Main Article Content
Abstract
High self-criticism among students occurs due to increasing responsibilities, competitive demands in various aspects of life, and academic pressure. This study aims to determine the effect of self-compassion training on reducing self-criticism in students. The research used a group pre-test and post-test design. The subjects were ten students from the Islamic University of Riau. We used a self-criticism scale, The Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) developed by Gilbert (2004). To evaluate changes in self-criticism among students, we applied the Wilcoxon test. Statistical results were obtained using the Wilcoxon Normality Test, which yielded a value of 0.005<0.05. It can be concluded that there are significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results. Self-compassion training has an impact on reducing self-criticism in students. The influence of the training provided can be understood and implemented by participants, allowing them to gain better self-understanding.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Nindy Amita -, Juliarni Siregar, Nilla Listyani
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References
- Albertson, E. R., Neff, K. D., & Dill-Shackleford, K. E. (2015). Self-Compassion and Body Dissatisfaction in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Meditation Intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3), 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0277-3
- Amita, N., Siregar, J., Listyani, N., & Assyfa, L. (2023). Self-Compassion dan Self-Esteem pada Narapidana. Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v6i1.2134
- Augustiya, T., Lestari, A., Budiman, H., Maharani, R., & Anggraini, M. (2020). The Bingah scale: A development of the happiness measurement scale in the Sundanese. Jurnal Psikologi Islam Dan Budaya, 3(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v3i1.6478
- Azzahra, F. (2017). Pengaruh Resiliensi terhadap Distres Psikologis pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 5(1), 80–96.
- Cox, B. J., Fleet, C., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Self-Criticism and Social Phobia in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.012
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Penelitian Kualitatif dan Desain Riset. Pustaka Pelajar.
- Drabu, S., Sündermann, O., & Hong, R. Y. (2022). A One-Week Online Self-Compassion Training Reduces Self-Criticism and Pain Endurance in Adults with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Ideation: A Randomized-Waitlist Controlled Study. Mindfulness, 13(5), 1232–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01870-2
- Dunkley, D. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2007). Self-Criticism, Low Self-Esteem, Depressive Symptoms, and Over-Evaluation of Shape and Weight in Binge Eating Disorder Patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.017
- Flett, G. L., Madorsky, D., Hewitt, P. L., & Heisel, M. J. (2002). Perfectionism Cognitions, Rumination, and Psychological Distress. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 20(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015128904007
- Gao, Y., Liu, X., Liu, J., & Wang, H. (2023). The Effects of Self-Criticism and Self-Compassion on Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 3219–3230. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S417258
- Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused Therapies and Compassionate Mind Training for Shame and Self-Attacking (P. Gilbert, Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203003459
- Hendarto, W. T., & Ambarwati, K. D. (2020). Perfeksionisme dan Distres Psikologis pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Bimbingan Konseling Undiksha, 11(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjbk.v11i2.30524
- Hidding, M., Veling, W., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & van der Stouwe, E. C. D. (2024). A Single-Session VR Intervention Addressing Self-Compassion and Self-Criticism With and Without Perspective Change: Results of a Randomized Controlled Experiment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 173, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2023.104466
- Hutton, P., Kelly, J., Lowens, I., Taylor, P. J., & Tai, S. (2013). Self-Attacking and Self-Reassurance in Persecutory Delusions: A Comparison of Healthy, Depressed and Paranoid Individuals. Psychiatry Research, 205(1–2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.010
