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Abstract
To investigate sexist variances in the narratives of Malayalam movies concerning the portrayal of adultery, a semiotic analysis employing paradigmatic tradition is used. Analyzing the portrayal patterns, this study identifies and characterizes three typical adultery narrative devices (or tropes) that sexist: the “Good” Adultery (between a married man and an unmarried woman who is in a long-term relationship with the adultering partner), the “Bad” Adultery (between a married man and a woman with unclear marital status [such as a sex worker] or an unmarried woman who engages in a short-term relationship with the adultering partner); and the “Ugly” adultery (between a [married or unmarried] man and a married woman in a short-term relationship). Gender discrimination is identified in these variations, regarding the roles the man and woman assume in adulterous relationships, characterization of them and their affairs, fabrication of narratives, and the responses of the spouses (from acceptance and accommodation to rejection and revenge).
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Copyright (c) 2023 Malavika Sunil Karippara, Francis Philip Barclay, Akhila Sasidharan
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References
Abbasi-Bhura, Rosena. (2001). Indian popular cinema: An analysis of representations of women in Hindi films [Master’s thesis, University of Houston]. https://www.proquest.com/openview/609819478377357f347520dee048bfb3/1?pq
Abrams, K. (1995). Sex wars redux: Agency and coercion in feminist legal theory. Columbia Law Review, 95(2), 304–376. https://doi.org/10.2307/1123232
Aguiar, M. (2013). Arranged marriage: Cultural regeneration in transnational South Asian popular culture. Cultural Critique, 84, 181–214. https://doi.org/10.5749/culturalcritique.84.2013.0181
Ananthan, U., Jose, L., & Kailas, S. (Directors). (2009, October 9). Kerala Cafe [Comedy, Drama, Family]. Capitol Theatre.
Anthikad, S. (Director). (2008, May 16). Innathe Chinthavishayam [Drama, Romance]. Aashirvad Cinemas.
Beauvoir, S. D. (2011). The second sex (C. Borde & S. Malovany-Chevallier, Trans.). Vintage.
Bemporad, J. (2007). Film review: The Painted Veil. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 35(4), 677–679. https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2007.35.4.677
Berger, A. A. (2018). Media analysis techniques (6th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Bhaskaran, P., & Kariat, R. (Directors). (1954). Neelakkuyil [Drama].
Bucciferro, C. (2021). Representations of gender and race in Ryan Coogler’s film Black Panther: Disrupting Hollywood tropes. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 38(2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2021.1889012
Calasanti, T., Slevin, K. F., & King, N. (2006). Ageism and feminism: From Et cetera to center. NWSA Journal, 18(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.2979/NWS.2006.18.1.13
Chandler, D. (2021, November 23). Semiotics for beginners: Paradigmatic analysis [HTML]. http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/sem05.html
Cossman, B. (2006). The new politics of adultery. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 15(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.7916/cjgl.v15i1.2520
Crasnow, S. (2014). Feminist standpoint theory. In N. Cartwright & E. Montuschi (Eds.), Philosophy of social science: A new introduction (pp. 145–161). Oxford University Press.
Curran, J. (Director). (2007, January 19). The Painted Veil [Drama, Romance]. WIP, Stratus Film Co., Bob Yari Productions.
Drigotas, S. M., & Barta, W. (2001). The cheating heart: Scientific explorations of infidelity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00143
Enns, C. Z. (2010). Locational feminisms and feminist social identity analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(4), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020260
Frelick, N. (2001). Female infidelity: Ideology, subversion, and feminist practice in Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron. Dalhousie French Studies, 56, 17–26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40836768
Frey, L. R. (1994). The naturalistic paradigm: Studying small groups in the postmodern era. Small Group Research, 25(4), 551–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496494254008
Friedan, B. (with Collins, G., & Quindlen, A.). (2013). The feminine mystique (50th Anniversary edition). W. W. Norton & Company.
