Article Sidebar

Myths Around Stroke and Failures of Broadcasts Preventive Communication Lived Experiences of Stroke Patients and Survivors in Nigeria
Submitted
February 24, 2023
Accepted
November 8, 2023
Published
December 31, 2023
Download
PDF Review Reports Originality Report
Statistic
Read Counter : 143 Download : 1

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Although stroke is regarded as the second leading cause of death in the world, it is less discussed in the media as such awareness. The study, which was anchored on the Health Belief Model, adopted a qualitative research design, while the interview was employed as the data gathering method from informants purposely selected from the Stroke Rehabilitation Center, Osogbo, Nigeria. Thematic Analysis, with the aid of NVivo 10 Software, was adopted to carry out the analysis. The findings of the study revealed that stroke patients and survivors expressed disappointment with the low attention given to the coverage of the incidence of stroke in Nigeria, despite many myths surrounding it. The challenges encountered by stroke patients and survivors include inadequate stroke information, especially from broadcast media, and lack of awareness. The study recommended that journalists should be more proactive in reporting and discussing stroke, especially regarding symptoms, causes, and management, as a large number of victims exist in developing countries where there is a high prevalence of stroke. It also recommends that the government equip public hospitals with tools and personnel to manage all forms of paralysis.

Keywords

broadcast media perceptions of stroke preventive communication stroke survivors

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Ibrahim Y. Abubakar, Saheed Olayinka , Rasaq M. Adisa, Patrick Udende, Sholola A. Yusuf, Aisha Abdulrauf-Salau, Abdulkadir La’aro

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
How to Cite
Abubakar, I. Y., Saheed, O. ., Adisa, R. M., Udende, P., Yusuf, S. A. ., Abdulrauf-Salau, A. ., & La’aro, A. . (2023). Myths Around Stroke and Failures of Broadcasts Preventive Communication: Lived Experiences of Stroke Patients and Survivors in Nigeria. Unisia, 41(2), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol41.iss2.art1
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Adeloye, D., Ezejimofor, M., Auta, A., Mpazanje, R. G., Ezeigwe, N., Ngige, E. N., Harhay, M. O., Alemu, W., & Adewole, I. F. (2019). Estimating morbidity due to stroke in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 402, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.020

  2. Alberts, M. J. (2012). Improving public education about stroke. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1268(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06722.x

  3. Alberts, M. J., Latchaw, R. E., Selman, W. R., Shephard, T., Hadley, M. N., Brass, L. M., Koroshetz, W., Marler, J. R., Booss, J., Zorowitz, R. D., Croft, J. B., Magnis, E., Mulligan, D., Jagoda, A., O’Connor, R., Cawley, C. M., Connors, J. J., Rose-DeRenzy, J. A., Emr, M., … Walker, M. D. (2005). Recommendations for comprehensive stroke centers: A consensus statement from the Brain Attack Coalition. Stroke, 36(7), 1597–1616. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000170622.07210.b4

  4. Avan, A., Digaleh, H., Di Napoli, M., Stranges, S., Behrouz, R., Shojaeianbabaei, G., Amiri, A., Tabrizi, R., Mokhber, N., Spence, J. D., & Azarpazhooh, M. R. (2019). Socioeconomic status and stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, and worldwide burden: An ecological analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMC Medicine, 17(1), 191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1397-3

  5. Barman, A., & Mahapatra, A. (2017). Rehabilitation of a patient with stroke. Indian Journal of Neurosurgery, 02(03), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9167.124230

  6. Boehme, A. K., Esenwa, C., & Elkind, M. S. V. (2017). Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circulation Research, 120(3), 472–495. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398

  7. Brusca, S. B., & Albert, M. A. (2023). Balancing the scales of adversity: A socioecological approach to reducing the global burden of stroke and cardiovascular disease. The Lancet Neurology, 22(12), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00386-1

  8. Chakor, R. (2017). Brain and neurological disorders: A simplified health education guide. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 20(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.AIAN_35_17