- Indrawati, N. D., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2022). Pengaruh Pelatihan Self Compassion Secara Daring untuk Meningkatkan Penerimaan Diri pada Mahasiswa dengan Fobia Spesifik Ringan. Jurnal EMPATI, 11(3), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2022.34470
- Karinda, F. B. (2020). Belas Kasih Diri (Self Compassion) pada Mahasiswa. Cognicia, 8(2), 234–252. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v8i2.11288
- Kirby, J. N., & Laczko, D. (2017). A Randomized Micro-Trial of a Loving-Kindness Meditation for Young Adults Living at Home with their Parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(7), 1888–1899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0692-x
- Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2015). Psychotherapeutic Benefits of Compassion-Focused Therapy: An Early Systematic Review. Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002141
- Leha, W., Razak, A., & Ridfah, A. (2022). Hubungan Antara Perfeksionisme dengan Stres Akademik pada Mahasiswa. JIVA: Journal of Behaviour and Mental Health, 3(2), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.30984/jiva.v3i2.2213
- Leman, H. K., & Arjadi, R. (2023). Self-Criticism in Emerging Adulthood With Adverse Childhood Experiences Increases Depression, Anxiety, and Stress [Kritik Diri Pada Dewasa Awal Dengan Pengalaman Buruk di Masa Kecil Meningkatkan Depresi, Kecemasan, dan Stres]. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 38(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v38i1.4893
- Lutz, J., Berry, M. P., Napadow, V., Germer, C., Pollak, S., Gardiner, P., Edwards, R. R., Desbordes, G., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2020). Neural Activations During Self-Related Processing in Patients with Chronic Pain and Effects of a Brief Self-Compassion Training – A Pilot Study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 304, 111155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111155
- Luyten, P., Sabbe, B., Blatt, S. J., Meganck, S., Jansen, B., De Grave, C., Maes, F., & Corveleyn, J. (2007). Dependency and Self-Criticism: Relationship with Major Depressive Disorder, Severity of Depression, and Clinical Presentation. Depression and Anxiety, 24(8), 586–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20272
- Naragon-Gainey, K., & Watson, D. (2012). Personality, Structure. In Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (pp. 90–95). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00275-5
- Neff, K. (2003a). Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
- Neff, K. (2003b). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
- Rahma, W. L. (2023). Hubungan Self-Criticism terhadap Kebahagiaan pada Mahasiswa di Kota Malang [Thesis]. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
- Ramadani, D., Wahyuni, E., & Hidayat, D. R. (2022). Gambaran Kritik Diri (Self-Criticism) Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 10(1), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.29210/176700
- Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference (1st ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
- Toole, A. M., & Craighead, L. W. (2016). Brief Self-Compassion Meditation Training for Body Image Distress in Young Adult Women. Body Image, 19, 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.001
- Wakelin, K. E., Perman, G., & Simonds, L. M. (2022). Effectiveness of Self‐Compassion‐Related Interventions for Reducing Self‐Criticism: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2586
References
Albertson, E. R., Neff, K. D., & Dill-Shackleford, K. E. (2015). Self-Compassion and Body Dissatisfaction in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Meditation Intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3), 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0277-3
Amita, N., Siregar, J., Listyani, N., & Assyfa, L. (2023). Self-Compassion dan Self-Esteem pada Narapidana. Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v6i1.2134
Augustiya, T., Lestari, A., Budiman, H., Maharani, R., & Anggraini, M. (2020). The Bingah scale: A development of the happiness measurement scale in the Sundanese. Jurnal Psikologi Islam Dan Budaya, 3(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v3i1.6478
Azzahra, F. (2017). Pengaruh Resiliensi terhadap Distres Psikologis pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 5(1), 80–96.
Cox, B. J., Fleet, C., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Self-Criticism and Social Phobia in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.012
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Penelitian Kualitatif dan Desain Riset. Pustaka Pelajar.
