Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRAK: Kecemasan saat berolahraga petanque dapat mengganggu fokus atlet saat bertanding sehingga dapat menurunkan performanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pelatihan mindfulness dalam mengurangi kecemasan bertanding pada atlet petanque. Penelitian quasi-experimental ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan nonequivalent control group pre test post test design yang melibatkan 16 partisipan. Partisipan kelompok eksperimen (n=7) dan kelompok kontrol (n=9). Teknik purposive sampling memungkinkan peneliti menentukan sampel yang cocok dengan tujuan penelitian dan didasarkan atas pertimbangan ahli. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji parametrik Mann Whitney dan Wilcoxon serta uji tambahan N-Gain Score. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan mindfulness tidak efektif dalam mengurangi kecemasan bertanding atlet dengan N-Gain Score sebesar 22% namun tetap terdapat perbedaan hasil antara kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol 0,043 < 0,05.
Kata kunci: Atlet Petanque, Kecemasan Bertanding, Pelatihan Mindfulness
ABSTRACT: Anxiety during petanque matches can interfere with athletes’ focus and reduce performance. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness training in reducing competition anxiety among petanque athletes. A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest model was employed, involving 16 participants, 7 in the experimental group and 9 in the control group. Participants were selected using purposive sampling based on expert judgment. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon tests, with an additional N-Gain Score analysis. Results showed that mindfulness training was not effective in significantly reducing competition anxiety, with an N-Gain Score of 22%. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p = .043 < .05).
Key words: Petanque Athletes, Competition Anxiety, Mindfulness Training
Keywords
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References
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- Ardini, F., & Jannah, M. (2017). Pengaruh pelatihan teknik relaksasi pernafasan dalam terhadap competitive state anxiety pada atlet UKM bulu tangkis Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 4(2), 6–10.
- Baltzell, A., & Akhtar, V. L. (2014). Mindfulness meditation training for sport (MMTS) intervention: Impact of MMTS with division I female athletes. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 2(2), 160–173.
- Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2015). Meditation practice and self-reported mindfulness: A cross-sectional investigation of meditators and non-meditators using the comprehensive inventory of mindfulness experiences (CHIME). Mindfulness, 6(6), 1411–1421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0415-6
- Cheng, W.-N. K., Hardy, L., & Markland, D. (2009). Toward a three-dimensional conceptualization of performance anxiety: Rationale and initial measurement development. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(2), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.08.001
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Dana, A., Shahir, V. A., & Ghorbani, S. (2022). The impact of mindfulness and mental skills protocols on athletes’ competitive anxiety. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 14(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2022-0017
- Dias, C., Cruz, J. F., & Fonseca, A. M. (2012). The relationship between multidimensional competitive anxiety, cognitive threat appraisal, and coping strategies: A multi-sport study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.645131
- Hafidz, A. (2023). Implementation of CIPP Model as an evaluation of achievement development programs in petanque sport. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Arts and Humanities 2022 (IJCAH 2022), 878–890. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-008-4_93
- Husdarta. (2014). Psikologi olahraga. Alfabeta.
- Ikhram, A., Jufri, M., & Ridfah, A. (2020). Mental toughness dan competitive anxiety pada atlet karate UNM. Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual, 5(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.24176/perseptual.v5i2.5206
- Ilsya, M. N. F., & Komarudin, K. (2019). Hubungan antara kecemasan dengan performa atlet pada cabang olahraga bolabasket. Jurnal Sains Keolahragaan Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.5614/jskk.2019.4.1.4
- Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86(4), 449–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02565.x
- Krane, V. (1994). The mental readiness form as a measure of competitive state anxiety. The Sport Psychologist, 8(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.8.2.189
- Krishnan, P. (2019). A review of the non-equivalent control group post-test-only design. Nurse Researcher, 26(2), 37–40. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2018.e1582
- Kristanto, A. A., & Nurkholis. (2020). Kontribusi konsentrasi, tinggi badan, panjang lengan, dan persepsi kinestetik terhadap hasil pointing atlet petanque Jawa Timur. JPO: Jurnal Prestasi Olahraga, 3(1), 1–5.