Gala, D., Khursheed, M. O., Lerner, H., O’Connor, B., & Iyyer, M. (2020). Analyzing gender bias within narrative tropes. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science, 212–217. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.nlpcss-1.23
Ganguly, D., & Dutta, M. (2019). The effect of toxic masculinity in Indian films on society. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3629344
Gopinath, S., & Raj, S. J. (2015). Gender construct as a narrative and text: The female protagonist in new-generation Malayalam cinema. South Asian Popular Culture, 13(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2014.1000648
Hekman, S. (1997). Truth and method: Feminist standpoint theory revisited. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 341–365. https://doi.org/10.1086/495159
Hollinger, K. (2012). Feminist film studies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203146804
Hunt, E. (2021, November 1). Emotional infidelity: The devastating, destructive love affairs that involve no sex at all. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/nov/01/emotional-infidelity-the-devastating-destructive-love-affairs-that-involve-no-sex-at-all
Jen, S. (2018). Sexuality of midlife and older women: A review of theory use. Journal of Women & Aging, 30(3), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2017.1295680
Jenkins, T. (2015). Husband’s response to infidelity [Master’s thesis, University of Kentucky]. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/26
Jha, C. (2016). Sexism through song: A feminist analysis of Bollywood item songs. Feminist Spaces: Create, Share, Explore, 2(1), 25–30. https://www.feministspacesjournal.org/_files/ugd/bdf731_07382578cc1c4f14818ded8d7f53009a.pdf#page=26
Johar, K. (Director). (2006, August 11). Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna [Drama, Romance]. Dharma Productions, Dillywood.
Jose, L. (Director). (2012, May 4). Diamond Necklace [Drama, Romance].
Joshi, N. (2020). Polarities in gender representation-Kabir Singh and Thappad. Global Media Journal: Indian Edition, 12(1), 1–15. https://gmj.manipal.edu/issues/june2020/9%20Polarities%20in%20Gender%20Representation.pdf
Kamble, J. (2011). Tempted by the Big Apple: The fantasy of western spaces in Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna. Studies in South Asian Film & Media, 3(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1386/safm.3.1.23_1
Kariat, R. (Director). (1965, August 19). Chemmeen [Drama, Romance]. Kanmani Films.
Karupiah, P. (2020). Misogyny: A content analysis of break-up songs in Tamil films. In S. Velayutham & V. Devadas (Eds.), Tamil cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Caste, gender and technology (pp. 115–129). Routledge.
Kumar, A. (Director). (2010, October 22). Cocktail [Drama, Musical, Thriller]. Galaxy Films.
Lammers, J., Stoker, J. I., Jordan, J., Pollmann, M., & Stapel, D. A. (2011). Power increases infidelity among men and women. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1191–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611416252
Landon, D. (2017, September 5). Joss Whedon’s infidelity is absolutely a feminist issue [HTML]. Ravishly. https://ravishly.com/joss-whedons-infidelity-absolutely-feminist-issue
Lawson, A., & Samson, C. (1988). Age, gender and adultery. The British Journal of Sociology, 39(3), 409–440. https://doi.org/10.2307/590485
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9(4), 438–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
Longino, H. E. (1993). Feminist standpoint theory and the problems of knowledge. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19(1), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1086/494867
Mao, A., & Raguram, A. (2009). Online infidelity: The new challenge to marriages. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(4), 302–304. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.58299
McHugh, M. C., & Interligi, C. (2015). Sexuality and older women: Desirability and desire. In V. Muhlbauer, J. C. Chrisler, & F. L. Denmark (Eds.), Women and Aging (pp. 89–116). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09306-2_6
Millett, K. (2000). Sexual politics. University of Illinois Press.
Minghella, A. (Director). (1996, December 6). The English Patient [Drama, Romance, War]. Miramax, Tiger Moth Productions.
