Main Article Content
Abstract
Chronical wound often caused by bacteria which has antibiotic resistance characteristic and presence of biofilm formation. This study aims to evaluate the bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of stem bark of Jatropha multifida L. against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), as alternative antimicrobial agents. Examination of bactericidal activity of the extract was performed by time-kill assay to determine the speed of the extract to eradicate bacteria. The inhibitory activity of extract toward biofilm production was quantified using spectrophotometric method. The extract showed bactericidal activity which can be achieved at 8 hours and 12 hours against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in MBC value of 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. The extract exhibited antibiofilm activity which indicates by its IC50 value of 0.3 mg/mL and 0.76 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. These experiments have shown the potential of the extract of  Jatropha multifida L. stem bark as a bioactive substance in a topical agent for chronical skin infection.
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References
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- Belbase, A. et al. (2017) ‘Antibiotic resistance and biofilm production among the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pus/wound swab samples in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal’, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. BioMed Central, 16(1), p. 15. doi: 10.1186/s12941-017-0194-0.
- Belley, A. et al. (2008) ‘Assessment by Time-Kill Methodology of the Synergistic Effects of Oritavancin in Combination with Other Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus’, 52(10), pp. 3820–3822. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00361-08.
- Chammas, N. K., Hill, R. L. R. and Edmonds, M. E. (2016) ‘Increased Mortality in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients: The Significance of Ulcer Type’, Journal of Diabetes Research. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/2879809.
- Crevel, R. Van, Vijver, S. Van De and Moore, D. A. J. (2016) ‘The global diabetes epidemic : what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries ?’, THE LANCET Diabetes & Endocrinology. Elsevier Ltd, 8587(16), pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30081-X.
- Das, B. et al. (2009) ‘Multifidone: A novel cytotoxic lathyrane-type diterpene having an unusual six-membered A ring from Jatropha multifida’, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Elsevier Ltd, 19(1), pp. 77–79. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.014.
- Dwivedi, D. and Singh, V. (2015) ‘Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Effects of the natural compounds embelin and piperine on the bio fi lm-producing property of Streptococcus mutans’, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences. Elsevier Ltd, (2014), pp. 9–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.025.
- Falodun, A. et al. (2014) ‘Isolation of antileishmanial, antimalarial and antimicrobial metabolites from Jatropha multifida’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(5), pp. 374–378. doi: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1312.
- Kanth, B. S. et al. (2011) ‘New bioactive macrocyclic diterpenoids from Jatropha multifida’, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Elsevier Ltd, 21(22), pp. 6808–6810. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.032.
- Liu, H. et al. (2015) ‘Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of thiazolidione derivatives against clinical staphylococcus strains’, (November 2014), pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1038/emi.2015.1.
- M. P. Weinstein. (2012) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically ; Approved Standard — Ninth Edition, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standar- Ninth Edition. doi: 10.4103/0976-237X.91790.
- Morán, A., Gutiérrez, S. and Ferrero, M. A. (2017) ‘Non-toxic plant metabolites regulate Staphylococcus viability and biofilm formation : a natural therapeutic strategy useful in the treatment and prevention of skin infections’, 30(10), pp. 1–6.
- Nuryanti, A., Yulinah, E. and Fidrianny, I. (2014) ‘Activity of Several Plant Extracts Against Drug-Sensitive and Drug- Resistant Microbes’, Procedia Chemistry. Elsevier Ltd., 13, pp. 164–169. doi: 10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.021.
- Olajuyigbe, O. O. and Afolayan, A. J. (2012) ‘In vitro antibacterial and time-kill assessment of crude methanolic stem bark extract of Acacia mearnsii de wild against bacteria in shigellosis’, Molecules, 17(2), pp. 2103–2118. doi: 10.3390/molecules17022103.
- Rampadarath, S., Puchooa, D. and Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya, V. M. (2014) ‘Antimicrobial, phytochemical and larvicidal properties of Jatropha multifida Linn.’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7(S1), pp. S380–S383. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60262-5.
- RÃos, J. L. and Recio, M. C. (2005) ‘Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(1–2), pp. 80–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.025.
- Sabandar, C. W. et al. (2013) ‘Medicinal property, phytochemistry and pharmacology of several Jatropha species (Euphorbiaceae): A review’, Phytochemistry. Elsevier Ltd, 85, pp. 7–29. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.10.009.
- Schierle, C. F. et al. (2009) ‘Staphylococcal biofilms impair wound healing by delaying reepithelialization in a murine cutaneous wound model’, Wound Repair and Regeneration, 17(3), pp. 354–359. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00489.x.
- Smith, K. et al. (2017) ‘Biofilm formation by Scottish clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus’, (2008), pp. 1018–1023. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/000968-0.
- Ta, C. A. K. and Arnason, J. T. (2016) ‘Mini review of phytochemicals and plant taxa with activity as microbial biofilm and quorum sensing inhibitors’, Molecules, 21(1). doi: 10.3390/molecules21010029.
- Teanpaisan, R., Kawsud, P. and Pahumunto, N. (2016) ‘Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Screening for antibacterial and antibio fi lm activity in Thai medicinal plant extracts against oral microorganisms’, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 6–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.06.007.
