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Abstract
Traditional knowledge is a collection of knowledge, skills and practices developed within an indigenous community group, thus forming a separate identity, and being passed on from one generation to the next. This traditional knowledge is known and transmitted orally so it is difficult to prove in the future. Therefore it requires protection that can provide benefits to indigenous peoples who have this inheritance. This study aims to determine whether policies regarding traditional knowledge in South Africa are in accordance with various applicable international laws. This research is a normative literature study. The results of this study are that traditional knowledge remains extremely difficult to impart because the knowledge produced is difficult to prove simply because it is passed down orally, besides that the rules that are enforced are still limited even though he Nagoya Protocol has been ratified as well as rules regarding natural resources, biological or genetic resources as well as traditional knowledge, namely the National Environment Management Biodiversity Act 2004 has been enacted and amended by the National Environmental Management through Law No. 14 of 2013, in addition to the Amendment of Patents Law 2005 as well as the Intellectual Property Law No. 28 of 2013 to protect existing traditional knowledge in the country. One of the foresaid knowledge is the use of hoodia plant as an anti-obesity drug.
Keywords: Policy, Hoodia, Traditional Knowledge
Abstrak
Pengetahuan tradisional (traditional knowledge) merupakan sekumpulan pengetahuan, keterampilan dan praktik yang dikembangan dalam suatu kelompok masyarakat adat, sehingga membentuk sebuah identitas tersendiri, dan diwariskan dari satu generasi ke generasi. Pengetahuan tradisional ini dikenal dan disebarkan secara lisan sehingga sulit dibuktikan dikemudian hari. Oleh karena itu memerlukan perlindungan yang dapat memberikan manfaat kepada masyarakat adat yang mempunyai warisan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebijakan mengenai pengetahuan tradisional di Afrika Selatan apakah telah sesuai dengan berbagai hukum internasional yang berlaku. Penelitian ini merupakan normatif studi literatur. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa pengetahuan tradisional masih sangat sulit untuk diberikan dikarenakan pengetahuan yang dihasilkan sulit dibuktikan hanya karena diwariskan secara lisan, selain itu aturan yang diberlakukan belum meluas masih terbatas walaupun telah meratifikasi Nagoya Protocol dan juga membuat dan mengamandemen aturan yang telah ada mengenai sumber daya hayati atau sumber daya genetik juga pengetahuan tradisional yakni National Environment Management Biodiversity Act 2004 yang diamandemen dengan National Environmental Management Laws Amendment Act 14 of 2013, selain itu Amendment Patents Act 2005 dan juga Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 28 of 2013 untuk melindungi pengetahuan tradisional yang ada di negara tersebut. Salah satunya tumbuhan hoodia yang dapat dijadikan sebagai obat antiobesitas.
Kata-kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Hoodia, Pengetahuan Tradisional
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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Soekanto, Soerjono, dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif, CV Rajawali, Jakarta, 1986.
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Fabian Simasiku Kapepiso, dan Richard Higgs, “Tracing the curation of Indigenous knowledge in a biopiracy case,” AlterNative, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2020.
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Syarifa Mahila, “Traditional Knowledge Dalam Sistem Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Indonesia,” Jurnal Lex Specialis, 2010.
“The Protection Of Traditional Knowledge In Africa - Intellectual Property - South Africa”, https://www.mondaq.com/southafrica/trademark/841656/the-protection-of-traditional-knowledge-in-africa. diakses 16 Desember 2022.
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“Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions in South Africa”, https://www.mondaq.com/southafrica/trademark/1162650/traditional-knowledge-and-cultural-expressions-in-south-africa-, diakses 16 Desember 2022.
“South Africa: Legal recognition of indigenous knowledge”, https://iwgia.org, diakses tanggal 20 Desember 2022.
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“United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples : United Nations For Indigenous Peoples”, https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html, diakses 17 Desember 2022
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992.
Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004.
Patents Amandment Act No. 20 Of 2005.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 2007.
National Environmental Management Laws Amendment Act No. 14 of 2013
Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act No. 28 Of 2013
References
Fajar, Mukti, dan Yulianto Achmad, Dualisme Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, 2010.
Soekanto, Soerjono, dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif, CV Rajawali, Jakarta, 1986.
Elmien Du Plessis, “Protection of Traditional Knowledge in South Africa: Does the ‘Commons’ Provide a Solution?,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011.
Fabian Simasiku Kapepiso, dan Richard Higgs, “Tracing the curation of Indigenous knowledge in a biopiracy case,” AlterNative, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2020.
Lere Amusan, “Politics of Biopiracy: An Adventure Into Hoodia/Xhoba Patenting in Southern Africa,” African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2017.
Montreal, “Secretariat of The Convention on Biological Diversity, The Nagoya Protocol on Access To Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising From Their Utilization and Its Implementation in Spain”, Convention On Biological Diversity United Nations, 2011.
Nisa Adelia, “Pustakawan dan Pengetahuan Tradisional: Studi tentang Urgensi dan Peran Pustakawan dalam Pengetahuan Tradisional,” Record and Library Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016.
Oluwatobiloba Moody, “Addressing Biopiracy through an Access and Benefit Sharing Regime-Complex: In Search of Effective Protection for Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources,” Asper Review of International Business and Trade Law, 2016.
Syarifa Mahila, “Traditional Knowledge Dalam Sistem Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Indonesia,” Jurnal Lex Specialis, 2010.
“The Protection Of Traditional Knowledge In Africa - Intellectual Property - South Africa”, https://www.mondaq.com/southafrica/trademark/841656/the-protection-of-traditional-knowledge-in-africa. diakses 16 Desember 2022.
“Parties to the Nagoya Protocol”, https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/. diakses 17 Desember 2022.
“The hoo-ha about Hoodia in South Africa”, https://www.iam-media.com/article/2B4348679C56154FF9ED96B593D2831EBE5C21DF, diakses 20 Desember 2022.
“Indigenous World 2020: South Africa", https://www.iwgia.org/en/south-africa.html. diakses 20 Desember 2022.
“Target 13: Indigenous knowledge”, http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/planning-and-assessment/plant-conservation-strategy/target-13/, diakses 20 Desember 2022.
“The Rooibos Access and Benefit-sharing Agreement”, https://naturaljustice.org/the-rooibos-access-and-benefit-sharing-agreement/, diakses 20 Desember 2022.
“Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions in South Africa”, https://www.mondaq.com/southafrica/trademark/1162650/traditional-knowledge-and-cultural-expressions-in-south-africa-, diakses 16 Desember 2022.
“South Africa: Legal recognition of indigenous knowledge”, https://iwgia.org, diakses tanggal 20 Desember 2022.
“Buchu - Uses, Side Effects, and More”, https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-961/ginger, diakses 20 Desember 2022.
“Convention on Biological Diversity, key international instrument for sustainable development”, https://www.un.org/en/observances/biological-diversity-day/convention, diakses 17 Desember 2022
“United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples : United Nations For Indigenous Peoples”, https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html, diakses 17 Desember 2022
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992.
Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004.
Patents Amandment Act No. 20 Of 2005.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 2007.
National Environmental Management Laws Amendment Act No. 14 of 2013
Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act No. 28 Of 2013