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Abstract
Having child who has intellectual disability brings out parenting stress toward mother. This research was carried out to obtain an intervention program design by using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy principles to decrease the level of parenting stress mother who has a mild intellectual disability child among 6-12 years old. After designing, the module of intervention was tried out by quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest one-group design, involving two participants who are the mother of a Mild Intellectual Disability child that used a purposive sampling technique. The data were obtained through interviews, observations, and questionnaires. This research shows that the module can be used to decrease the level of parenting stress.
Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), parenting stress, psychological flexibility, the mother who has a mild intellectual disability child.
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References
- Aghayi, E.,Pishghadam, E.,& Zaree, S. (2014). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing internalizing symptoms in children and reducing parental stress in mothers. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. Volume 2, No. 1, Suppl 1
- American Psychiatry Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition (dsm-5). Washington DC: American Psychiatry Publishing
- Angga, H.K. (2014). Efektivitas acceptance and commitment therapy untuk menurunkan derajat stres mahasiswa yang mengerjakan tesis lebih dari dua semester.Tesis. Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran.
- Astriamitha. (2012). Hubungan antara parentingstress dan parenting self-efficacy pada ibu yang memiliki anak dengan tunagrahita taraf ringan dan sedang usia kanak-kanak madya.Skripsi: Universitas Indonesia.
- Azwar, S. (2008). Penyusunan skala psikologi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
- Barker,C. Pistrang, N. & Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology: an introduction for students and practitioners, second edition.
- John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Berry, J.& Jones, W. (1995). The parental stress scale: initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship 1995 12:463. DOI: 10.1177/0265407595123009
- Blackledge, J. T. & Hayes, S. (2006). Using acceptance and commitment training in the support of parents of children diagnosed with autism. Child and family behavior therapy, 28 (1), 1-18.
- Bond. (2011). Preliminary Psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire–ii: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential.Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Published byElsevier Ltd
- Boström, P. (2012). Experiences of parenthood and the child with an intellectual disability.Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Christensen, L. B. (2007). Experimental methodology. 10thedition. New York: Pearson
- Coyne, L.W.& Murrell, A.R. (2009). The joy parenting: an acceptance and commitment therapy guide to effective parenting in the early years. Canada: New Harbinger Publication, Inc
- Deater-Deckard, K. (2004). Parenting stress. United States of AmericaEbel R. L, Frisbie D. A. (1991). Essentials of educational measurement. 5thed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall
- Goodwin, C.J. (2010). Research in psychology methods and design 6th ed. USA:John Wiley & Sons, Inc
- Gupta, R.K.& Kaur, H. (2010). Stress among parents of children with intelletual disability. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal.
- Hallahan, D. P & Kauffman, J. P. (2006). Exceptional learners: Introduction to special education (10thed). United State: Pearson Education, Inc
- Hambleton, R.K(2005).Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment.Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Hassal, R, Rose,J., & McDonald,J. (2005). Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: The effect of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 4405-418
- Hayes, S.C & Slrosahl K.D. (2004). A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: Springer Sciencc+Rusincss Media
- Hayes, S. C., & Smith, S. (2005). Get out of your mind: The new acceptance and commitment therapy.Oakland: New Harbinger Publication Inc.
- Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D., Wilson, K.G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change.The Guilford Press. New York.
- Hayes, S.C., Follette, V.M., & Linehan, M.M. (2004).mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive behavioral tradition.New York: Guilford Press.
- Hoare, N. P; Mcllveen, P & Hamilton, N. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy (act) as a career counseling strategy int j educ vocat guidance 12:171-187
- Kabiri, A. &Mourian, L. (2015). Effeciveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on parental stress of mothers of children with nocturnal enuresis.
- Kaplan, R M. & Sacuzzo. (2005). Psychological testing: Principles, application, and isuues (6th ed). Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
- Kerlinger, Fred. N. (1995). Asas-asas penelitian behavioral. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
- Kirkpatrick, D.L & Kirkpatrick, J.D. (2006). Evaluating training programs. the four levels. third edition.California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc
- Harris, R. (2009). ACT Made Simple: An easy-to-read primer on acceptance and commitment therapy.Oakland: New Harbinger Publication Inc.
