Pelatihan Mindfulness Berbasis Pendekatan Kognitif untuk Mengurangi Kecenderungan Alexithymia pada Mahasiswa

Nurul Azmi Arifuddin; Widyastuti Widyastuti; Ahmad Ridfah

doi:10.20885/intervensipsikologi.vol13.iss2.art4

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May 20, 2021

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December 15, 2021

Published

December 31, 2021

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Abstract

Alexithymia refers to a speceofo distrubance in emotional processing that is manifested through difficulties in identifying and verbalizing feeling. this study aims to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness training based cognitive approach in reeducing alexithmia levels in college students.

Keywords

alexithymia mindfulness based cognitive intervention

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Author Biography

Nurul Azmi Arifuddin, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Clinical psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Positive Psychology

How to Cite

Arifuddin, N. A., Widyastuti, W., & Ridfah, A. (2021). Pelatihan Mindfulness Berbasis Pendekatan Kognitif untuk Mengurangi Kecenderungan Alexithymia pada Mahasiswa. JIP (Jurnal Intervensi Psikologi), 13(2). https://doi.org/10.20885/intervensipsikologi.vol13.iss2.art4

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References

Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg015
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504
Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. PsycTESTS. http://0-search.ebscohost.com.liucat.lib.liu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pst&AN=9999-01318-000&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (2020). Twenty-five years with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 131(December 2019), 109940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109940
Bornemann, B., & Singer, T. (2016). Taking time to feel our body: Steady increases in heartbeat perception accuracy and decreases in alexithymia over 9 months of contemplative mental training. Psychophysiology, 54(3), 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12790
Byrne, G., Bogue, J., Egan, R., & Lonergan, E. (2014). “Identifying and Describing Emotions”: Measuring the Effectiveness of a Brief, Alexithymia-Specific, Intervention for a Sex Offender Population. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(7), 599–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214558940
Ciano, R., Rocco, P. L., Angarano, A., Biasin, E., & Balestrieri, M. (2002). Group-analytic and psychoeducational therapies for binge-eating disorder: An exploratory study on efficacy and persistence of effects. Psychotherapy Research, 12(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/713664282
Cox, B. J., Kuch, K., Parker, J. D. A., Shulman, I. A. N. D., & Evans, R. J. (1994). Alexithymia in somatoform disorder patients with chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 38(6), 523–527.
Crane, R. (2009). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: The CBT distinctive features series. London; New York: Routledge.
de Haan, H., Joosten, E., Wijdeveld, T., Boswinkel, P., van der Palen, J., & De Jong, C. (2012). Alexithymia is not a stable personality trait in patients with substance use disorders. Psychiatry Research, 198(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.027
de la Fuente Arias, M., Justo, C. F., & Granados, M. S. (2010). Efectos de un programa de meditación (mindfulness) en la medida de la alexitimia y las habilidades sociales TT - Effects of a meditation program (mindfulness) on the measure of alexithymia and social skills. Psicothema, 22(3), 369–375.
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8
FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., & Mobbs, D. (2013). Alexithymia decreases altruism in real social decisions. Cortex, 49(3), 899–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.015
Fjorback, L. O., Arendt, M., Ornbol, E., Fink, P., & Walach, H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy - a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(2), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x
Gay, M. C., Hanin, D., & Luminet, O. (2008). Effectiveness of an hypnotic imagery intervention on reducing alexithymia. Contemporary Hypnosis, 25(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ch.344
Ghavi, F., Mosalanejad, L., Keshavarz, F., Golestan Jahromi, M., & Abdollahifrd, S. (2016). A Comparative Study of Alexithymia and Social Anxiety in Infertile Men and Women. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 13(4), 2317–2323. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2400
Gibbons, T. (2020). Cognitive mindfulness workbook: Awareness, acceptance and action in psychotherapy. Hamilton: Tom Gibbons.
Harjanah, T.W. (2018). Hubungan antara level alexithymia dengan perilaku prososial dewasa muda. Skripsi. Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.
Iancu, I., Cohen, E., Yehuda, Y. Ben, & Kotler, M. (2006). Treatment of eating disorders improves eating symptoms but not alexithymia and dissociation proneness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(3), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.001
