Main Article Content
Abstract
The amendment to the 1945 Constitution brought significant changes to the cabinet formation mechanism in Indonesia, especially related to the checks and balances between the executive and legislative power. Before the amendment, the president had a broad authority in forming a cabinet without parliamentary oversight, which often led to centralization of power and low accountability. This study aims to analyze the impact of the amendment to the 1945 Constitution on the President's authority in forming a cabinet and how these changes affect the stability and effectiveness of government. Using a normative legal research approach with a comparative method, this study compares the periods before and after the amendment to explore the role of the legislature in the cabinet formation process. The results show that although the amendment strengthened the principle of democracy by increasing the House of Representatives' oversight, it also caused political fragmentation that hampered the process of political negotiation and government effectiveness. The implications of this study indicate the need for further reform in governance to ensure cabinet stability and improve government efficiency without compromising democratic principles.
Keywords: Government System, Presidential, Parliamentary, Constitution
Abstrak. Amandemen UUD 1945 membawa perubahan signifikan dalam proses pembentukan kabinet di Indonesia, terutama terkait dengan mekanisme checks and balances antara eksekutif dan legislatif. Sebelum amandemen, presiden memiliki kewenangan yang sangat luas dalam pembentukan kabinet tanpa pengawasan parlemen, yang sering menimbulkan sentralisasi kekuasaan dan rendahnya akuntabilitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak amandemen UUD 1945 terhadap kewenangan presiden dalam pembentukan kabinet dan bagaimana perubahan ini memengaruhi stabilitas serta efektivitas pemerintahan. Menggunakan pendekatan penelitian hukum normatif dengan metode komparatif, penelitian ini membandingkan periode sebelum dan sesudah amandemen untuk mengeksplorasi peran legislatif dalam proses pembentukan kabinet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun amandemen memperkuat prinsip demokrasi dengan meningkatkan pengawasan DPR, hal ini juga menyebabkan fragmentasi politik yang menghambat proses negosiasi politik dan efektivitas pemerintahan. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menunjukkan perlunya reformasi lebih lanjut dalam tata kelola pemerintahan untuk memastikan stabilitas kabinet dan meningkatkan efisiensi pemerintahan tanpa mengurangi prinsip-prinsip demokrasi.
Kata Kunci: Sistem Pemerintahan, Presidensial, Parlementer, Konstitusi
Keywords
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Copyright (c) 2024 Firdaus Arifin
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Aris, Mohammad Syaiful. “Opportunities and Challenges in the Implementation of Plurality - Majority (District) Electoral System for Strengthening the Indonesian Presidential System.” Yuridika 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 563–90. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i3.37604.
Ariyanto, Bambang, and Rachman Maulana Kafrawi. “Orderly Principles of State Administration in Selecting Ministers.” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 12–28. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i1.15868.
Asmara, Dedi, and Yuhardi Yuhardi. “Pasang Surut Demokrasi Indonesia (1945-1965).” Kaganga:Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah Dan Riset Sosial Humaniora 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2023): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.31539/kaganga.v6i1.5320.
Assyayuti, Mazdan Maftukha. “Urgensi Penataan Ulang Mekanisme Pengisian Jabatan Penjabat Kepala Daerah Perspektif Demokrasi Konstitusional.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 281–95. https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol7.iss2.art5.
Aulia, Nur Afti, La Ode Husen, and Agussalim A. Gadjong. “The Presidential System with a Multiparty System Is Based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.” Sovereign: International Journal of Law 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.37276/sijl.v3i1.34.
Budi, Mohammad Wahyu Adji Setio. “Indonesian State System Based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution: A Contemporary Developments.” Indonesian Journal of Pancasila and Global Constitutionalism 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijpgc.v1i1.56875.
Bustamin, Bustamin, and Rony Jaya. “Urgensi Checks And Balances Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Dan Islam.” Juris (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 221. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v18i2.1740.
Djellakh, Nassima. “Impact Of The 2020 Constitutional Amendment On The Administrative Authorities Of The President Of The Republic.” In Full Text Book of Rimar Congress 4, 41–50. Rimar Academy, 2022. https://doi.org/10.47832/RimarCongress4-4.
Emilson, Nur Husni, Koesrin Nawawi, and Soleh Idrus. “Cita Hukum Bangsa Dan Negara Indonesia Dalam Konteks Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional 2005-2025.” Solusi 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 82–89. https://doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v21i1.719.
