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Abstract
Fictitious loans in the banking sector raise complex legal issues concerning the civil liability of directors and the mechanisms available for recovering corporate losses. Previous studies have examined directors' liability from separate legal perspectives but have not integrated fiduciary duty, unlawful acts, prudential banking principles, banking governance, and derivative lawsuits within a unified analytical framework. This study aims to analyze the civil liability of the President Director for fictitious loans causing losses to PT BPR Bank Jepara Artha and to examine derivative lawsuits as a legal remedy for enforcing such liability. This research employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches, with qualitative doctrinal analysis of legislation, judicial decisions, and legal doctrines. The findings demonstrate that the President Director's negligence constituted a breach of fiduciary duty, fulfilled the elements of unlawful acts under Articles 1365 and 1366 of the Indonesian Civil Code, and violated banking governance and prudential banking obligations, thereby giving rise to personal civil liability. Furthermore, the study finds that derivative lawsuits provide an appropriate legal mechanism for recovering corporate losses through shareholder action on behalf of the company. This study contributes to Indonesian corporate and banking law by proposing an integrated legal framework for assessing directors' civil liability and strengthening corporate governance in cases of fictitious loans.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ihsanul Baihaqy
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References
Abiyyu P. Syakir, and Sodikin, "Penerapan Prinsip Fiduciary Duty untuk Mewujudkan Good Corporate Governance dalam Perseroan Terbatas", Journal of Contemporary Law Studies 2, no. 2 (2025): 174.
Aufa Wira Prakarsa and Albertus Sentot Sudarwanto, "Doktrin Fiduciary Duty: Peranannya sebagai Pedoman Pengurusan Perseroan Terbatas oleh Direksi", Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 3, no. 2(2025): 245.
CNN Indonesia, "KPK Periksa Pj Bupati Usut Kredit Fiktif BPR Bank Jepara Artha," CNN Indonesia, January 21 2025, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250121102211-12-1189584/kpk-periksa-pj-bupati-usut-kredit-fiktif-bpr-bank-jepara-artha.
Devy Pusposari and Sintya Purnama Dewi, "Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Senioritas Direktur Utama dan Tax Avoidance Dengan Ukuran Perusahaan Sebagai Variabel Moderasi", Jurnal KRISNA: Kumpulan Riset Akuntansi 16, no. 1, (2024): 3.
Elena P. Lee, Gisella H. Xaviera, et al, " Hubungan Antara Pelanggaran Fiduciary Duty dan Personal Liability Direksi dalam Kepailitan Perseroan Terbatas", JIM: Jurnal Ilmu Multidisiplin 4, no. 5, (2025): 3810.
Fahmi Ahmad Burhan, "Kronologis BUMD Bank Jepara Artha (BAJ) Bangkrut Hingga Dicabut Izinnya Oleh OJK", Bisnis.com, May 21, 2024, https://finansial.bisnis.com/read/20240521/90/1767398/kronologis-bumd-bank-jepara-artha-baj-bangkrut-hingga-dicabut-izinnya-oleh-ojk.
Faisal Fajar Nugraha and Inda Rahadiyan, "The Responsibility of the President Director for Breaches of Fiduciary Duty (Case Study of PT Multidaya Teknologi Nusantara)", Journal of Private and Commercial Law 2, (2025): 164.
Faris Satria Alam, “Hapusnya Tanggung Jawab Terbatas Direksi Akibat Itikad Tidak Baik dalam Penyaluran Kredit Fiktif pada Perusahaan Daerah Bank Perkreditan Rakyat”, SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-I 10, no. 3, (2023).
Febriadi and Dyah Ersita, "Tanggung Jawab Direksi Perseroan Terbatas atas Perbuatan Melawan Hukum di Indonesia ", Rio Law Journal 5, (2024): 825.
Firda Amelya Malik, et al., "Tanggung Jawab Bank kepada Nasabah dalam Kasus Kredit Fiktif yang Melibatkan Pegawai Bank”, ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 2, (2024): 3.
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Gisni Halipah, "Tinjauan Yuridis Konsep Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Konteks Hukum Perdata", Jurnal Serambi Hukum 16, no. 1 (2023): 140.
Government Regulation Number 54 of 2017 concerning Regionally Owned Enterprises.
Hikmal Y. Argiansyah, Silvia Rosiana, and Azkia N. Aulia, "Pertanggungjawaban Tindak Pidana Korupsi Kredit Fiktif pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Karya Remaja Indramayu", Quantum Juris: Jurnal Hukum Modern 6, (2024).