- Liu, J., Liu, T., & Sun, J. (2021). The impact of self-confidence, self-motivation and competitive state anxiety on attentional control in athletes in China. Revista de Psicologia Del Deporte, 30(1), 31–48.
- Marín-González, F. H., Portela-Pino, I., Fuentes-García, J. P., & Martínez-Patiño, M. J. (2022). Relationship between sports and personal variables and the competitive anxiety of Colombian elite athletes of olympic and paralympic sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137791
- Nurwansyah, A., & Sepdanius, E. (2021). Kepribadian atlet olahraga kontak fisik dan non kontak fisik di Kota Padang. JURNAL STAMINA, 4(8), 372–384.
- O’Neil, J. W., & Steyn, B. J. (2007). Strategies used by South African non-elite athletes to cope with the environmental stressors associated with endurance events. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 29(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v29i2.25972
- Raibowo, S., Wulandari, I., Prabowo, A., Permadi, A., & Barnanda Rizky, O. (2023). Kecemasan dan konsentrasi pada atlet tenis lapangan Pomnas XVII Sumatera Barat 2022. Jurnal Kejaora (Kesehatan Jasmani Dan Olah Raga), 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.36526/kejaora.v8i1.2418
- Rini, D. S., & Faisal, F. (2015). Perbandingan power of test dari Uji Normalitas Metode Bayesian, Uji Shapiro-Wilk, Uji Cramer-von Mises, dan Uji Anderson-Darling. Jurnal Gradien, 11(2), 1101–1105.
- Sanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Alda Díez, M., Salas-Valero, M., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Morillo, H., Demarzo, M. M. P., García-Toro, M., & García-Campayo, J. (2016). Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on salivary cortisol in healthy adults: A meta-analytical review. Frontiers in Physiology, 7(471), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00471
- Scharfen, H., & Memmert, D. (2019). Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: A meta-analytic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 843–860. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3526
- Shapiro, S. S., Wilk, M. B., & Chen, H. J. (1968). A comparative study of various tests for normality. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1343–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480932
- Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The sport anxiety scale. Anxiety Research, 2(4), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/08917779008248733
- Sugiyono. (2007). Statistika untuk penelitian. CV Alfabeta.
- Thompson, R. W., Kaufman, K. A., De Petrillo, L. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2011). One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.99
- Zhang, C.-Q., Si, G., Duan, Y., Lyu, Y., Keatley, D. A., & Chan, D. K. C. (2016). The effects of mindfulness training on beginners’ skill acquisition in dart throwing: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.09.005
References
Anderson, S. A., Haraldsdottir, K., & Watson, D. (2021). Mindfulness in athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 20(12), 655–660. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000919
Ardini, F., & Jannah, M. (2017). Pengaruh pelatihan teknik relaksasi pernafasan dalam terhadap competitive state anxiety pada atlet UKM bulu tangkis Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 4(2), 6–10.
Baltzell, A., & Akhtar, V. L. (2014). Mindfulness meditation training for sport (MMTS) intervention: Impact of MMTS with division I female athletes. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 2(2), 160–173.
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2015). Meditation practice and self-reported mindfulness: A cross-sectional investigation of meditators and non-meditators using the comprehensive inventory of mindfulness experiences (CHIME). Mindfulness, 6(6), 1411–1421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0415-6
Cheng, W.-N. K., Hardy, L., & Markland, D. (2009). Toward a three-dimensional conceptualization of performance anxiety: Rationale and initial measurement development. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(2), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.08.001
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dana, A., Shahir, V. A., & Ghorbani, S. (2022). The impact of mindfulness and mental skills protocols on athletes’ competitive anxiety. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 14(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2022-0017
Dias, C., Cruz, J. F., & Fonseca, A. M. (2012). The relationship between multidimensional competitive anxiety, cognitive threat appraisal, and coping strategies: A multi-sport study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.645131
Hafidz, A. (2023). Implementation of CIPP Model as an evaluation of achievement development programs in petanque sport. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Arts and Humanities 2022 (IJCAH 2022), 878–890. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-008-4_93
Husdarta. (2014). Psikologi olahraga. Alfabeta.