Fahmi, Sudi, and Adrian Faridhi. “Limited Amendment Of 1945 Basic Constitution and The Return Of Main State Guidelines.” MIMBAR : Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan 36, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v36i1.5322.
Fefta Wijaya, Andy, W. Wike, and Asti Amelia Novita. “Indonesian Public Administration: Past, Present, and Future.” In Handbook on Asian Public Administration, edited by M. Haque, Wilson Wong, and Kilkon Ko, 214–23. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104794.00022.
Hamid, Sandra. “Indonesian Politics in 2012: Coalitions, Accountability and the Future of Democracy.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 48, no. 3 (December 2012): 325–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2012.728631.
Hamudy, Moh. Ilham A., and M. Saidi Rifki. “Strengthening the Multi-Party Presidential Government in Indonesia.” Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 4, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 208–32. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v4i2.18447.
Harijanti, Susi, Firman Manan, Mei Susanto, and Ilham Septian. “Natural Born Citizen as a Requirement of Indonesian President: Significances and Implications.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 03 (January 2021): 289–313. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a1.
Madjid, Mario Agritama S W. “Politik Hukum Pembatasan Hak Prerogatif Presiden Dalam Pembentukan Kementerian Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Kementerian Negara: Politics of Law of Limitation of The President’s Prerogative in the Formation of Ministries Based on The State Ministry Law.” Constitution Journal 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2022): 169–88. https://doi.org/10.35719/constitution.v1i2.31.
Nugraha, Harry Setya. “Gagasan Amandemen Ulang Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2018). https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol3.iss1.art11.
Nugroho, Rahmat Muhajir. “Reconstruction of the Mechanism of Nomination for President and Vice President in Elections in Indonesia.” Borobudur Law Review 4, no. 2 (August 20, 2022): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.31603/burrev.6905.
Pradijonrika, Heru. “The Role of People’s Representatives Council and President Post the Amendment to Basis of the 1945 Law in The Establishment of Law.” Journal of World Science 1, no. 11 (November 22, 2022): 1063–76. https://doi.org/10.58344/jws.v1i11.144.
Purnama, Dara, Muhammad Naufal, and Kamal Muntaha Ahmad. “Power Shifting And The Challenges Of Presidential System In Indonesia (1945-2019).” OISAA Journal of Indonesia Emas 4, no. 2 (July 24, 2021): 77–87. https://doi.org/10.52162/jie.2021.004.02.7.
Rajab, Budi. “Otoritarianisme-Birokratik Orde Baru, Krisis Ekonomi Dan Politik, Dan Demokrasi Formal Masa Reformasi.” Jurnal Politik Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Politics) 8, no. 1 (July 25, 2022): 59–78. https://doi.org/10.20473/jpi.v8i1.21817.
Ramadhan, Muhammad Febry. “Politik Hukum Penyederhanaan Sistem Kepartaian Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2018). https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol3.iss1.art6.
Ridlwan, Z, and E Nurbaningsih. “Law Revision on Indonesian Parliament’s Oversight Function: Facing the Challenges of Democracy.” KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): 573. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2356.
Satria, Dadi, and Muhammad Adek. “The Study of Five Rhetoric Principles in Indonesian President’s Speeches.” In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2019). Bandung, Indonesia: Atlantis Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200325.053.
Sunarto, Sunarto. “The Dynamics of Relationship Between Legislative and Executive in Post Reformation Era: A Critical Thinking for Amendment of the 1945 Constitution.” Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 138–57. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v4i1.17455.
Suparman, Odang. “Optimalisasi Dan Implementasi Otonomi Daerah Dalam Perspektif Good Governance.” AHKAM 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 76–89. https://doi.org/10.58578/ahkam.v2i1.899.
Tambunan, Derwin. “The Intervention of Oligarchy in the Indonesian Legislative Process.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 8, no. 2 (June 2023): 637–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911231159395.
Ting, Christopher Hian-Ann. Algorithmic Finance: A Companion to Data Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1142/12315.
Umbreș, Radu. “The Political Stability of Social Fragmentation.” In Living with Distrust, by Radu Umbres, 137–66, 1st ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869908.003.0006.
