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Abstract
Following the COVID-19 pandemic, dependency on the internet—notably, the utilization of cyberspace—has increased, amplifying the virtual domain to a prominent role in everyone’s everyday life. As a country with one of the highest number of internet users in Asia, Indonesia faces challenges of unequal access, limits on content, data privacy, data security, and digital literacy. Given that cyberspace infrastructure is shared between governments, corporations, individuals, and telecommunication providers while individual countries govern the networks, the Indonesian government is under its own exclusive authority to legislate and create policies governing Indonesia’s cyberspace. There has been significant progress toward a legal framework of Indonesia’s cyberspace law, such as the enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law. Unfortunately, such progress is far from being effective. It is evident from Indonesia’s fragmented laws, response-driven policies, and the numerous cyber incidents that have occurred only within the past years. This article investigates Indonesia’s legal-philosophical position in governing the cyberspace. By using a normative methodology, this research crystallizes Indonesia’s position between the freedom or the protectionist approach through analyzing the existing cyberspace regulations. The result of this study shows that Indonesia is somewhere in the middle of liberalizing its cyberspace and protecting it for its national interest. This position could bring both advantages and disadvantages to Indonesia’s cyberspace development.
Keywords: Cyberspace, Freedom, Indonesia, Protection.
Antara Kebebasan dan Perlindungan: Tinjauan Kritis Terhadap Hukum Dunia Maya Indonesia
Abstrak
Setelah pandemi COVID-19, ketergantungan pada internet—terutama pemanfaatan dunia maya—telah meningkat, memperkuat domain virtual menjadi peran penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari setiap orang. Sebagai negara dengan salah satu pengguna internet terbanyak di Asia, Indonesia menghadapi tantangan berupa ketimpangan akses, batasan konten, privasi data, keamanan data, dan literasi digital. Mengingat bahwa infrastruktur dunia maya dibagi antara pemerintah, perusahaan, individu, dan penyedia telekomunikasi sementara masing-masing negara mengatur jaringan, pemerintah Indonesia berada di bawah otoritas eksklusifnya sendiri untuk membuat undang-undang dan membuat kebijakan yang mengatur dunia maya Indonesia. Ada kemajuan signifikan menuju kerangka hukum hukum dunia maya Indonesia, seperti pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Sayangnya, kemajuan tersebut jauh dari efektif. Hal ini terlihat dari undang-undang Indonesia yang terfragmentasi, kebijakan yang digerakkan oleh tanggapan, dan banyaknya insiden dunia maya yang terjadi hanya dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Artikel ini mengkaji posisi filosofis hukum Indonesia dalam mengatur dunia maya. Dengan menggunakan metodologi normatif, penelitian ini mengkristalkan posisi Indonesia di antara pendekatan kebebasan atau proteksionis melalui analisis regulasi dunia maya yang ada. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia berada di tengah-tengah liberalisasi dunia maya dan melindunginya untuk kepentingan nasionalnya. Posisi ini dapat membawa keuntungan dan kerugian bagi perkembangan dunia maya Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Cyberspace, Kebebasan, Indonesia, Perlindungan.
Keywords
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References
Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection.
Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transaction.
Anna M, "An International Legal Instrument for Cyberspace? A Comparative Analysis with the Law of Outer Space" in Bruno Padirac (ed), International Dimensions of Cyberspace Law (1st edition, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2000).
Bell D, An Introduction to Cybercultures (Routledge, 2001).
Broeders D, The Public Core of the Internet: an international agenda for internet governance (Amsterdam University Press, 2015) 10.
Castells M, The Internet Galaxy (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Dodge M and Kitchin R, Mapping Cyberspace (Routledge, 2001) 2.
Fang B, Cyberspace Sovereignty (Springer, 2018).
Fuenters-Camacho T, "Introduction: UNESCO and the Law of Cyberspace" in Bruno Padirac (ed), International Dimensions of Cyberspace Law (1st edition, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2000).