- Tyagi, P. et al. (2015) ‘Bactericidal Activity of Curcumin I Is Associated with Damaging of Bacterial Membrane’, pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121313.
- Urzúa, A. et al. (2008) ‘A structure-activity study of antibacterial diterpenoids’, Molecules, 13(4), pp. 882–891. doi: 10.3390/molecules13040822.
References
Aiyelaagbe, O. O. et al. (2008) ‘The antimicrobial activity of Jatropha multifida extracts and chromatographic fractions against sexually transmitted infections’, Journal of Medical Sciences, pp. 143–147. doi: 10.3923/jms.2008.143.147.
Belbase, A. et al. (2017) ‘Antibiotic resistance and biofilm production among the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pus/wound swab samples in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal’, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. BioMed Central, 16(1), p. 15. doi: 10.1186/s12941-017-0194-0.
Belley, A. et al. (2008) ‘Assessment by Time-Kill Methodology of the Synergistic Effects of Oritavancin in Combination with Other Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus’, 52(10), pp. 3820–3822. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00361-08.
Chammas, N. K., Hill, R. L. R. and Edmonds, M. E. (2016) ‘Increased Mortality in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients: The Significance of Ulcer Type’, Journal of Diabetes Research. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/2879809.
Crevel, R. Van, Vijver, S. Van De and Moore, D. A. J. (2016) ‘The global diabetes epidemic : what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries ?’, THE LANCET Diabetes & Endocrinology. Elsevier Ltd, 8587(16), pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30081-X.
Das, B. et al. (2009) ‘Multifidone: A novel cytotoxic lathyrane-type diterpene having an unusual six-membered A ring from Jatropha multifida’, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Elsevier Ltd, 19(1), pp. 77–79. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.014.
Dwivedi, D. and Singh, V. (2015) ‘Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Effects of the natural compounds embelin and piperine on the bio fi lm-producing property of Streptococcus mutans’, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences. Elsevier Ltd, (2014), pp. 9–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.025.
Falodun, A. et al. (2014) ‘Isolation of antileishmanial, antimalarial and antimicrobial metabolites from Jatropha multifida’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(5), pp. 374–378. doi: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1312.
Kanth, B. S. et al. (2011) ‘New bioactive macrocyclic diterpenoids from Jatropha multifida’, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Elsevier Ltd, 21(22), pp. 6808–6810. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.032.
Liu, H. et al. (2015) ‘Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of thiazolidione derivatives against clinical staphylococcus strains’, (November 2014), pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1038/emi.2015.1.
M. P. Weinstein. (2012) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically ; Approved Standard — Ninth Edition, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standar- Ninth Edition. doi: 10.4103/0976-237X.91790.
Morán, A., Gutiérrez, S. and Ferrero, M. A. (2017) ‘Non-toxic plant metabolites regulate Staphylococcus viability and biofilm formation : a natural therapeutic strategy useful in the treatment and prevention of skin infections’, 30(10), pp. 1–6.
Nuryanti, A., Yulinah, E. and Fidrianny, I. (2014) ‘Activity of Several Plant Extracts Against Drug-Sensitive and Drug- Resistant Microbes’, Procedia Chemistry. Elsevier Ltd., 13, pp. 164–169. doi: 10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.021.
Olajuyigbe, O. O. and Afolayan, A. J. (2012) ‘In vitro antibacterial and time-kill assessment of crude methanolic stem bark extract of Acacia mearnsii de wild against bacteria in shigellosis’, Molecules, 17(2), pp. 2103–2118. doi: 10.3390/molecules17022103.
Rampadarath, S., Puchooa, D. and Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya, V. M. (2014) ‘Antimicrobial, phytochemical and larvicidal properties of Jatropha multifida Linn.’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7(S1), pp. S380–S383. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60262-5.
RÃos, J. L. and Recio, M. C. (2005) ‘Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(1–2), pp. 80–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.025.
Sabandar, C. W. et al. (2013) ‘Medicinal property, phytochemistry and pharmacology of several Jatropha species (Euphorbiaceae): A review’, Phytochemistry. Elsevier Ltd, 85, pp. 7–29. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.10.009.
Schierle, C. F. et al. (2009) ‘Staphylococcal biofilms impair wound healing by delaying reepithelialization in a murine cutaneous wound model’, Wound Repair and Regeneration, 17(3), pp. 354–359. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00489.x.
Smith, K. et al. (2017) ‘Biofilm formation by Scottish clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus’, (2008), pp. 1018–1023. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/000968-0.
Ta, C. A. K. and Arnason, J. T. (2016) ‘Mini review of phytochemicals and plant taxa with activity as microbial biofilm and quorum sensing inhibitors’, Molecules, 21(1). doi: 10.3390/molecules21010029.
Teanpaisan, R., Kawsud, P. and Pahumunto, N. (2016) ‘Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Screening for antibacterial and antibio fi lm activity in Thai medicinal plant extracts against oral microorganisms’, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 6–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.06.007.
Tyagi, P. et al. (2015) ‘Bactericidal Activity of Curcumin I Is Associated with Damaging of Bacterial Membrane’, pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121313.
Urzúa, A. et al. (2008) ‘A structure-activity study of antibacterial diterpenoids’, Molecules, 13(4), pp. 882–891. doi: 10.3390/molecules13040822.