  9. Chen, Y., Wright, N., Guo, Y., Turnbull, I., Kartsonaki, C., Yang, L., Bian, Z., Pei, P., Pan, D., Zhang, Y., Qin, H., Wang, Y., Lv, J., Liu, M., Hao, Z., Wang, Y., Yu, C., Peto, R., Collins, R., … Qiu, Z. (2020). Mortality and recurrent vascular events after first incident stroke: A 9-year community-based study of 0·5 million Chinese adults. The Lancet Global Health, 8(4), e580–e590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30069-3

  10. Dahlöf, B. (2007). Prevention of stroke in patients with hypertension. The American Journal of Cardiology, 100(3, Supplement), S17–S24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.05.010

  11. Davis, B. R., Vogt, T., Frost, P. H., Burlando, A., Cohen, J., Wilson, A., Brass, L. M., Frishman, W., Price, T., & Stamler, J. (1998). Risk factors for stroke and type of stroke in persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Stroke, 29(7), 1333–1340. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.29.7.1333

  12. Donkor, E. S. (2018). Stroke in the 21st century: A snapshot of the burden, epidemiology, and quality of life. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2018, 3238165. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3238165

  13. Elizondo, J. V., Khera, R., Vahidy, F., Warraich, H., Mahajan, S., Blaha, M., Blankstein, R., Virani, S., Achirica, M. C., Kash, B., Krumholz, H., & Nasir, K. (2020). Cost, resource utilization, quality of life, mental health, and financial toxicity among young adults with stroke in the United States. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(11), 1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(20)32465-7

  14. Feigin, V. L., Owolabi, M., Hankey, G. J., Pandian, J., & Martins, S. C. (2022). Digital health in primordial and primary stroke prevention: A systematic review. Stroke, 53(3), 1008–1019. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036400

  15. Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107

  16. Gallagher, J., McClure, J., & McDowall, J. (2019). Why do people misunderstand stroke symptoms? How background knowledge affects causal attributions for ambiguous stroke symptoms. Brain Injury, 33(8), 1070–1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1606451

  17. Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690400300104

  18. Hachinski, V., Donnan, G. A., Gorelick, P. B., Hacke, W., Cramer, S. C., Kaste, M., Fisher, M., Brainin, M., Buchan, A. M., Lo, E. H., Skolnick, B. E., Furie, K. L., Hankey, G. J., Kivipelto, M., Morris, J., Rothwell, P. M., Sacco, R. L., Smith, S. C., Wang, Y., … Tuomilehto, J. (2010). Stroke: Working toward a prioritized world agenda. Stroke, 41(6), 1084–1099. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.586156

  19. Hassan, A. (2000). Genetics and ischaemic stroke. Brain, 123(9), 1784–1812. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.9.1784

  20. Hickey, A., Mellon, L., Williams, D., Shelley, E., & Conroy, R. M. (2018). Does stroke health promotion increase awareness of appropriate behavioural response? Impact of the face, arm, speech and time (FAST) campaign on population knowledge of stroke risk factors, warning signs and emergency response. European Stroke Journal, 3(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396987317753453

  21. HT Correspondent. (2020, December 21). Stroke, one of the leading causes of death and disability in India requires a comprehensive solution—Hindustan Times [HTML]. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/stroke-one-of-the-leading-causes-of-death-and-disability-in-india-requires-a-comprehensive-solution/story-PMVKkmgIbNlYt2pRGyphiO.html

  22. Humphries, S. E., & Morgan, L. (2004). Genetic risk factors for stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: Insights into pathophysiology from candidate gene approaches. The Lancet Neurology, 3(4), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00708-2

  23. Jeet, G., Thakur, J. S., Prinja, S., Singh, M., Nangia, R., Sharma, D., & Dhadwal, P. (2020). Protocol for a systematic review of reviews evaluating effectiveness of mass media interventions for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. BMJ Open, 10(6), e032611. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032611

  24. Jenkins, C., Ovbiagele, B., Arulogun, O., Singh, A., Calys-Tagoe, B., Akinyemi, R., Mande, A., Melikam, E. S., Akpalu, A., Wahab, K., Sarfo, F. S., Sanni, T., Osaigbovo, G., Tiwari, H. K., Obiako, R., Shidali, V., Ibinaiye, P., Akpalu, J., Ogbole, G., … Owolabi, M. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to stroke in Ghana and Nigeria: A SIREN call to action. PLOS ONE, 13(11), e0206548. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206548