Ikhram, A., Jufri, M., & Ridfah, A. (2020). Mental toughness dan competitive anxiety pada atlet karate UNM. Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual, 5(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.24176/perseptual.v5i2.5206
Ilsya, M. N. F., & Komarudin, K. (2019). Hubungan antara kecemasan dengan performa atlet pada cabang olahraga bolabasket. Jurnal Sains Keolahragaan Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.5614/jskk.2019.4.1.4
Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86(4), 449–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02565.x
Krane, V. (1994). The mental readiness form as a measure of competitive state anxiety. The Sport Psychologist, 8(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.8.2.189
Krishnan, P. (2019). A review of the non-equivalent control group post-test-only design. Nurse Researcher, 26(2), 37–40. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2018.e1582
Kristanto, A. A., & Nurkholis. (2020). Kontribusi konsentrasi, tinggi badan, panjang lengan, dan persepsi kinestetik terhadap hasil pointing atlet petanque Jawa Timur. JPO: Jurnal Prestasi Olahraga, 3(1), 1–5.
Liu, J., Liu, T., & Sun, J. (2021). The impact of self-confidence, self-motivation and competitive state anxiety on attentional control in athletes in China. Revista de Psicologia Del Deporte, 30(1), 31–48.
Marín-González, F. H., Portela-Pino, I., Fuentes-García, J. P., & Martínez-Patiño, M. J. (2022). Relationship between sports and personal variables and the competitive anxiety of Colombian elite athletes of olympic and paralympic sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137791
Nurwansyah, A., & Sepdanius, E. (2021). Kepribadian atlet olahraga kontak fisik dan non kontak fisik di Kota Padang. JURNAL STAMINA, 4(8), 372–384.
O’Neil, J. W., & Steyn, B. J. (2007). Strategies used by South African non-elite athletes to cope with the environmental stressors associated with endurance events. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 29(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v29i2.25972
Raibowo, S., Wulandari, I., Prabowo, A., Permadi, A., & Barnanda Rizky, O. (2023). Kecemasan dan konsentrasi pada atlet tenis lapangan Pomnas XVII Sumatera Barat 2022. Jurnal Kejaora (Kesehatan Jasmani Dan Olah Raga), 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.36526/kejaora.v8i1.2418
Rini, D. S., & Faisal, F. (2015). Perbandingan power of test dari Uji Normalitas Metode Bayesian, Uji Shapiro-Wilk, Uji Cramer-von Mises, dan Uji Anderson-Darling. Jurnal Gradien, 11(2), 1101–1105.
Sanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Alda Díez, M., Salas-Valero, M., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Morillo, H., Demarzo, M. M. P., García-Toro, M., & García-Campayo, J. (2016). Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on salivary cortisol in healthy adults: A meta-analytical review. Frontiers in Physiology, 7(471), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00471
Scharfen, H., & Memmert, D. (2019). Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: A meta-analytic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 843–860. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3526
Shapiro, S. S., Wilk, M. B., & Chen, H. J. (1968). A comparative study of various tests for normality. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1343–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480932
Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The sport anxiety scale. Anxiety Research, 2(4), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/08917779008248733
Sugiyono. (2007). Statistika untuk penelitian. CV Alfabeta.
Thompson, R. W., Kaufman, K. A., De Petrillo, L. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2011). One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.99
Zhang, C.-Q., Si, G., Duan, Y., Lyu, Y., Keatley, D. A., & Chan, D. K. C. (2016). The effects of mindfulness training on beginners’ skill acquisition in dart throwing: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.09.005