Imam Hakim Masyhuri, Wasiatun, and Sumriyah, "Efektifitas Perlindungan Hukum Pemegang Saham Dibawah 1/10 dalam Mekanisme Pelaksanaan Gugatan Derivative Action", Deposisi: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 3, (2023): 76.
Jepara District Court Decision Number 30/Pdt.G/2024/PN Jpa.
Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies.
Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector.
M. Yahya Harahap, Hukum Perseroan Terbatas (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016).
Mahmul Siregar, Suhaidi, and Jelly Leviza, "Peranan Manajemen Risiko dalam Tugas dan Tanggung Jawab Direksi Bank Berdasarkan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia", USU Law Journal 2, (2014): 171-172.
Munir Fuady, Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (Pendekatan Kontemporer) (Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2002), 10.
_______, Perseroan Terbatas (Paradigma Baru), (Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2017), 72-73
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum, ed. Ke-13 (Jakarta: kencana, 2017), 32.
Rachmadi Usman, Aspek-aspek Hukum Perbankan di Indonesia, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2001), 18.
Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Quality of Assets of People's Economic Banks.
Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of the Governance of People's Economic Banks and Sharia People's Economic Banks.
Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of Anti-Fraud Strategies for Financial Institutions.
Ridwan Khairandy, Hukum Perseroan Terbatas (Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2014), 258 – 307.
Subekti, Hukum Perjanjian, (Jakarta: Intermassa, 2008), 2.
Subekti and R. Tjitrosudibo, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, ed. 43 (Jakarta: Pustaka, 2017).
Siti Hapsah Isfardiyana, "Tanggung Jawab Direksi Perseoran Terbatas dalam Palnggaran Fiduciary Duty", PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 1 (2015): 170.
Taqiyuddin Kadir, "Gugatan Derivatif: Perlindungan Hukum Pemegang Saham Minoritas", Jurnal Review Pendidikan dan Pengajaran 7, no. 1 (2024): 2886.
Tb. Irman S, Anatomy of Banking Crimes, (Bandung: MSQ Publishing, 2006), 78.
The Indonesian Bankers Association (IBI), and The Banking Professional Certification Institute (LSPP), Mengelola Bank Syariah, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2014).
Willa Wahyuni, "Mengenal Doktrin Business Judgment Rule di Indonesia", Hukumonline, June 28, 2022, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/mengenal-doktrin-business-judgment-rule-di-indonesia-lt62bad5afaa58b/.
Yolanda Simbolon, "The Principle of Fiduciary Duty in Single-Member Limited Liability Company", Perspektif Hukum 24, no. 1 (2024): 74.
Yudha Irawan, "Tanggung Jawab Pribadi Anggota Direksi atas Perbuatan Melawan Hukum yang Merugikan Perseroan Terbatas (Studi Kasus PT Magnus Capital)" (Skripsi, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018).
References
Abiyyu P. Syakir, and Sodikin, "Penerapan Prinsip Fiduciary Duty untuk Mewujudkan Good Corporate Governance dalam Perseroan Terbatas", Journal of Contemporary Law Studies 2, no. 2 (2025): 174.
Aufa Wira Prakarsa and Albertus Sentot Sudarwanto, "Doktrin Fiduciary Duty: Peranannya sebagai Pedoman Pengurusan Perseroan Terbatas oleh Direksi", Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 3, no. 2(2025): 245.
CNN Indonesia, "KPK Periksa Pj Bupati Usut Kredit Fiktif BPR Bank Jepara Artha," CNN Indonesia, January 21 2025, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250121102211-12-1189584/kpk-periksa-pj-bupati-usut-kredit-fiktif-bpr-bank-jepara-artha.
Devy Pusposari and Sintya Purnama Dewi, "Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Senioritas Direktur Utama dan Tax Avoidance Dengan Ukuran Perusahaan Sebagai Variabel Moderasi", Jurnal KRISNA: Kumpulan Riset Akuntansi 16, no. 1, (2024): 3.
Elena P. Lee, Gisella H. Xaviera, et al, " Hubungan Antara Pelanggaran Fiduciary Duty dan Personal Liability Direksi dalam Kepailitan Perseroan Terbatas", JIM: Jurnal Ilmu Multidisiplin 4, no. 5, (2025): 3810.
Fahmi Ahmad Burhan, "Kronologis BUMD Bank Jepara Artha (BAJ) Bangkrut Hingga Dicabut Izinnya Oleh OJK", Bisnis.com, May 21, 2024, https://finansial.bisnis.com/read/20240521/90/1767398/kronologis-bumd-bank-jepara-artha-baj-bangkrut-hingga-dicabut-izinnya-oleh-ojk.