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Bantam Dell.
Kaviani, H., Javaheri, F., & Hatami, N. (2011). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduces depression and anxiety induced by real stressful setting in non-clinical population. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 285–296.
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., … Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445-1467. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20326.
Levant, R. F., Halter, M. J., Hayden, E. W., & Williams, C. M. (2009). The Efficacy of Alexithymia Reduction Treatment: A Pilot Study. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 17(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1701.75
Lyvers, M., Randhawa, A., & Thorberg, F. A. (2020). Self-compassion in Relation to Alexithymia, Empathy, and Negative Mood in Young Adults. Mindfulness, 11(7), 1655–1665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01379-6
Manninen, M., Therman, S., Suvisaari, J., Ebeling, H., Moilanen, I., Huttunen, M., & Joukamaa, M. (2011). Alexithymia is common among adolescents with severe disruptive behavior. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(7), 506–509. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182214281
Melin, E. O., Thulesius, H. O., & Persson, B. A. (2010). Affect School for chronic benign pain patients showed improved alexithymia assessments with TAS-20. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-4-5
Moriguchi, Y., Maeda, M., Igarashi, T., Ishikawa, T., Shoji, M., Kubo, C., & Komaki, G. (2007). Age and gender effect on ’alexithymia in large, Japanese community and clinical samples: A cross-validation study of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-1-7
Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness Training Improves Working Memory Capacity and GRE Performance While Reducing Mind Wandering. Psychological Science, 24(5), 776–781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612459659
Pandey, R., Saxena, P., & Dubey, A. (2011). Emotion regulation difficulties in alexithymia and mental health. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 7(4), 604–623. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v7i4.155
Puri, P., & Agarwal, P. (2016). Relationship of Alexithymia with Mindfulness among Adolesecents. 4(1).
Rahmawati, I. M., & Halim, M. S. (2018). Alexithymia pada Sampel Non Klinis: Keterkaitannya dengan Gaya Kelekatan. Jurnal Psikologi, 45(3), 200-217. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.29106
Roth, B., & Robbins, D. (2004). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Health-Related Quality of Life: Findings from a Bilingual Inner-City Patient Population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(1), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000097337.00754.09
Rufer, M., Albrecht, R., Zaum, J., Schnyder, U., Mueller-Pfeiffer, C., Hand, I., & Schmidt, O. (2010). Impact of alexithymia on treatment outcome: A naturalistic study of short-term cognitive-behavioral group therapy for panic disorder. Psychopathology, 43(3), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288639
Santarnecchi, E., D’Arista, S., Egiziano, E., Gardi, C., Petrosino, R., Vatti, G., Reda, M., & Rossi, A. (2014). Interaction between neuroanatomical and psychological changes after mindfulness-based training. PLoS ONE, 9(10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108359
Seniati, L., Yulianto, A., & Setiadi, B.N. (2015). Psikologi eksperimen. Jakarta: Indeks.
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105
Subic-Wrana, C., Bruder, S., Thomas, W., Lane, R. D., & Köhle, K. (2005). Emotional awareness deficits in inpatients of a psychosomatic ward: A comparison of two different measures of alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(3), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000160461.19239.13
Teixeira, R. J., & Pereira, M. G. (2013). Examining Mindfulness and Its Relation to Self-Differentiation and Alexithymia. Mindfulness, 6(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0233-7
Viding, C. G., Osika, W., Theorell, T., Kowalski, J., Hallqvist, J., & Horwitz, E. B. (2015). “The culture palette”- A randomized intervention study for women with burnout symptoms in Sweden. British Journal of Medical Practitioners, 8(2).
Wasson, R. S., Barratt, C., & O’Brien, W. H. (2020). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Self-compassion in Health Care Professionals: a Meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 11(8), 1914–1934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01342-5
Wijaya, Y. D. (2014). Pelatihan Pengelolaan Emosi Dengan Teknik Mindfulness Untuk Menurunkan Distress Pada Penyandang Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kebon Jeruk Jakarta. Jurnal Psikologi, 12(2), 48–53.
Wulandari, F. A., & Gamayanti, I. L. (2014). Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy Untuk Meningkatkan Konsep Diri Remaja Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Jurnal Intervensi Psikologi, 6(2), 265–280.
Wuryansari, R., & Subandi, S. (2019). Program Mindfulness for Prisoners (Mindfulners) untuk Menurunkan Depresi pada Narapidana. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 5(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.50626