Wijaya, Mas Pungky Hendra, and Mohammad Zulfikar Ali. “Legislation Impediments in Reorganising Government Bodies in Indonesia.” BESTUUR 9, no. 1 (August 12, 2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i1.51633.
Wiyono, Suko, Wahyu Hindiawati, Eko Pujiati, and Shofiyatul Azmi. “The Effectiveness Of Presidential Cabinet In A Multi-Party System In Indonesia.” European Journal of Political Science Studies 4, no. 1 (September 23, 2020). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpss.v4i1.904.
Yani, Ahmad. “Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia: Pendekatan Teori Dan Praktik.” Lentera Hukum 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 248. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v5i2.7004.
Yanto, Andri, and Harry Setya Nugraha. “Redesain Pengisian Jabatan Menteri Dalam Sistem Presidensial Di Indonesia.” PROGRESIF: Jurnal Hukum 15, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 130–53. https://doi.org/10.33019/progresif.v16i2.2508.
Ziegenhain, Patrick. “Consensual Decision-Making and No Rebels: Presidentialism in Indonesia.” In Presidents, Unified Government and Legislative Control, edited by Jung-Hsiang Tsai, 145–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67525-7_6.
References
Albala, Adrián, André Borges, and Lucas Couto. “Pre-Electoral Coalitions and Cabinet Stability in Presidential Systems.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 25, no. 1 (February 2023): 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481211056852.
Aris, Mohammad Syaiful. “Opportunities and Challenges in the Implementation of Plurality - Majority (District) Electoral System for Strengthening the Indonesian Presidential System.” Yuridika 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 563–90. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i3.37604.
Ariyanto, Bambang, and Rachman Maulana Kafrawi. “Orderly Principles of State Administration in Selecting Ministers.” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 12–28. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i1.15868.
Asmara, Dedi, and Yuhardi Yuhardi. “Pasang Surut Demokrasi Indonesia (1945-1965).” Kaganga:Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah Dan Riset Sosial Humaniora 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2023): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.31539/kaganga.v6i1.5320.
Assyayuti, Mazdan Maftukha. “Urgensi Penataan Ulang Mekanisme Pengisian Jabatan Penjabat Kepala Daerah Perspektif Demokrasi Konstitusional.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 281–95. https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol7.iss2.art5.
Aulia, Nur Afti, La Ode Husen, and Agussalim A. Gadjong. “The Presidential System with a Multiparty System Is Based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.” Sovereign: International Journal of Law 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.37276/sijl.v3i1.34.
Budi, Mohammad Wahyu Adji Setio. “Indonesian State System Based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution: A Contemporary Developments.” Indonesian Journal of Pancasila and Global Constitutionalism 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijpgc.v1i1.56875.
Bustamin, Bustamin, and Rony Jaya. “Urgensi Checks And Balances Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Dan Islam.” Juris (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 221. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v18i2.1740.
Djellakh, Nassima. “Impact Of The 2020 Constitutional Amendment On The Administrative Authorities Of The President Of The Republic.” In Full Text Book of Rimar Congress 4, 41–50. Rimar Academy, 2022. https://doi.org/10.47832/RimarCongress4-4.
Emilson, Nur Husni, Koesrin Nawawi, and Soleh Idrus. “Cita Hukum Bangsa Dan Negara Indonesia Dalam Konteks Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional 2005-2025.” Solusi 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 82–89. https://doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v21i1.719.
Fahmi, Sudi, and Adrian Faridhi. “Limited Amendment Of 1945 Basic Constitution and The Return Of Main State Guidelines.” MIMBAR : Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan 36, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v36i1.5322.
Fefta Wijaya, Andy, W. Wike, and Asti Amelia Novita. “Indonesian Public Administration: Past, Present, and Future.” In Handbook on Asian Public Administration, edited by M. Haque, Wilson Wong, and Kilkon Ko, 214–23. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104794.00022.
Hamid, Sandra. “Indonesian Politics in 2012: Coalitions, Accountability and the Future of Democracy.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 48, no. 3 (December 2012): 325–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2012.728631.
Hamudy, Moh. Ilham A., and M. Saidi Rifki. “Strengthening the Multi-Party Presidential Government in Indonesia.” Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 4, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 208–32. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v4i2.18447.
Harijanti, Susi, Firman Manan, Mei Susanto, and Ilham Septian. “Natural Born Citizen as a Requirement of Indonesian President: Significances and Implications.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 03 (January 2021): 289–313. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a1.