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Banerjee, D. (2021). Bollywood, popular visual media, and sexism in India: A critical glance back. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 3(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318211027312
Munsch, C. L. (2015). Her support, his support: Money, masculinity, and marital infidelity. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 469–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415579989
Neroni, H. (2016). Feminist film theory and Cléo from 5 to 7. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501313721
Pauwels, H. R. M. (Ed.). (2007). Indian literature and popular cinema. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203933299
Pfeiffer, K. (2011). Virtual adultery: No physical harm, no foul. University of Richmond Law Review, 46, 667. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/urich46&id=671&div=&collection=
Potter-Efron, R., & Potter-Efron, P. (2009). The Emotional Affair: How to Recognize Emotional Infidelity and What to Do About It. New Harbinger Publications.
Rajendran, A. (2014). You are woman: Arguments with normative femininities in recent Malayalam cinema. Economic and Political Weekly, 49(17), 61–69. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480121
Ranjith (Director). (2009, December 5). Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha [Crime, Drama, History]. A V A Productions, Varnachithra Bigscreen.
Rogers, P. (1997). A humanistic view of the movies: The English Patient and the drama of infidelity. Self & Society, 25(4), 27–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03060497.1997.11085772
Rosewarne, L. (2009). Cheating on the sisterhood: Infidelity and feminism. ABC-CLIO, LLC. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400624834
Rowland-Serdar, B., & Schwartz-Shea, P. (1991). Empowering women: Self, autonomy, and responsibility. The Western Political Quarterly, 44(3), 605. https://doi.org/10.2307/448671
Smelik, A. (2016). Feminist film theory. In A. Wong, M. Wickramasinghe, R. Hoogland, & N. A. Naples (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (pp. 1–5). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss148
Snyder-Hall, R. C. (2010). Third-wave feminism and the defense of “choice.” Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709992842
Stoljar, N. (2013). Feminist perspectives on autonomy. In E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Eds.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2024). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/feminism-autonomy/
Swigonski, M. E. (1994). The logic of feminist standpoint theory for social work research. Social Work, 39(4), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/39.4.387
Tandon, N. (2008). Feminism: A paradigm shift. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2021, December 9). adultery: Sexual behavior [HTML]. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/adultery
Tong, R., & Botts, T. F. (2018). Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction (Fifth edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495243
Van De Berg (Pseudonym), T. (2022). ‘ And we gossip about my life as if I am not there’: An autoethnography on recovery from infidelity and silence in the academic workplace. Human Relations, 75(11), 2039–2057. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211022264
Vinu, V. M. (Director). (2003, August 29). Balettan [Comedy, Drama].
References
Abbasi-Bhura, Rosena. (2001). Indian popular cinema: An analysis of representations of women in Hindi films [Master’s thesis, University of Houston]. https://www.proquest.com/openview/609819478377357f347520dee048bfb3/1?pq
Abrams, K. (1995). Sex wars redux: Agency and coercion in feminist legal theory. Columbia Law Review, 95(2), 304–376. https://doi.org/10.2307/1123232
Aguiar, M. (2013). Arranged marriage: Cultural regeneration in transnational South Asian popular culture. Cultural Critique, 84, 181–214. https://doi.org/10.5749/culturalcritique.84.2013.0181
Ananthan, U., Jose, L., & Kailas, S. (Directors). (2009, October 9). Kerala Cafe [Comedy, Drama, Family]. Capitol Theatre.
Anthikad, S. (Director). (2008, May 16). Innathe Chinthavishayam [Drama, Romance]. Aashirvad Cinemas.
Beauvoir, S. D. (2011). The second sex (C. Borde & S. Malovany-Chevallier, Trans.). Vintage.
Bemporad, J. (2007). Film review: The Painted Veil. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 35(4), 677–679. https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2007.35.4.677
Berger, A. A. (2018). Media analysis techniques (6th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Bhaskaran, P., & Kariat, R. (Directors). (1954). Neelakkuyil [Drama].