Gibson W, Neuromancer (Ace Science Fiction Books, 1984).
Kittichaisaree K, Public International Law of Cyberspace. Law, Governance and Technology Series (Springer, 2019).
Lawrence L, Code, and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999).
Liaropoulos AN, "Cyberspace Governance and State Sovereignty", in Democracy and an Open-Economy World Order (Springer International Publishing, 2017).
Lim YF, Cyberspace Law (2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2007).
Puyvelde D and Brantly A, Cybersecurity: Politics, Governance and Conflict in Cyberspace (Polity Press 2019).
Ritzer G, Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda (Rajawali Press, 2004).
Spinello RA, "Ethics in Cyberspace: Freedom, Rights, and Cybersecurity" in Ali E Abbas (ed), Next-Generation Ethics: Engineering a Better Society (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Whittaker J, The Cyberspace Handbook (Routledge, 2004).
Aaronson SA, "What Are We Talking about When We Talk about Digital Protectionism?" (2019) 18 World trade review 541.
Aldo CA, “The Advances in International Law through the Law of Outer Space” (1981) 9 Journal of Space Law 27.
Aulianisa SS and Indirwan I, “Critical Review of the Urgency of Strengthening the Implementation of Cyber Security and Resilience in Indonesia” (2020) 4 Lex Scientia Law Review 30.
Chenou JM, "From Cyber-Libertarianism to Neoliberalism: Internet Exceptionalism, Multi-Stakeholderism, and the Institutionalisation of Internet Governance in the 1990s" (2014) 11 Globalizations 205.
Djanggih H and Qamar N, “Penerapan Teori-teori Kriminologi dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan Siber (Cyber Crime) (2018) 13 Pandecta 10.
Habibi MR and Liviani I, “Kejahatan Teknologi Informasi dan Penanggulangannya dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia” (2020) 23 Al-Qānūn: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Pembaharuan Hukum Islam 400.
Huang Z and Mačák K, "Towards the International Rule of Law in Cyberspace: Contrasting Chinese and Western Approaches" (2017) 16 Chinese Journal of International Law 271.
Islami MJ, “Challenges in The Implementation of National Cybersecurity Strategy of Indonesia from The Global Cybersecurity Index Point of View” (2017) 8 Jurnal Masyarakat Telematika dan Informasi 137.
Johnson DR and Post D, "Law and Borders: The Rise of Law in Cyberspace" (1996) 48 First Monday 1367.
Kelly M and Satola D, "The Right to Be Forgotten" (2017) University of Illinois Law Review 1.
Mizan NSM et. al. “CNDS-Cybersecurity: Issues and Challenges in ASEAN Countries” (2019) 8 International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 113.
Nuñez F, "Disinformation Legislation and Freedom of Expression" (2020) 10 UC Irvine Law Review 784.
Park J and Heriyanto DSN, ‘In Favor of Immigration Data Protection Law in Indonesia and Its Utilization for Contact Tracing’ (2022) 4 (1) Prophetic Law Review 1.
Post D, "Governing Cyberspace: Law" (2018) 24 Santa Clara High Tech. L.J. 883.
Setiadi F, Sucahyo YG, and Hasibuan ZA, “An Overview of the Development Indonesia National Cyber Security” (2012) 6 International Journal of Information Technology & Computer Science 108.
Spinello RA, "Code and Moral Values in Cyberspace" (2001) 3 Ethics and information technology 137.
Sukayasa IN and Suryathi W, “Law Implementation of Cybercrime in Indonesia” (2018) 8 Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 123.
Vimy T and others, “Ancaman Serangan Siber pada Keamanan Nasional Indonesia” (2022) 6 Jurnal Kewarganegaraan 2319.
Wu TS, “Cyberspace Sovereignty? – The Internet and the International System” (1997) 10 Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 648.
Zimbardo PG, "The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order versus Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaos" (1969) 17 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 237.
Anjani NH, “Perlindungan Keamanan Siber di Indonesia” Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (2021).
