Main Article Content
Abstract
Waste refers to leftover material generated from production processes, industrial activities, or other human activities, often considered discarded due to its lack of economic value. Coconut shell waste is one such material that has not been optimally utilized, and it often accumulates without adequate disposal. However, coconut shell ash, which contains silica, can potentially enhance the compressive strength of paving blocks. This study investigates the effect of coconut shell ash substitution on the compressive strength, wear resistance, and water absorption of paving blocks. The tests were conducted in accordance with SNI-03-0691-1996 standards, including compressive strength, wear resistance, and water absorption tests. Coconut shell ash was substituted at percentages of 5.5%, 7.5%, 9.5%, 11.5%, and 13.5% by weight of cement. The paving blocks were tested at 28 days. The mixture used a 1:3 ratio of cement to sand, with the sand comprising equal parts Merapi and Progo River sand to balance their different grain characteristics—Merapi sand being angular and sharp, and Progo River sand being fine and round. The compressive strength, wear resistance, and water absorption of normal paving blocks were found to be 36.925 MPa, 0.085 mm/min, and 2.132%, respectively. The highest optimal performance was achieved at 9.5% coconut shell ash substitution, yielding a compressive strength of 40.450 MPa, wear resistance of 0.086 mm/min, and water absorption of 2.349%, meeting the quality category A standard for roads.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Khairul Nur Ihfansyah, Prof. Ir. Mochamad Teguh, MSCE., Ph.D.
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References
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- American Society for Testing and Materials. 2005. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. ASTM designation: C 150-07. Philadelpia. PA.
- Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 2016. Cara Uji Berat Jenis dan Penyerapan Air Agregat Halus. SNI 03-1970-2016. Jakarta. National Standardisation Agency. 2016. Test Method for Specific Weight and Water Absorption of Fine Aggregates. SNI 03-1970-2016. Jakarta.
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- National Standardisation Agency. 1987. Plain Cement Tiles. SNI 03-0028-1987. Jakarta.
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- National Standardisation Agency. 2015. Portland cement. SNI 15-2049-2015. Jakarta.
- Purnomo, H. and Hisyam, E.S. 2014. Utilisation of Glass Powder as a Partial Substitution of Cement in Concrete Mixtures in View of the Compressive Strength and Tensile Strength of Concrete. Bangka Belitung University Journal. Vol 2 No. 1: 14 - 55.
- Saputra, W. And Bachtiar, G. 2021. Addition of coconut shell ash to the compressive strength of paving blocks. Journal of Technical and Vocational Education. Volume 3, Number 2, December 2021.
- Sembiring. 2017. Test of compressive strength and water absorption in paving blocks with coarse sand, stone nuts, and fine sand. Prima Industrial Engineering Scientific Journal. Vol. 1 No. 1 June 2017.
- Tjokrodimuljo K. 2007. Building Materials. Department of Civil Engineering, Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.
- Tjokrodimuljo K. 2009. Concrete Technology. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.
- Zhafirin, Z. 2012. Effect of Coconut Shell Ash Addition on the Compressive Strength of Mortar as a Base Material for Paving Block. Final Project. Islamic University of Indonesia Yogyakarta
References
Arman, A. Mulyati, Wardi, S, Roza, A, and Putra, D.S. 2023. Effect of Coconut Shell Charcoal Ash Addition on Paving Block Compressive Strength. Journal of Technology and Vocation. Vol.1 No.2: 23-30.
Addition of Corn Cobs Ash as Additive. Final Project. Atma Jaya University. Yogyakarta.
Adeala, A.J., Olaoye, J.O. & Adeniji, A.A., (2021). Potential Of Coconut Shell Ash As Partial Replacement Of Ordinary Portland Cement In Concrete Production. 47-53.
American Society for Testing and Materials. 2003. Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. ASTM designation: C 33-03. Philadelpia. PA.
American Society for Testing and Materials. 2005. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. ASTM designation: C 150-07. Philadelpia. PA.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 2016. Cara Uji Berat Jenis dan Penyerapan Air Agregat Halus. SNI 03-1970-2016. Jakarta. National Standardisation Agency. 2016. Test Method for Specific Weight and Water Absorption of Fine Aggregates. SNI 03-1970-2016. Jakarta.
Indonesian Environmental Statistics. 2018. Waste Management In Indonesia Environments Statistics Of Indonesia Waste Management.
National Standardisation Agency. 1987. Plain Cement Tiles. SNI 03-0028-1987. Jakarta.
National Standardisation Agency. 1990. Test Method for Fine and Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis. SNI 03-1968-1990. Jakarta.
National Standardisation Agency. 1996. Concrete Brick (Paving Block). SNI 03-0691-1996. Jakarta.
National Standardisation Agency. 1996. Method of Testing the Amount of Material in Aggregate that Passes Sieve Number 200 (0.0075 mm). SNI 03-4142-1996. Jakarta.
National Standardisation Agency. 1998. Test Method for Weight Content and Air Cavity in Aggregate. SNI 03-4804-1998. Jakarta.
National Standardisation Agency. 2000. Procedure for the preparation of normal concrete mix plan. SNI 03-2834-2000. Jakarta.
National Standardisation Agency. 2015. Portland cement. SNI 15-2049-2015. Jakarta.
Purnomo, H. and Hisyam, E.S. 2014. Utilisation of Glass Powder as a Partial Substitution of Cement in Concrete Mixtures in View of the Compressive Strength and Tensile Strength of Concrete. Bangka Belitung University Journal. Vol 2 No. 1: 14 - 55.
Saputra, W. And Bachtiar, G. 2021. Addition of coconut shell ash to the compressive strength of paving blocks. Journal of Technical and Vocational Education. Volume 3, Number 2, December 2021.
Sembiring. 2017. Test of compressive strength and water absorption in paving blocks with coarse sand, stone nuts, and fine sand. Prima Industrial Engineering Scientific Journal. Vol. 1 No. 1 June 2017.
Tjokrodimuljo K. 2007. Building Materials. Department of Civil Engineering, Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.
Tjokrodimuljo K. 2009. Concrete Technology. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.
Zhafirin, Z. 2012. Effect of Coconut Shell Ash Addition on the Compressive Strength of Mortar as a Base Material for Paving Block. Final Project. Islamic University of Indonesia Yogyakarta