References

Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg015

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504

Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. PsycTESTS. http://0-search.ebscohost.com.liucat.lib.liu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pst&AN=9999-01318-000&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (2020). Twenty-five years with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 131(December 2019), 109940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109940

Bornemann, B., & Singer, T. (2016). Taking time to feel our body: Steady increases in heartbeat perception accuracy and decreases in alexithymia over 9 months of contemplative mental training. Psychophysiology, 54(3), 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12790

Byrne, G., Bogue, J., Egan, R., & Lonergan, E. (2014). “Identifying and Describing Emotions”: Measuring the Effectiveness of a Brief, Alexithymia-Specific, Intervention for a Sex Offender Population. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(7), 599–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214558940

Ciano, R., Rocco, P. L., Angarano, A., Biasin, E., & Balestrieri, M. (2002). Group-analytic and psychoeducational therapies for binge-eating disorder: An exploratory study on efficacy and persistence of effects. Psychotherapy Research, 12(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/713664282

Cox, B. J., Kuch, K., Parker, J. D. A., Shulman, I. A. N. D., & Evans, R. J. (1994). Alexithymia in somatoform disorder patients with chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 38(6), 523–527.

Crane, R. (2009). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: The CBT distinctive features series. London; New York: Routledge.

de Haan, H., Joosten, E., Wijdeveld, T., Boswinkel, P., van der Palen, J., & De Jong, C. (2012). Alexithymia is not a stable personality trait in patients with substance use disorders. Psychiatry Research, 198(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.027

de la Fuente Arias, M., Justo, C. F., & Granados, M. S. (2010). Efectos de un programa de meditación (mindfulness) en la medida de la alexitimia y las habilidades sociales TT - Effects of a meditation program (mindfulness) on the measure of alexithymia and social skills. Psicothema, 22(3), 369–375.

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8

FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., & Mobbs, D. (2013). Alexithymia decreases altruism in real social decisions. Cortex, 49(3), 899–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.015

Fjorback, L. O., Arendt, M., Ornbol, E., Fink, P., & Walach, H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy - a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(2), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x

Gay, M. C., Hanin, D., & Luminet, O. (2008). Effectiveness of an hypnotic imagery intervention on reducing alexithymia. Contemporary Hypnosis, 25(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ch.344

Ghavi, F., Mosalanejad, L., Keshavarz, F., Golestan Jahromi, M., & Abdollahifrd, S. (2016). A Comparative Study of Alexithymia and Social Anxiety in Infertile Men and Women. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 13(4), 2317–2323. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2400

Gibbons, T. (2020). Cognitive mindfulness workbook: Awareness, acceptance and action in psychotherapy. Hamilton: Tom Gibbons.

Harjanah, T.W. (2018). Hubungan antara level alexithymia dengan perilaku prososial dewasa muda. Skripsi. Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Iancu, I., Cohen, E., Yehuda, Y. Ben, & Kotler, M. (2006). Treatment of eating disorders improves eating symptoms but not alexithymia and dissociation proneness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(3), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.001

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Bantam Dell.

Kaviani, H., Javaheri, F., & Hatami, N. (2011). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduces depression and anxiety induced by real stressful setting in non-clinical population. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 285–296.

Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., … Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445-1467. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20326.