  25. Jones, S. P., Jenkinson, A. J., Leathley, M. J., & Watkins, C. L. (2010). Stroke knowledge and awareness: An integrative review of the evidence. Age and Ageing, 39(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp196

  26. Kayode-Iyasere, E., & Odiase, F. E. (2019). Awareness of stroke, its warning signs, and risk factors in the community: A study from the urban population of Benin City, Nigeria. Sahel Medical Journal, 22(3), 134. https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_4_18

  27. Kerns, J. M., Heidmann, D., Petty, M., & Prabhakaran, S. (2011). Optimizing public health strategies for stroke education: Need for a controlled trial. American Journal of Therapeutics, 18(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181e123cd

  28. Kuriakose, D., & Xiao, Z. (2020). Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke: Present status and future perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(20), 7609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207609

  29. Lackland, D. T., Voeks, J. H., & Boan, A. D. (2016). Hypertension and stroke: An appraisal of the evidence and implications for clinical management. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 14(5), 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1586/14779072.2016.1143359

  30. Lecouturier, J., Rodgers, H., Murtagh, M. J., White, M., Ford, G. A., & Thomson, R. G. (2010). Systematic review of mass media interventions designed to improve public recognition of stroke symptoms, emergency response and early treatment. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 784. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-784

  31. Li, F., Geng, X., & Ding, Y. (2023). Unraveling the complex web: Heart disease and stroke. Heart and Mind, 7(3), 117–119. https://doi.org/10.4103/hm.HM-D-23-00036

  32. Ling, L., Li, Z., Yao, S., Liu, X., & Zhao, J. (2021). Poor awareness of stroke educational tools among older adults in China. Brain and Behavior, 11(10), e2357. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2357

  33. Lu, Q., Mårtensson, J., Zhao, Y., & Johansson, L. (2019). Living on the edge: Family caregivers’ experiences of caring for post-stroke family members in China: A qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 94, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.016

  34. Madsen, T. E., Howard, V. J., Jiménez, M., Rexrode, K. M., Acelajado, M. C., Kleindorfer, D., & Chaturvedi, S. (2018). Impact of conventional stroke risk factors on stroke in women: An update. Stroke, 49(3), 536–542. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018418

  35. McDonnell, T. (2018, January 26). Africa is suffering a silent crisis of stroke [HTML]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/01/26/580721508/the-rate-of-stroke-among-young-adults-in-africa-is-rising

  36. Menon, B., Swaroop, J. J., Deepika, H. K. R., Conjeevaram, J., & Munisusmitha, K. (2014). Poor awareness of stroke—a hospital-based study from South India: An urgent need for awareness programs. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 23(8), 2091–2098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.03.017

  37. Miyamatsu, N., Kimura, K., Okamura, T., Iguchi, Y., Nakayama, H., Toyota, A., Watanabe, M., Morimoto, A., Morinaga, M., & Yamaguchi, T. (2012). Effects of public education by television on knowledge of early stroke symptoms among a Japanese population aged 40 to 74 years: A controlled study. Stroke, 43(2), 545–549. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.634196

  38. Mshana, G. (2008). Stroke discourses and remedies in urban and rural Tanzania [Doctoral thesis, Durham University]. https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1949/

  39. Murdoch, M. R., & Franck, L. S. (2012). Gaining confidence and perspective: A phenomenological study of mothers’ lived experiences caring for infants at home after neonatal unit discharge. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(9), 2008–2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05891.x

  40. Naess, H., Tatlisumak, T., & Kõrv, J. (2011). Stroke in the young. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2011, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/271979

  41. Naguib, R., Fayed, A., AlFadhliah, A. B., AlMansour, N. S., AlDakheel, R. M., & AlQahtani, R. M. (2020). Awareness about stroke and proper actions to be taken; A room for improvement. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 29(6), 104794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104794

  42. Nicol, M. B., & Thrift, A. G. (2005). Knowledge of risk factors and warning signs of stroke. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 1(2), 137–147. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/vhrm.s1213764085

  43. Nnanna, P. (2020). Influence of sociocultural factors on medication use among stroke patients in rural Cross River State, Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 18(2), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.36108/NJSA/0202/81(0250)

