Main Article Content

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the biggest exporter country for essential oils in the world. One of Indonesia's essential oil export commodities is patchouli oil. Almost 90% of the world’s patchouli oil are exported from Indonesia. Various studies to improve the quality of Indonesian patchouli oil were carried out. In this research, the process of fermentation of patchouli raw material was conducted to enhance the quality of patchouli oil. Patchouli fermentation was carried out using A. niger. Preparation processes were carried out prior to distillation including withering, size reducing and fermenting. Patchouli was withered for 24 hours. Patchouli was cut into pieces and weighed as much as 800 grams (3 leaves: 1 stem) after withered. Patchouli fermentation was conducted anaerobically for 20 hours. Varying the addition of A. niger used was 5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL and 25 mL mixed in 400 mL of distilled water. The amount of A. niger colonies was 8.8 x 105 /mL. Extraction of patchouli oil was performed by water bubble distillation. The chemical and physical properties of the patchouli oil were analyzed and compared to the quality standard of patchouli oil according to SNI 06-2385-2006. Chemical compound of patchouli oil was identified using GC-MS. The main compound of the patchouli oil is patchoulol. The GC-MS result indicates that patchoulol content increases with the increasing addition of A. niger. The content of patchoulol was detected up to 93.75 %w/w in patchouli oil. The optimal concentration of  A. niger is 1.875% that produces the highest patchoulol content with an increase of up to 194.6 % compared to those of without A. niger (J0).

Keywords

Patchouli alcohol A. niger Water bubble distillation

Article Details

Author Biography

Alivia Maulidina Pawestri, Chemistry Department, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Kimia
How to Cite
Pawestri, A. M., & Fitri, N. (2019). Effect of Adding Aspergillus niger Mushroom on Patchouli Fermentation Process. EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis, 19(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.20885/eksakta.vol19.iss1.art2

References

  1. Bhau BS, Borah B., Ahmed R., dkk, 2016, Influence of root-knot nematode infestation on antioxidant enzymes, chloropyll content and growth in Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 54, 254-261.hn
  2. Essential Oil Association, 1976, Standards and Specifications : Perfumer and Flavorist, vol. 1, Essential Oil Association of U.S.A. Inc.
  3. Fitri, Noor, N. Yandi, Hermawati, and T.S. Julianto, 2017, A Compartive Study of Water-Staem Distillation with Water-Bubble Distillation Tecniques to Increaase the Quality of Patchouli, Essentil Oil, International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering (IC3PE) 2017, 1-7.
  4. Gotama B. and Mahfud, 2015, The Effect of Seeding Technique on Crystal Yield on Crystallization of Patchouli Alcohol from Patchouli Oil, NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SEMINAR (SENATEK) 2015 "Improving National Technology Competitiveness to MEA 2015", was held on January 17, 2015 at Campus II ITN Malang.
  5. Halimah, D. P. P. , and Yulfi Z., 2010, Essential Oil from Patchouli Plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Through Fermentation and Hydrodistilation Method and the Bioactivity Test, Proceeding of Final Task Semester Even 2010/2011, Chemical Proceedings of FMIPA - ITS.
  6. Herliana, M., 2015, Extraction of Leaves Patchouli Oil using Fermentation- Water Bubble Distilation Methode, Thesis, Faculty of Mathematic and Science, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Jogjakarta.
  7. Kusuma H. S. and Mahfud M., 2016, Microwave Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth: Analysis and Modelling of Extractionkinetics. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 86, 9.
  8. Ma’mun and Adhi M., 2008, Isolation of Patchouli Alcohol from Patchouli Oil for Reference Material Testing in Quality Analysis. Bul. Littro. XIX, 1, 95 - 99.
  9. Nasarudin, M.N.B., 2008, Patchouli Oil Extraction Using Ultrasonic Extraction Method. Thesis. Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Natural Resources University Malaysia Pahang. Malaysia.
  10. Nasrudin, Gatot P. and Basuni H., 2009, Effect of Leaves Patchouli Delignification (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) with NaOH Solution and Fermentation with Tricodherma viride Shrimp on Refined Oil, Journal of Industrial Research, III, 2, 94-102.
  11. Ni’mah, A., 2016, Time Variation of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Fermentation Pilot Scale Project with Water Bubble Method, Thesis, Chemistry Departement: Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.
  12. Nurwati, L., 2015, hEffect of Patchouli Leaf Fermentation Time (Pogostemon cablin Benth) with Fusarium Oxysporum against Patchouli Oil Using Water Distillation Method, Thesis, Chemistry Departement: Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.
  13. Purwaningrat, L., 2008, Study of Effect of Age and Part of Patchouli Plant (Pogostemon cablin beth) Distillation Influenced on Rendement and Quality of Patchouli Oil Produced. Research Report, Department of Industrial Technology of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Technology-IPB, Bogor.
  14. Sastrohamidjojo, H., 2004, Kimia Minyak Atsiri, Gama Press, Yogyakarta.
  15. S.J. Raharjo and R. Retnowati, 2012, Yield Increasing Of Patchouli Oils Of Result Steam Distilation Of Patchouli Leaf Of Dewaxing, Fermentasion, and Drying Proses, Journal basic Science and Technology, 1, 3, 12-18.
  16. Rulianah, S., 2012, Produced Patchouli Oil by Fermentation Method, National Seminar of Chemical Engineering Soebardjo Brotohardjono IX, UPN Veteran, East Java, was held in Surabaya, 21 June 2012, ISBN 1978-0427.
  17. Setiawan and Rosihan R., 2013, Status of Research and Efforts to Increase n a Patchouli Alcohol Content on Patchouli Oil, Prespective, 12, 2, 101-111, ISBN: 1412-8004.
  18. SNI 06-2385-2006 about Patchouli Oil.
  19. Supriono, and Theresia A. S., 2014, Quality of Patchouli Essential Oil from Size Reducing Method on Patchouli Plants (Pogostemon cablin BENTH), Proceedings of Chemistry National Seminar of HKI Kaltim, conducted at State Agricultural Polytechnic of Samarinda, Kalimantan, ISBN: 978-602-19421-0-9.
  20. Wibowo, E. A. P., Fadila M., Utami N., et.l., 2017, Comparative Analysis of Chemical Components of Purified Essential Oil from Nilam Plants using Gas Chromatography, J. Pure App. Chem. Res., 6, 1, 1-6.
  21. Yandi, N., 2015, Comparative Study of Water-Steam Distillation and Water Bubble Distillation on Quality of Fermented Patchouli Oils, Thesis, Prodi Kimia, FMIPA Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.