Faisal Fajar Nugraha and Inda Rahadiyan, "The Responsibility of the President Director for Breaches of Fiduciary Duty (Case Study of PT Multidaya Teknologi Nusantara)", Journal of Private and Commercial Law 2, (2025): 164.
Faris Satria Alam, “Hapusnya Tanggung Jawab Terbatas Direksi Akibat Itikad Tidak Baik dalam Penyaluran Kredit Fiktif pada Perusahaan Daerah Bank Perkreditan Rakyat”, SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-I 10, no. 3, (2023).
Febriadi and Dyah Ersita, "Tanggung Jawab Direksi Perseroan Terbatas atas Perbuatan Melawan Hukum di Indonesia ", Rio Law Journal 5, (2024): 825.
Firda Amelya Malik, et al., "Tanggung Jawab Bank kepada Nasabah dalam Kasus Kredit Fiktif yang Melibatkan Pegawai Bank”, ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 2, (2024): 3.
Gama Ariya Putra, "Tangggung Jawab Pribadi Anggota Direksi Terhadap Munculnya Kerugian Bank Dalam Penyaluran Kredit (Studi Kasus Bank Papua)", (Skripsi, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018).
Gisni Halipah, "Tinjauan Yuridis Konsep Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Konteks Hukum Perdata", Jurnal Serambi Hukum 16, no. 1 (2023): 140.
Government Regulation Number 54 of 2017 concerning Regionally Owned Enterprises.
Hikmal Y. Argiansyah, Silvia Rosiana, and Azkia N. Aulia, "Pertanggungjawaban Tindak Pidana Korupsi Kredit Fiktif pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Karya Remaja Indramayu", Quantum Juris: Jurnal Hukum Modern 6, (2024).
Imam Hakim Masyhuri, Wasiatun, and Sumriyah, "Efektifitas Perlindungan Hukum Pemegang Saham Dibawah 1/10 dalam Mekanisme Pelaksanaan Gugatan Derivative Action", Deposisi: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 3, (2023): 76.
Jepara District Court Decision Number 30/Pdt.G/2024/PN Jpa.
Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies.
Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector.
M. Yahya Harahap, Hukum Perseroan Terbatas (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016).
Mahmul Siregar, Suhaidi, and Jelly Leviza, "Peranan Manajemen Risiko dalam Tugas dan Tanggung Jawab Direksi Bank Berdasarkan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia", USU Law Journal 2, (2014): 171-172.
Munir Fuady, Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (Pendekatan Kontemporer) (Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2002), 10.
_______, Perseroan Terbatas (Paradigma Baru), (Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2017), 72-73
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum, ed. Ke-13 (Jakarta: kencana, 2017), 32.
Rachmadi Usman, Aspek-aspek Hukum Perbankan di Indonesia, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2001), 18.
Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Quality of Assets of People's Economic Banks.
Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of the Governance of People's Economic Banks and Sharia People's Economic Banks.
Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of Anti-Fraud Strategies for Financial Institutions.
Ridwan Khairandy, Hukum Perseroan Terbatas (Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2014), 258 – 307.
Subekti, Hukum Perjanjian, (Jakarta: Intermassa, 2008), 2.
Subekti and R. Tjitrosudibo, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, ed. 43 (Jakarta: Pustaka, 2017).
Siti Hapsah Isfardiyana, "Tanggung Jawab Direksi Perseoran Terbatas dalam Palnggaran Fiduciary Duty", PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 1 (2015): 170.
Taqiyuddin Kadir, "Gugatan Derivatif: Perlindungan Hukum Pemegang Saham Minoritas", Jurnal Review Pendidikan dan Pengajaran 7, no. 1 (2024): 2886.
Tb. Irman S, Anatomy of Banking Crimes, (Bandung: MSQ Publishing, 2006), 78.
The Indonesian Bankers Association (IBI), and The Banking Professional Certification Institute (LSPP), Mengelola Bank Syariah, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2014).
Willa Wahyuni, "Mengenal Doktrin Business Judgment Rule di Indonesia", Hukumonline, June 28, 2022, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/mengenal-doktrin-business-judgment-rule-di-indonesia-lt62bad5afaa58b/.
Yolanda Simbolon, "The Principle of Fiduciary Duty in Single-Member Limited Liability Company", Perspektif Hukum 24, no. 1 (2024): 74.
Yudha Irawan, "Tanggung Jawab Pribadi Anggota Direksi atas Perbuatan Melawan Hukum yang Merugikan Perseroan Terbatas (Studi Kasus PT Magnus Capital)" (Skripsi, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018).