemic Diet. PharmaNutrition, 13(2020), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100192
Adeyemi, W. J., Olayaki, L. A., Abdussalam, T. A., Toriola, A. P., Olowu, A. B., Yakub, A. J., & Raji, A. O. (2020).
Investigation of The Effects of Dietary Modification In Experimental Obesity: Low Dose of Virgin Coconut Oil Has A Potent Therapeutic Value. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 126(2020), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110110
Briggs, M.A., Petersen, K.S., & Kris-Etherton, P.M. (2017). Saturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: replacements for saturated fat to reduce cardiovascular risk. Healthcare, 5(29), 1-29. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5020029
Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. V., Florêncio, T. T., & Sawaya, A. L. (2014). Dietary Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols versus
Long-Chain Triacylglycerols for Body Composition in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2013.879844
Chinwong, S., Chinwong, D., & Mangklabruks, A. (2017). Daily Consumption of Virgin Coconut Oil Increases
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7251562
da Silva Lima, R., & Block, J. M. (2019). Coconut Oil: What Do We Really Know About It So Far? Food Quality and
Safety, 3(2), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyz004
Dayrit, F. M. (2014). Lauric Acid is a Medium-Chain Fatty Acid, Coconut Oil is a Medium-Chain Triglyceride.
Philippine Journal of Science, 143(2), 157–166.
Deen, A., Visvanathan, R., Wickramarachchi, D., Marikkar, N., Nammi, S., Jayawardana, B. C., & Liyanage, R.
(2021). Chemical Composition and Health Benefits of Coconut oil: An Overview Running. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(6), 2182–2193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10870
Hamdy, O., Uwaifo, G. I., & Oral, E. A. (2021). Obesity. Medscape Reference.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment.
Harbuwono, D. S., Pramono, L. A., Yunir, E., & Subekti, I. (2018). Obesity and Central Obesity In Indonesia:
Evidence From A National Health Survey. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 27(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v27i2.1512
Hrnčič, M. K., Ivanovski, M., Cör, D., & Knez, Ž. (2020). Chia Seeds (Salvia Hispanica L.): An Overview—
Phytochemical Profile, Isolation Methods, and Application Maša. Molecules, 25(11), 1–19.
Ikeda, K., & Yamada, T. (2020). UCP1 Dependent and Independent Thermogenesis in Brown and Beige
Adipocytes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11(498), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00498
Koc, B. M., Akyuz, E. Y., & Ozlu, T. (2022). The Effect of Coconut Oil On Anthropometric Measurements and Irisin
Levels In Overweight Individuals. International Journal of Obesity, 46(10), 1735–1741. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01177-1
Krubaa, P., & Yogitha, P. S. (2024). Albino Wistar Rats: Advantages and Limitations in Biomedical Research. SBV
Journal of Basic, Clinical and Applied Health Science, 7(2), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.4103/sbvj.sbvj_22_24
Lagerros, Y. T., & Rössner, S. (2013). Obesity Management: What Brings Success? Therapeutic Advances in
Gastroenterology, 6(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756283X12459413
Leskanicova, A., Chovancova, O., Babincak, M., Verboova, L., Benetinova, Z., Macekova, D., Kostolny, J., Smajda,
B., & Kiskova, T. (2020). Sexual Dimorphism in Energy Metabolism of Wistar Rats Using Data Analysis. Molecules, 25(2353), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102353
Mela, E., & Bintang, D. S. (2021). Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO): Pembuatan, Keunggulan, Pemasaran dan Potensi
Pemanfaatan Pada Berbagai Produk Pangan. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 40(2), 103–110.
Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2004). Beneficial Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil On Lipid Parameters and In Vitro
LDL Oxidation. Clinical Biochemistry, 37(9), 830–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.04.010
Nikooei, P., Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J., Asghari, S., Norouzy, A., Yaseri, M., & Vasheghani-Farahani, A. (2020).
Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil Consumption On Metabolic Syndrome Components and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31(3), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.020
Oliveira-De-Lira, L., Santos, E. M. C., de Souza, R. F., Matos, R. J. B., da Silva, M. C., Oliveira, L. D. S., Do Nascimento,
T. G., Schemly, P. A. de L. S., & de Souza, S. L. (2018). Supplementation-Dependent Effects of Vegetable Oils with Varying Fatty Acid Compositions on Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters in Obese Women. Nutrients, 10(932), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070932
Panuganti, K., Nguyen, M., & Kshirsagar, R. (2021). Obesity Pathophysiology. In StatPearls Publishing, Treasure
Island. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459357/
Pilitsi, E., Farr, O. M., Polyzos, S. A., Perakakis, N., Nolen-Doerr, E., Papathanasiou, A. E., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2019).
Pharmacotherapy of Obesity: Available Medications and Drugs Under Investigation. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 92, 170–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.010
Polak, J., Bajzova, M., & Stich, V. (2008). Effect of Exercise On Lipolysis In Adipose Tissue. Future Lipidology,
(5), 557–572. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460875.3.5.557
Romão-Carrascoza, V. S., Garcia, R. F., Gargaro, L. L., Pedrosa, M. M. D., Brito, N. de A., Salgueiro-Pagadigorria, C.
L., & Brito, M. do N. (2019). Coconut Oil Reduces Visceral Adipocyte Size and Improves the Metabolic Profile of Rats Fed a High-Carbohydrate Diet. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7(3), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2150/2019.03.002
Rosqvist, F., Kullberg, J., Ståhlman, M., Cedernaes, J., Heurling, K., Johansson, H. E., Iggman, D., Wilking, H.,
Larsson, A., Eriksson, O., Johansson, L., Straniero, S., Rudling, M., Antoni, G., Lubberink, M., Orho-Melander, M., Borén, J., Ahlström, H., & Risérus, U. (2019). Overeating Saturated Fat Promotes Fatty Liver and Ceramides Compared with Polyunsaturated Fat: A Randomized Trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 104(12), 6207–6219. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00160
Schoch CL, et al. (2020). Taxonomy: Cocos Nucifera. NCBI. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004611542_013
Sinaga, F. A., Samosir, A. S., Sinaga, R. N., Ayu, E., Manalu, N., Ginting, A. A., Zulaini, & Zulfachry. (2021). Effect of
Aerobic Exercise and Supplementation Virgin Coconut Oil On Lipid Profile. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1811(2021), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1811/1/012128
Statistic Center Agency (2021). Prevalence of Obesity Among Population Aged 18 Years and Older, 2016-2018.
Statistic Center Agency. https://www.bps.go.id/en/statistics-table/2/MTQ4MSMy/prevalensi-obesitas-pada-penduduk-umur--18-tahun.html
Ströher, D. J., De Oliveira, M. F., Martinez-Oliveira, P., Pilar, B. C., Cattelan, M. D. P., Rodrigues, E., Bertolin, K.,
Gonçalves, P. B. D., Piccoli, J. D. C. E., & Manfredini, V. (2019). Virgin Coconut Oil Associated with High-Fat Diet Induces Metabolic Dysfunctions, Adipose Inflammation, and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation. Journal of Medicinal Food, 23(7), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.0172
Suryani, S., Sariani, S., Earnestly, F., Marganof, M., Rahmawati, R., Sevindrajuta, S., Indra Mahlia, T. M., & Fudholi,
A. (2020). A Comparative Study of Virgin Coconut Oil, Coconut Oil and Palm Oil in Terms of Their Active Ingredients. Processes, 8(402), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/PR8040402
Thompson, D., Karpe, F., Lafontan, M., & Frayn, K. (2012). Physical Activity and Exercise In The Regulation of
Human Adipose Tissue Physiology. Physiological Reviews, 92(1), 157–191. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00012.2011
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T.,
Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Ullah, R., Nadeem, M., Khalique, A., Imran, M., Mehmood, S., Javid, A., & Hussain, J. (2015). Nutritional and
Therapeutic Perspectives of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): A Review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(4), 1750–1758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1967-0
WHO. (2021). Obesity and Overweight. World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-
-0_3
Zicker, M. C., Silveira, A. L. M., Lacerda, D. R., Rodrigues, D. F., Oliveira, C. T., de Souza Cordeiro, L. M., Lima, L. C.
F., Santos, S. H. S., Teixeira, M. M., & Ferreira, A. V. M. (2018). Virgin Coconut Oil Is Effective To Treat Metabolic and Inflammatory Dysfunction Induced By High Refined Carbohydrate-Containing-Diet In Mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 63, 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.08.013