Drabu, S., Sündermann, O., & Hong, R. Y. (2022). A One-Week Online Self-Compassion Training Reduces Self-Criticism and Pain Endurance in Adults with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Ideation: A Randomized-Waitlist Controlled Study. Mindfulness, 13(5), 1232–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01870-2
Dunkley, D. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2007). Self-Criticism, Low Self-Esteem, Depressive Symptoms, and Over-Evaluation of Shape and Weight in Binge Eating Disorder Patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.017
Flett, G. L., Madorsky, D., Hewitt, P. L., & Heisel, M. J. (2002). Perfectionism Cognitions, Rumination, and Psychological Distress. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 20(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015128904007
Gao, Y., Liu, X., Liu, J., & Wang, H. (2023). The Effects of Self-Criticism and Self-Compassion on Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 3219–3230. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S417258
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused Therapies and Compassionate Mind Training for Shame and Self-Attacking (P. Gilbert, Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203003459
Hendarto, W. T., & Ambarwati, K. D. (2020). Perfeksionisme dan Distres Psikologis pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Bimbingan Konseling Undiksha, 11(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjbk.v11i2.30524
Hidding, M., Veling, W., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & van der Stouwe, E. C. D. (2024). A Single-Session VR Intervention Addressing Self-Compassion and Self-Criticism With and Without Perspective Change: Results of a Randomized Controlled Experiment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 173, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2023.104466
Hutton, P., Kelly, J., Lowens, I., Taylor, P. J., & Tai, S. (2013). Self-Attacking and Self-Reassurance in Persecutory Delusions: A Comparison of Healthy, Depressed and Paranoid Individuals. Psychiatry Research, 205(1–2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.010
Indrawati, N. D., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2022). Pengaruh Pelatihan Self Compassion Secara Daring untuk Meningkatkan Penerimaan Diri pada Mahasiswa dengan Fobia Spesifik Ringan. Jurnal EMPATI, 11(3), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2022.34470
Karinda, F. B. (2020). Belas Kasih Diri (Self Compassion) pada Mahasiswa. Cognicia, 8(2), 234–252. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v8i2.11288
Kirby, J. N., & Laczko, D. (2017). A Randomized Micro-Trial of a Loving-Kindness Meditation for Young Adults Living at Home with their Parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(7), 1888–1899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0692-x
Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2015). Psychotherapeutic Benefits of Compassion-Focused Therapy: An Early Systematic Review. Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002141
Leha, W., Razak, A., & Ridfah, A. (2022). Hubungan Antara Perfeksionisme dengan Stres Akademik pada Mahasiswa. JIVA: Journal of Behaviour and Mental Health, 3(2), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.30984/jiva.v3i2.2213
Leman, H. K., & Arjadi, R. (2023). Self-Criticism in Emerging Adulthood With Adverse Childhood Experiences Increases Depression, Anxiety, and Stress [Kritik Diri Pada Dewasa Awal Dengan Pengalaman Buruk di Masa Kecil Meningkatkan Depresi, Kecemasan, dan Stres]. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 38(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v38i1.4893
Lutz, J., Berry, M. P., Napadow, V., Germer, C., Pollak, S., Gardiner, P., Edwards, R. R., Desbordes, G., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2020). Neural Activations During Self-Related Processing in Patients with Chronic Pain and Effects of a Brief Self-Compassion Training – A Pilot Study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 304, 111155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111155
Luyten, P., Sabbe, B., Blatt, S. J., Meganck, S., Jansen, B., De Grave, C., Maes, F., & Corveleyn, J. (2007). Dependency and Self-Criticism: Relationship with Major Depressive Disorder, Severity of Depression, and Clinical Presentation. Depression and Anxiety, 24(8), 586–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20272
Naragon-Gainey, K., & Watson, D. (2012). Personality, Structure. In Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (pp. 90–95). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00275-5
Neff, K. (2003a). Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. (2003b). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Rahma, W. L. (2023). Hubungan Self-Criticism terhadap Kebahagiaan pada Mahasiswa di Kota Malang [Thesis]. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
Ramadani, D., Wahyuni, E., & Hidayat, D. R. (2022). Gambaran Kritik Diri (Self-Criticism) Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 10(1), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.29210/176700
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference (1st ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
Toole, A. M., & Craighead, L. W. (2016). Brief Self-Compassion Meditation Training for Body Image Distress in Young Adult Women. Body Image, 19, 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.001
Wakelin, K. E., Perman, G., & Simonds, L. M. (2022). Effectiveness of Self‐Compassion‐Related Interventions for Reducing Self‐Criticism: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2586