Bucciferro, C. (2021). Representations of gender and race in Ryan Coogler’s film Black Panther: Disrupting Hollywood tropes. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 38(2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2021.1889012
Calasanti, T., Slevin, K. F., & King, N. (2006). Ageism and feminism: From Et cetera to center. NWSA Journal, 18(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.2979/NWS.2006.18.1.13
Chandler, D. (2021, November 23). Semiotics for beginners: Paradigmatic analysis [HTML]. http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/sem05.html
Cossman, B. (2006). The new politics of adultery. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 15(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.7916/cjgl.v15i1.2520
Crasnow, S. (2014). Feminist standpoint theory. In N. Cartwright & E. Montuschi (Eds.), Philosophy of social science: A new introduction (pp. 145–161). Oxford University Press.
Curran, J. (Director). (2007, January 19). The Painted Veil [Drama, Romance]. WIP, Stratus Film Co., Bob Yari Productions.
Drigotas, S. M., & Barta, W. (2001). The cheating heart: Scientific explorations of infidelity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00143
Enns, C. Z. (2010). Locational feminisms and feminist social identity analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(4), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020260
Frelick, N. (2001). Female infidelity: Ideology, subversion, and feminist practice in Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron. Dalhousie French Studies, 56, 17–26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40836768
Frey, L. R. (1994). The naturalistic paradigm: Studying small groups in the postmodern era. Small Group Research, 25(4), 551–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496494254008
Friedan, B. (with Collins, G., & Quindlen, A.). (2013). The feminine mystique (50th Anniversary edition). W. W. Norton & Company.
Gala, D., Khursheed, M. O., Lerner, H., O’Connor, B., & Iyyer, M. (2020). Analyzing gender bias within narrative tropes. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science, 212–217. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.nlpcss-1.23
Ganguly, D., & Dutta, M. (2019). The effect of toxic masculinity in Indian films on society. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3629344
Gopinath, S., & Raj, S. J. (2015). Gender construct as a narrative and text: The female protagonist in new-generation Malayalam cinema. South Asian Popular Culture, 13(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2014.1000648
Hekman, S. (1997). Truth and method: Feminist standpoint theory revisited. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 341–365. https://doi.org/10.1086/495159
Hollinger, K. (2012). Feminist film studies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203146804
Hunt, E. (2021, November 1). Emotional infidelity: The devastating, destructive love affairs that involve no sex at all. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/nov/01/emotional-infidelity-the-devastating-destructive-love-affairs-that-involve-no-sex-at-all
Jen, S. (2018). Sexuality of midlife and older women: A review of theory use. Journal of Women & Aging, 30(3), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2017.1295680
Jenkins, T. (2015). Husband’s response to infidelity [Master’s thesis, University of Kentucky]. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/26
Jha, C. (2016). Sexism through song: A feminist analysis of Bollywood item songs. Feminist Spaces: Create, Share, Explore, 2(1), 25–30. https://www.feministspacesjournal.org/_files/ugd/bdf731_07382578cc1c4f14818ded8d7f53009a.pdf#page=26
Johar, K. (Director). (2006, August 11). Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna [Drama, Romance]. Dharma Productions, Dillywood.
Jose, L. (Director). (2012, May 4). Diamond Necklace [Drama, Romance].
Joshi, N. (2020). Polarities in gender representation-Kabir Singh and Thappad. Global Media Journal: Indian Edition, 12(1), 1–15. https://gmj.manipal.edu/issues/june2020/9%20Polarities%20in%20Gender%20Representation.pdf
Kamble, J. (2011). Tempted by the Big Apple: The fantasy of western spaces in Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna. Studies in South Asian Film & Media, 3(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1386/safm.3.1.23_1
Kariat, R. (Director). (1965, August 19). Chemmeen [Drama, Romance]. Kanmani Films.
Karupiah, P. (2020). Misogyny: A content analysis of break-up songs in Tamil films. In S. Velayutham & V. Devadas (Eds.), Tamil cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Caste, gender and technology (pp. 115–129). Routledge.