- Lee, M. Y. Chen. (2007). Parenting Stress and related factors in parents of children with tourette syndrome. Journal of nursing research, 15 (3), 165-174
- Lundy, H. F. (2011). Parental stress, socioeconomic status, satisfaction with services, and family quality of life among parents of children receiving special education service. dissertation. Georgia State University Digital Archive @ GSU
- MacInnes, L.K. (2009). Parenting self-efficacy and stress in mothers and fathers of children with down syndrome.Thesis. Simon Frase University
- Marsono, S. (2015). Pelatihan manajemen stres dengan prinsip-prinsip acceptance and commitment therapy untuk menurunkan derajat stres pada remaja perempuan thalasemia mayor.Tesis. Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran
- Mash, E.J.& Wolfe, D.A. (2010). Abnormal child psychology4thedition.USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning
- Morrison, K. G., Ross, S. M., &Kemp, J. E., (2010). Designing effective instruction. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Neece., C., &Baker, B. (2008). Predicting maternal parenting stress in middle childhood: The roles of child intellectual status, behavior problems, and social skills. Journal of intellectual disability research, 52, 1114-1128
- O’Brien, K.M. (2011). Evaluating the effectiveness of a parent training protocol based on an acceptance and commitment therapy philosophy of parenting. Dissertation. University of North Texas
- Papalia, D. E., Olds, S. W., & Feldman, R. D. (2009). Human development. (11thed). New York: McGraw-Hill
- PlantK.M.& SandersM.R. (2007). Reducing problem behavior during caregiving in families of preschool-aged children with developmental disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities
- Sarafino, E. P & Smith, T. W. (2011).Health psychology: Biopsycho-social interactions. 7thedition. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Sattler, J. W. (2004). Assessment of children. USA: Jerome Sattler Publisher, Inc.
- Small. (2010). A comparison of parental self-efficacy, parenting satisfaction, and other factor between single mothers with and without children with developmental disabilities. Dissertation. Wayne State University Digital Commons
- Syahruddin, A. (2012). Efektivitas acceptance and commitment therapy untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penyesuaian diri narapidana militer yang berada pada fase penyelesaian hukuman. Tesis. Jatinangor:Universitas Padjadjaran
- Tasran, R.R. (2014). Penerapan acceptance and commitment therapy terhadap kepatuhan individu dengan hiv dalam mengkonsumsi antiretroviral.Tesis.Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran.
- Trisuhadiana, A. (2012. Efektivitas acceptanceand commitment therapy dalam menurunkan derajat stres pada isteri prajurit yang ditinggalkan tugas operasi.Tesis.Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran
- Utami, R.H. (2016). Pengaruh acceptance and commitment therapy terhadap health-related outcomes pada penderita stroke. Tesis. Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran.
- Wenar, C & Kerig, P. (2005). Developmental psychopathology. New York: The McGrawHills Company, Inc
- Westwood W. K. (2010).Children with mental retardation/intellectual disability: The function of adaptive behavior and parental stress across childhood. Pennsylvania: Duquesne University.
- Wicksell, R.K., Olsson, G. L & Hayes, S. C. (2010). Psychological flexibility as mediator of improvement in acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain following whiplash. European Journal of Pain
- Wikler, L. (1981).Chronic stresses of families of mentally retarded children. Family Relation.
- Walker, A.P. (2000).Parenting stress: a comparison of mothers and fathers ofdisabled and non-disabled children.Dissertation. University of North Texas.
References
Aghayi, E.,Pishghadam, E.,& Zaree, S. (2014). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing internalizing symptoms in children and reducing parental stress in mothers. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. Volume 2, No. 1, Suppl 1
American Psychiatry Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition (dsm-5). Washington DC: American Psychiatry Publishing
Angga, H.K. (2014). Efektivitas acceptance and commitment therapy untuk menurunkan derajat stres mahasiswa yang mengerjakan tesis lebih dari dua semester.Tesis. Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran.
Astriamitha. (2012). Hubungan antara parentingstress dan parenting self-efficacy pada ibu yang memiliki anak dengan tunagrahita taraf ringan dan sedang usia kanak-kanak madya.Skripsi: Universitas Indonesia.
Azwar, S. (2008). Penyusunan skala psikologi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Barker,C. Pistrang, N. & Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology: an introduction for students and practitioners, second edition.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Berry, J.& Jones, W. (1995). The parental stress scale: initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship 1995 12:463. DOI: 10.1177/0265407595123009
Blackledge, J. T. & Hayes, S. (2006). Using acceptance and commitment training in the support of parents of children diagnosed with autism. Child and family behavior therapy, 28 (1), 1-18.
Bond. (2011). Preliminary Psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire–ii: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential.Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Published byElsevier Ltd
Boström, P. (2012). Experiences of parenthood and the child with an intellectual disability.Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Christensen, L. B. (2007). Experimental methodology. 10thedition. New York: Pearson
Coyne, L.W.& Murrell, A.R. (2009). The joy parenting: an acceptance and commitment therapy guide to effective parenting in the early years. Canada: New Harbinger Publication, Inc
Deater-Deckard, K. (2004). Parenting stress. United States of AmericaEbel R. L, Frisbie D. A. (1991). Essentials of educational measurement. 5thed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall
Goodwin, C.J. (2010). Research in psychology methods and design 6th ed. USA:John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Gupta, R.K.& Kaur, H. (2010). Stress among parents of children with intelletual disability. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal.