Levant, R. F., Halter, M. J., Hayden, E. W., & Williams, C. M. (2009). The Efficacy of Alexithymia Reduction Treatment: A Pilot Study. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 17(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1701.75

Lyvers, M., Randhawa, A., & Thorberg, F. A. (2020). Self-compassion in Relation to Alexithymia, Empathy, and Negative Mood in Young Adults. Mindfulness, 11(7), 1655–1665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01379-6

Manninen, M., Therman, S., Suvisaari, J., Ebeling, H., Moilanen, I., Huttunen, M., & Joukamaa, M. (2011). Alexithymia is common among adolescents with severe disruptive behavior. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(7), 506–509. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182214281

Melin, E. O., Thulesius, H. O., & Persson, B. A. (2010). Affect School for chronic benign pain patients showed improved alexithymia assessments with TAS-20. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-4-5

Moriguchi, Y., Maeda, M., Igarashi, T., Ishikawa, T., Shoji, M., Kubo, C., & Komaki, G. (2007). Age and gender effect on ’alexithymia in large, Japanese community and clinical samples: A cross-validation study of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-1-7

Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness Training Improves Working Memory Capacity and GRE Performance While Reducing Mind Wandering. Psychological Science, 24(5), 776–781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612459659

Pandey, R., Saxena, P., & Dubey, A. (2011). Emotion regulation difficulties in alexithymia and mental health. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 7(4), 604–623. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v7i4.155

Puri, P., & Agarwal, P. (2016). Relationship of Alexithymia with Mindfulness among Adolesecents. 4(1).

Rahmawati, I. M., & Halim, M. S. (2018). Alexithymia pada Sampel Non Klinis: Keterkaitannya dengan Gaya Kelekatan. Jurnal Psikologi, 45(3), 200-217. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.29106

Roth, B., & Robbins, D. (2004). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Health-Related Quality of Life: Findings from a Bilingual Inner-City Patient Population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(1), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000097337.00754.09

Rufer, M., Albrecht, R., Zaum, J., Schnyder, U., Mueller-Pfeiffer, C., Hand, I., & Schmidt, O. (2010). Impact of alexithymia on treatment outcome: A naturalistic study of short-term cognitive-behavioral group therapy for panic disorder. Psychopathology, 43(3), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288639

Santarnecchi, E., D’Arista, S., Egiziano, E., Gardi, C., Petrosino, R., Vatti, G., Reda, M., & Rossi, A. (2014). Interaction between neuroanatomical and psychological changes after mindfulness-based training. PLoS ONE, 9(10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108359

Seniati, L., Yulianto, A., & Setiadi, B.N. (2015). Psikologi eksperimen. Jakarta: Indeks.

Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105

Subic-Wrana, C., Bruder, S., Thomas, W., Lane, R. D., & Köhle, K. (2005). Emotional awareness deficits in inpatients of a psychosomatic ward: A comparison of two different measures of alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(3), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000160461.19239.13

Teixeira, R. J., & Pereira, M. G. (2013). Examining Mindfulness and Its Relation to Self-Differentiation and Alexithymia. Mindfulness, 6(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0233-7

Viding, C. G., Osika, W., Theorell, T., Kowalski, J., Hallqvist, J., & Horwitz, E. B. (2015). “The culture palette”- A randomized intervention study for women with burnout symptoms in Sweden. British Journal of Medical Practitioners, 8(2).

Wasson, R. S., Barratt, C., & O’Brien, W. H. (2020). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Self-compassion in Health Care Professionals: a Meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 11(8), 1914–1934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01342-5

Wijaya, Y. D. (2014). Pelatihan Pengelolaan Emosi Dengan Teknik Mindfulness Untuk Menurunkan Distress Pada Penyandang Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kebon Jeruk Jakarta. Jurnal Psikologi, 12(2), 48–53.

Wulandari, F. A., & Gamayanti, I. L. (2014). Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy Untuk Meningkatkan Konsep Diri Remaja Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Jurnal Intervensi Psikologi, 6(2), 265–280.

Wuryansari, R., & Subandi, S. (2019). Program Mindfulness for Prisoners (Mindfulners) untuk Menurunkan Depresi pada Narapidana. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 5(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.50626

Pelatihan Mindfulness Berbasis Pendekatan Kognitif untuk Mengurangi Kecenderungan Alexithymia pada Mahasiswa

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Nurul Azmi Arifuddin, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Negeri Makassar

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