  44. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

  45. Nweke, M. C., & Kanayo, E. C. (2019). The place of spiritual and traditional beliefs in stroke rehabilitation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 8(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2019/v8i230119

  46. Nwoha, P. U., Okoro, F. O., Nwoha, E. C., Chukwu, F. N., Nwoha, C. O., Ogoko, N. C., Nwoha, P. N., Idaguko, C. A., Obi, A. U., Agwu, E. M., Ayoola, I. O., Osonwa, S. O., & Okpara, I. H. (2021). Sex, knowledge, and attitude of stroke survivors attending Bebe Herbal Center on risk factors before and after stroke. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695522

  47. Ogundoyin, O. S., & Soola, E. O. (2014). Trends in methodological and theoretical approaches to interpersonal health communication research. Journal of Communication and Media Research, 6(2), 163–174. https://www.jcmrjournal.org/uploads/file303.pdf

  48. Oke, D. A., & Bandele, E. O. (2004). Misconceptions of hypertension. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96(9), 1221–1224. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2568468/

  49. Owolabi, M. O., Arulogun, O., Melikam, S., Adeoye, A. M., Akarolo-Anthony, S., Akinyemi, R., Arnett, D., Tiwari, H., Gebregziabher, M., Jenkins, C., Lackland, D., Ovbiagele, B., Akpalu, A., Sagoe, K., Stephen Sarfo, F., Obiako, R., & Owolabi, L. (2015). The burden of stroke in Africa: A glance at the present and a glimpse into the future. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 26(2 H3Africa Suppl), S27–S38. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2015-038

  50. Pancioli, A. M., Broderick, J., Kothari, R., Brott, T., Tuchfarber, A., Miller, R., Khoury, J., & Jauch, E. (1998). Public perception of stroke warning signs and knowledge of potential risk factors. JAMA, 279(16), 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.16.1288

  51. Parahoo, K., Thompson, K., Cooper, M., Stringer, M., Ennis, E., & McCollam, P. (2003). Stroke: Awareness of the signs, symptoms and risk factors – A population-based survey. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 16(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1159/000070593

  52. Pistoia, F., Sacco, S., Degan, D., Tiseo, C., Ornello, R., & Carolei, A. (2016). Hypertension and stroke: Epidemiological aspects and clinical evaluation. High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention, 23(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-015-0115-2

  53. Pringle, J., Hendry, C., & McLafferty, E. (2011). Phenomenological approaches: Challenges and choices. Nurse Researcher, 18(2), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.7.c8280

  54. Rachmawati, D., Ningsih, D. K., & Andarini, S. (2020). Factors affecting the knowledge about stroke risks and early symptoms in Emergency Department East Java—Indonesia. MNJ (Malang Neurology Journal), 6(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mnj.2020.006.01.3

  55. Ren, H., Guo, Y., Zhang, Z., Lin, B., Mei, Y., Wang, W., Luan, W., Zhang, X., Liang, L.-L., & Xue, L. (2023). Perception of recurrent risk versus objective measured risk of ischemic stroke in first-ever stroke patients from a rural area in China: A cross-sectional study. Patient Education and Counseling, 107, 107586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.107586

  56. Saadatnia, M., Hajiannejad, N., Yazdabadi, A., Tajmirriahi, M., & Nasr, M. (2021). Public stroke knowledge, awareness, and response to acute stroke in Isfahan Iran: What is less or misinterpreted in developing countries. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 30(6), 105670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105670

  57. Saengsuwan, J., & Suangpho, P. (2019). Self-perceived and actual risk of further stroke in patients with recurrent stroke or recurrent transient ischemic attack in Thailand. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 28(3), 632–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.11.001

  58. Sanya, E. O., Desalu, O. O., Adepoju, F., Aderibigbe, S. A., Shittu, A., & Olaosebikan, O. (2015). Prevalence of stroke in three semi-urban communities in middle-belt region of Nigeria: A door to door survey. Pan African Medical Journal, 20, Article 33. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.33.4594

  59. Scott, C. A., Li, L., & Rothwell, P. M. (2022). Diverging temporal trends in stroke incidence in younger vs older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurology, 79(10), 1036. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1520