Hallahan, D. P & Kauffman, J. P. (2006). Exceptional learners: Introduction to special education (10thed). United State: Pearson Education, Inc
Hambleton, R.K(2005).Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment.Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Hassal, R, Rose,J., & McDonald,J. (2005). Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: The effect of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 4405-418
Hayes, S.C & Slrosahl K.D. (2004). A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: Springer Sciencc+Rusincss Media
Hayes, S. C., & Smith, S. (2005). Get out of your mind: The new acceptance and commitment therapy.Oakland: New Harbinger Publication Inc.
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D., Wilson, K.G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change.The Guilford Press. New York.
Hayes, S.C., Follette, V.M., & Linehan, M.M. (2004).mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive behavioral tradition.New York: Guilford Press.
Hoare, N. P; Mcllveen, P & Hamilton, N. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy (act) as a career counseling strategy int j educ vocat guidance 12:171-187
Kabiri, A. &Mourian, L. (2015). Effeciveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on parental stress of mothers of children with nocturnal enuresis.
Kaplan, R M. & Sacuzzo. (2005). Psychological testing: Principles, application, and isuues (6th ed). Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
Kerlinger, Fred. N. (1995). Asas-asas penelitian behavioral. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Kirkpatrick, D.L & Kirkpatrick, J.D. (2006). Evaluating training programs. the four levels. third edition.California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc
Harris, R. (2009). ACT Made Simple: An easy-to-read primer on acceptance and commitment therapy.Oakland: New Harbinger Publication Inc.
Lee, M. Y. Chen. (2007). Parenting Stress and related factors in parents of children with tourette syndrome. Journal of nursing research, 15 (3), 165-174
Lundy, H. F. (2011). Parental stress, socioeconomic status, satisfaction with services, and family quality of life among parents of children receiving special education service. dissertation. Georgia State University Digital Archive @ GSU
MacInnes, L.K. (2009). Parenting self-efficacy and stress in mothers and fathers of children with down syndrome.Thesis. Simon Frase University
Marsono, S. (2015). Pelatihan manajemen stres dengan prinsip-prinsip acceptance and commitment therapy untuk menurunkan derajat stres pada remaja perempuan thalasemia mayor.Tesis. Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran
Mash, E.J.& Wolfe, D.A. (2010). Abnormal child psychology4thedition.USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning
Morrison, K. G., Ross, S. M., &Kemp, J. E., (2010). Designing effective instruction. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Neece., C., &Baker, B. (2008). Predicting maternal parenting stress in middle childhood: The roles of child intellectual status, behavior problems, and social skills. Journal of intellectual disability research, 52, 1114-1128
O’Brien, K.M. (2011). Evaluating the effectiveness of a parent training protocol based on an acceptance and commitment therapy philosophy of parenting. Dissertation. University of North Texas
Papalia, D. E., Olds, S. W., & Feldman, R. D. (2009). Human development. (11thed). New York: McGraw-Hill
PlantK.M.& SandersM.R. (2007). Reducing problem behavior during caregiving in families of preschool-aged children with developmental disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities
Sarafino, E. P & Smith, T. W. (2011).Health psychology: Biopsycho-social interactions. 7thedition. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sattler, J. W. (2004). Assessment of children. USA: Jerome Sattler Publisher, Inc.
Small. (2010). A comparison of parental self-efficacy, parenting satisfaction, and other factor between single mothers with and without children with developmental disabilities. Dissertation. Wayne State University Digital Commons
Syahruddin, A. (2012). Efektivitas acceptance and commitment therapy untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penyesuaian diri narapidana militer yang berada pada fase penyelesaian hukuman. Tesis. Jatinangor:Universitas Padjadjaran
Tasran, R.R. (2014). Penerapan acceptance and commitment therapy terhadap kepatuhan individu dengan hiv dalam mengkonsumsi antiretroviral.Tesis.Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran.
Trisuhadiana, A. (2012. Efektivitas acceptanceand commitment therapy dalam menurunkan derajat stres pada isteri prajurit yang ditinggalkan tugas operasi.Tesis.Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran
Utami, R.H. (2016). Pengaruh acceptance and commitment therapy terhadap health-related outcomes pada penderita stroke. Tesis. Jatinangor: Universitas Padjadjaran.
Wenar, C & Kerig, P. (2005). Developmental psychopathology. New York: The McGrawHills Company, Inc
Westwood W. K. (2010).Children with mental retardation/intellectual disability: The function of adaptive behavior and parental stress across childhood. Pennsylvania: Duquesne University.
Wicksell, R.K., Olsson, G. L & Hayes, S. C. (2010). Psychological flexibility as mediator of improvement in acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain following whiplash. European Journal of Pain
Wikler, L. (1981).Chronic stresses of families of mentally retarded children. Family Relation.
Walker, A.P. (2000).Parenting stress: a comparison of mothers and fathers ofdisabled and non-disabled children.Dissertation. University of North Texas.