Madjid, Mario Agritama S W. “Politik Hukum Pembatasan Hak Prerogatif Presiden Dalam Pembentukan Kementerian Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Kementerian Negara: Politics of Law of Limitation of The President’s Prerogative in the Formation of Ministries Based on The State Ministry Law.” Constitution Journal 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2022): 169–88. https://doi.org/10.35719/constitution.v1i2.31.
Nugraha, Harry Setya. “Gagasan Amandemen Ulang Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2018). https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol3.iss1.art11.
Nugroho, Rahmat Muhajir. “Reconstruction of the Mechanism of Nomination for President and Vice President in Elections in Indonesia.” Borobudur Law Review 4, no. 2 (August 20, 2022): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.31603/burrev.6905.
Pradijonrika, Heru. “The Role of People’s Representatives Council and President Post the Amendment to Basis of the 1945 Law in The Establishment of Law.” Journal of World Science 1, no. 11 (November 22, 2022): 1063–76. https://doi.org/10.58344/jws.v1i11.144.
Purnama, Dara, Muhammad Naufal, and Kamal Muntaha Ahmad. “Power Shifting And The Challenges Of Presidential System In Indonesia (1945-2019).” OISAA Journal of Indonesia Emas 4, no. 2 (July 24, 2021): 77–87. https://doi.org/10.52162/jie.2021.004.02.7.
Rajab, Budi. “Otoritarianisme-Birokratik Orde Baru, Krisis Ekonomi Dan Politik, Dan Demokrasi Formal Masa Reformasi.” Jurnal Politik Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Politics) 8, no. 1 (July 25, 2022): 59–78. https://doi.org/10.20473/jpi.v8i1.21817.
Ramadhan, Muhammad Febry. “Politik Hukum Penyederhanaan Sistem Kepartaian Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2018). https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol3.iss1.art6.
Ridlwan, Z, and E Nurbaningsih. “Law Revision on Indonesian Parliament’s Oversight Function: Facing the Challenges of Democracy.” KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): 573. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2356.
Satria, Dadi, and Muhammad Adek. “The Study of Five Rhetoric Principles in Indonesian President’s Speeches.” In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2019). Bandung, Indonesia: Atlantis Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200325.053.
Sunarto, Sunarto. “The Dynamics of Relationship Between Legislative and Executive in Post Reformation Era: A Critical Thinking for Amendment of the 1945 Constitution.” Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 138–57. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v4i1.17455.
Suparman, Odang. “Optimalisasi Dan Implementasi Otonomi Daerah Dalam Perspektif Good Governance.” AHKAM 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 76–89. https://doi.org/10.58578/ahkam.v2i1.899.
Tambunan, Derwin. “The Intervention of Oligarchy in the Indonesian Legislative Process.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 8, no. 2 (June 2023): 637–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911231159395.
Ting, Christopher Hian-Ann. Algorithmic Finance: A Companion to Data Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1142/12315.
Umbreș, Radu. “The Political Stability of Social Fragmentation.” In Living with Distrust, by Radu Umbres, 137–66, 1st ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869908.003.0006.
Wijaya, Mas Pungky Hendra, and Mohammad Zulfikar Ali. “Legislation Impediments in Reorganising Government Bodies in Indonesia.” BESTUUR 9, no. 1 (August 12, 2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i1.51633.
Wiyono, Suko, Wahyu Hindiawati, Eko Pujiati, and Shofiyatul Azmi. “The Effectiveness Of Presidential Cabinet In A Multi-Party System In Indonesia.” European Journal of Political Science Studies 4, no. 1 (September 23, 2020). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpss.v4i1.904.
Yani, Ahmad. “Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia: Pendekatan Teori Dan Praktik.” Lentera Hukum 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 248. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v5i2.7004.
Yanto, Andri, and Harry Setya Nugraha. “Redesain Pengisian Jabatan Menteri Dalam Sistem Presidensial Di Indonesia.” PROGRESIF: Jurnal Hukum 15, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 130–53. https://doi.org/10.33019/progresif.v16i2.2508.
Ziegenhain, Patrick. “Consensual Decision-Making and No Rebels: Presidentialism in Indonesia.” In Presidents, Unified Government and Legislative Control, edited by Jung-Hsiang Tsai, 145–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67525-7_6.