Fikria S, "2.5 Million Internet Content Blocked, Majority of Porn Sites" in Radar Solo Jawapos (2021).
Firdaus M, “A Review of Personal Data Protection Law in Indonesia” OSF Preprints (2020).
Freedom House, “Freedom on the Net 2022" (2022).
"Internet Freedom" <https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Internet-Freedom.pdf>.
Freedom House, "Freedom on the Net 2016" (2016) <https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTN%202016%20Indonesia.pdf>.
Government of the Netherlands, "Forms of Cybercrime" (2021) <https://www.government.nl/topics/cybercrime/forms-of-cybercrime>.
Krol E and Hoffman E, ‘What Is the Internet?’ (1993).
Koops B-J, ‘Should ICT Regulation Be Technology-Neutral?’ (25 July 2006) <https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=918746> accessed 29 March 2023.
Riza H and Moedijono, “Country Paper In Cybersecurity Initiative, National Cybersecurity Policy & Implementation for Government of Indonesia” (2006).
Rondonuwu O, "Indonesia’s Constitutional Court Defends Pornography Law" (2010) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-pornography-idUSTRE62O28R20100325>.
Schia NN and Gjesvik L, "China’s Cyber Sovereignty" Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Policy Brief (2017).
Sunkpho J, Ramjan S, and Oottamakorn C, “Cybersecurity Policy in ASEAN Countries” Information Institute Conferences in Las Vegas (2018).
US Commission, “Digital Trade in the U.S. and Global Economies” (2013).
US Commission, “United States International Trade Commission” (2013).
References
Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection.
Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transaction.
Anna M, "An International Legal Instrument for Cyberspace? A Comparative Analysis with the Law of Outer Space" in Bruno Padirac (ed), International Dimensions of Cyberspace Law (1st edition, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2000).
Bell D, An Introduction to Cybercultures (Routledge, 2001).
Broeders D, The Public Core of the Internet: an international agenda for internet governance (Amsterdam University Press, 2015) 10.
Castells M, The Internet Galaxy (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Dodge M and Kitchin R, Mapping Cyberspace (Routledge, 2001) 2.
Fang B, Cyberspace Sovereignty (Springer, 2018).
Fuenters-Camacho T, "Introduction: UNESCO and the Law of Cyberspace" in Bruno Padirac (ed), International Dimensions of Cyberspace Law (1st edition, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2000).
Gibson W, Neuromancer (Ace Science Fiction Books, 1984).
Kittichaisaree K, Public International Law of Cyberspace. Law, Governance and Technology Series (Springer, 2019).
Lawrence L, Code, and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999).
Liaropoulos AN, "Cyberspace Governance and State Sovereignty", in Democracy and an Open-Economy World Order (Springer International Publishing, 2017).
Lim YF, Cyberspace Law (2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2007).
Puyvelde D and Brantly A, Cybersecurity: Politics, Governance and Conflict in Cyberspace (Polity Press 2019).
Ritzer G, Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda (Rajawali Press, 2004).
Spinello RA, "Ethics in Cyberspace: Freedom, Rights, and Cybersecurity" in Ali E Abbas (ed), Next-Generation Ethics: Engineering a Better Society (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Whittaker J, The Cyberspace Handbook (Routledge, 2004).
Aaronson SA, "What Are We Talking about When We Talk about Digital Protectionism?" (2019) 18 World trade review 541.
Aldo CA, “The Advances in International Law through the Law of Outer Space” (1981) 9 Journal of Space Law 27.
Aulianisa SS and Indirwan I, “Critical Review of the Urgency of Strengthening the Implementation of Cyber Security and Resilience in Indonesia” (2020) 4 Lex Scientia Law Review 30.
Chenou JM, "From Cyber-Libertarianism to Neoliberalism: Internet Exceptionalism, Multi-Stakeholderism, and the Institutionalisation of Internet Governance in the 1990s" (2014) 11 Globalizations 205.