  60. Sese, L. V. C., & Guillermo, Ma. C. L. (2023). Strengthening stroke prevention and awareness in the Philippines: A conceptual framework. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1258821. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1258821

  61. Silver, F. L., Rubini, F., Black, D., & Hodgson, C. S. (2003). Advertising strategies to increase public knowledge of the warning signs of stroke. Stroke, 34(8), 1965–1968. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000083175.01126.62

  62. Srikanth, S., Shulamite, B. N., Mohan, C. V., Reddy, K. S., & Kaveri, S. (2022). Risk factors associated with cerebro-vascular accident ischemic stroke in young and elderly population.: Pharmaceutical science-pharmacology for drug discovery. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 10(4), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2020.10.4.P13-21

  63. Suratun, S., Manurung, S., Ekarini, N. L. P., Camalia, C., & Yardes, N. (2023). Effect of stroke education with video on stroke prevention behavior in hypertension elderly in Cipayung Health Center Area East Jakarta. International Journal of Health Sciences, 7(S1), 1468–1475. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v7nS1.14368

  64. Tan, J., Ramazanu, S., Liaw, S. Y., & Chua, W. L. (2022). Effectiveness of public education campaigns for stroke symptom recognition and response in non-elderly adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 31(2), 106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106207

  65. Taylor, D., Bury, M., Campling, N., Carter, S., Garfied, S., Newbould, J., & Rennie, T. (2007). A Review of the use of the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) to study and predict health related behaviour change [Monograph]. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/458013/

  66. TeuschI, Y., & Brainin, M. (2010). Stroke education: Discrepancies among factors influencing prehospital delay and stroke knowledge. International Journal of Stroke, 5(3), 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00428.x

  67. Tonkin, A. (2004). Stroke–blood pressure and blood pressure-lowering. International Congress Series, 1262, 470–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2003.12.010

  68. Torloni, M. R., Brizuela, V., & Betran, A. P. (2020). Mass media campaigns to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections: A systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 5(2), e001935. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001935

  69. Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Elkind, M. S. V., Evenson, K. R., Eze-Nliam, C., Fugar, S., Generoso, G., Heard, D. G., Hiremath, S., Ho, J. E., … on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2023). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2023 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 147(8). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001123

  70. Umoh, E. O. (2019). Beliefs and perception of stroke among adult inhabitants of Calabar South local government area, Cross River State-Nigeria. Texila International Journal of Nursing, Special Edition April 2019, 44–60. https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJNR.2015.SE.19.01.Art004

  71. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048

  72. Vincent-Onabajo, G., & Moses, T. (2016). Knowledge of stroke risk factors among stroke survivors in Nigeria. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2016, 1902151. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1902151

  73. Vrudhula, A., Zhao, J., & Liu, R. (2019). Too young to have a stroke?—A global health crisis. Stroke and Vascular Neurology, 4(4), 173–175. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2019-000295

  74. Wahab, K. W. (2008). The burden of stroke in Nigeria. International Journal of Stroke, 3(4), 290–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00217.x

  75. Wainwright, C., McClure, J., & McDowall, J. (2017). Misconceptions about stroke: Causal attributions for stroke-related symptoms reflect the age of the survivor. Brain Impairment, 18(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/BrImp.2017.13

  76. WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2023, September 20). Top causes of stroke [HTML]. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/stroke/stroke-causes-risks

  77. Winstein, C. J., Stein, J., Arena, R., Bates, B., Cherney, L. R., Cramer, S. C., Deruyter, F., Eng, J. J., Fisher, B., Harvey, R. L., Lang, C. E., MacKay-Lyons, M., Ottenbacher, K. J., Pugh, S., Reeves, M. J., Richards, L. G., Stiers, W., & Zorowitz, R. D. (2016). Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 47(6). https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000098

  78. Yi, X., Luo, H., Zhou, J., Yu, M., Chen, X., Tan, L., Wei, W., & Li, J. (2020). Prevalence of stroke and stroke related risk factors: A population based cross sectional survey in southwestern China. BMC Neurology, 20(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1592-z

  79. Zhang, S., Zhang, W., & Zhou, G. (2019). Extended risk factors for stroke prevention. Journal of the National Medical Association, 111(4), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.02.004

No Related Submission Found