Kumar, A. (Director). (2010, October 22). Cocktail [Drama, Musical, Thriller]. Galaxy Films.
Lammers, J., Stoker, J. I., Jordan, J., Pollmann, M., & Stapel, D. A. (2011). Power increases infidelity among men and women. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1191–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611416252
Landon, D. (2017, September 5). Joss Whedon’s infidelity is absolutely a feminist issue [HTML]. Ravishly. https://ravishly.com/joss-whedons-infidelity-absolutely-feminist-issue
Lawson, A., & Samson, C. (1988). Age, gender and adultery. The British Journal of Sociology, 39(3), 409–440. https://doi.org/10.2307/590485
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9(4), 438–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
Longino, H. E. (1993). Feminist standpoint theory and the problems of knowledge. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19(1), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1086/494867
Mao, A., & Raguram, A. (2009). Online infidelity: The new challenge to marriages. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(4), 302–304. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.58299
McHugh, M. C., & Interligi, C. (2015). Sexuality and older women: Desirability and desire. In V. Muhlbauer, J. C. Chrisler, & F. L. Denmark (Eds.), Women and Aging (pp. 89–116). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09306-2_6
Millett, K. (2000). Sexual politics. University of Illinois Press.
Minghella, A. (Director). (1996, December 6). The English Patient [Drama, Romance, War]. Miramax, Tiger Moth Productions.
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Banerjee, D. (2021). Bollywood, popular visual media, and sexism in India: A critical glance back. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 3(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318211027312
Munsch, C. L. (2015). Her support, his support: Money, masculinity, and marital infidelity. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 469–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415579989
Neroni, H. (2016). Feminist film theory and Cléo from 5 to 7. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501313721
Pauwels, H. R. M. (Ed.). (2007). Indian literature and popular cinema. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203933299
Pfeiffer, K. (2011). Virtual adultery: No physical harm, no foul. University of Richmond Law Review, 46, 667. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/urich46&id=671&div=&collection=
Potter-Efron, R., & Potter-Efron, P. (2009). The Emotional Affair: How to Recognize Emotional Infidelity and What to Do About It. New Harbinger Publications.
Rajendran, A. (2014). You are woman: Arguments with normative femininities in recent Malayalam cinema. Economic and Political Weekly, 49(17), 61–69. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480121
Ranjith (Director). (2009, December 5). Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha [Crime, Drama, History]. A V A Productions, Varnachithra Bigscreen.
Rogers, P. (1997). A humanistic view of the movies: The English Patient and the drama of infidelity. Self & Society, 25(4), 27–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03060497.1997.11085772
Rosewarne, L. (2009). Cheating on the sisterhood: Infidelity and feminism. ABC-CLIO, LLC. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400624834
Rowland-Serdar, B., & Schwartz-Shea, P. (1991). Empowering women: Self, autonomy, and responsibility. The Western Political Quarterly, 44(3), 605. https://doi.org/10.2307/448671
Smelik, A. (2016). Feminist film theory. In A. Wong, M. Wickramasinghe, R. Hoogland, & N. A. Naples (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (pp. 1–5). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss148
Snyder-Hall, R. C. (2010). Third-wave feminism and the defense of “choice.” Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709992842
Stoljar, N. (2013). Feminist perspectives on autonomy. In E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Eds.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2024). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/feminism-autonomy/
Swigonski, M. E. (1994). The logic of feminist standpoint theory for social work research. Social Work, 39(4), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/39.4.387
Tandon, N. (2008). Feminism: A paradigm shift. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2021, December 9). adultery: Sexual behavior [HTML]. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/adultery
Tong, R., & Botts, T. F. (2018). Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction (Fifth edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495243
Van De Berg (Pseudonym), T. (2022). ‘ And we gossip about my life as if I am not there’: An autoethnography on recovery from infidelity and silence in the academic workplace. Human Relations, 75(11), 2039–2057. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211022264
Vinu, V. M. (Director). (2003, August 29). Balettan [Comedy, Drama].