Djanggih H and Qamar N, “Penerapan Teori-teori Kriminologi dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan Siber (Cyber Crime) (2018) 13 Pandecta 10.
Habibi MR and Liviani I, “Kejahatan Teknologi Informasi dan Penanggulangannya dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia” (2020) 23 Al-Qānūn: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Pembaharuan Hukum Islam 400.
Huang Z and Mačák K, "Towards the International Rule of Law in Cyberspace: Contrasting Chinese and Western Approaches" (2017) 16 Chinese Journal of International Law 271.
Islami MJ, “Challenges in The Implementation of National Cybersecurity Strategy of Indonesia from The Global Cybersecurity Index Point of View” (2017) 8 Jurnal Masyarakat Telematika dan Informasi 137.
Johnson DR and Post D, "Law and Borders: The Rise of Law in Cyberspace" (1996) 48 First Monday 1367.
Kelly M and Satola D, "The Right to Be Forgotten" (2017) University of Illinois Law Review 1.
Mizan NSM et. al. “CNDS-Cybersecurity: Issues and Challenges in ASEAN Countries” (2019) 8 International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 113.
Nuñez F, "Disinformation Legislation and Freedom of Expression" (2020) 10 UC Irvine Law Review 784.
Park J and Heriyanto DSN, ‘In Favor of Immigration Data Protection Law in Indonesia and Its Utilization for Contact Tracing’ (2022) 4 (1) Prophetic Law Review 1.
Post D, "Governing Cyberspace: Law" (2018) 24 Santa Clara High Tech. L.J. 883.
Setiadi F, Sucahyo YG, and Hasibuan ZA, “An Overview of the Development Indonesia National Cyber Security” (2012) 6 International Journal of Information Technology & Computer Science 108.
Spinello RA, "Code and Moral Values in Cyberspace" (2001) 3 Ethics and information technology 137.
Sukayasa IN and Suryathi W, “Law Implementation of Cybercrime in Indonesia” (2018) 8 Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 123.
Vimy T and others, “Ancaman Serangan Siber pada Keamanan Nasional Indonesia” (2022) 6 Jurnal Kewarganegaraan 2319.
Wu TS, “Cyberspace Sovereignty? – The Internet and the International System” (1997) 10 Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 648.
Zimbardo PG, "The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order versus Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaos" (1969) 17 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 237.
Anjani NH, “Perlindungan Keamanan Siber di Indonesia” Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (2021).
Fikria S, "2.5 Million Internet Content Blocked, Majority of Porn Sites" in Radar Solo Jawapos (2021).
Firdaus M, “A Review of Personal Data Protection Law in Indonesia” OSF Preprints (2020).
Freedom House, “Freedom on the Net 2022" (2022).
"Internet Freedom" <https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Internet-Freedom.pdf>.
Freedom House, "Freedom on the Net 2016" (2016) <https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTN%202016%20Indonesia.pdf>.
Government of the Netherlands, "Forms of Cybercrime" (2021) <https://www.government.nl/topics/cybercrime/forms-of-cybercrime>.
Krol E and Hoffman E, ‘What Is the Internet?’ (1993).
Koops B-J, ‘Should ICT Regulation Be Technology-Neutral?’ (25 July 2006) <https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=918746> accessed 29 March 2023.
Riza H and Moedijono, “Country Paper In Cybersecurity Initiative, National Cybersecurity Policy & Implementation for Government of Indonesia” (2006).
Rondonuwu O, "Indonesia’s Constitutional Court Defends Pornography Law" (2010) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-pornography-idUSTRE62O28R20100325>.
Schia NN and Gjesvik L, "China’s Cyber Sovereignty" Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Policy Brief (2017).
Sunkpho J, Ramjan S, and Oottamakorn C, “Cybersecurity Policy in ASEAN Countries” Information Institute Conferences in Las Vegas (2018).
US Commission, “Digital Trade in the U.S. and Global Economies” (2013).
US Commission, “United States International Trade Commission” (2013).