Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Religion as a doctrine of God that guides human life is often accused of having ‘failed’ to protect the noble values of humanity. This can be seen with the onset of war and humanitarian conflicts in the name of religion. Consequently, religion is suspected to be only used as a tool to legitimize the actions of people to achieve all desires. Therefore, religion is regarded as outdated teachings for humanity. The question that arises is where man must seek the truth to protect noble human values? In search of answers of this question, in terms of absolutism and relativism of truth, no doubt that religion is an absolute truth because it comes from the Absolute. However, along the way, the revelation of God who has come down to man through His messengers has undergone distortion and reduction of meaning. Distortion and reduction of meaning was one of the factors that gave birth to a variety of interpretations, including those that are intolerant and exclusive. Therefore, to find the truth of the revelation of God that guarantees the protection of humans and humanity in these religions, one needs to explore the principles and values contained in substantial religious scriptures. In closing off the overall discussion of this paper, it can be stated that there is urgency in the context of Islam today, including in Indonesia, to formulate a set of Islamic values that can be an alternative and solution for the creation of a just society that respects human values. Therefore, an Islamic reason formulation needs to be developed in the context of human life in accordance with a global ethics such as democracy, pluralism, and human rights. As such, the development of Islamic thought today needs to accommodate the values of equality, justice, and humanity. Thus, the position of all citizen is equal and the rights of religious minorities must be guaranteed and protected equally and fairly.
Keywords : Contemporary Society, Progressive Ijtihadists, Minority Rights, Global Ethics.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2018 Yusdani Yusdani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- A’la, Abd, â€Pengembangan Fiqh Minoritas, Representasi Islam yang Menyejarahâ€, in Ahmad Imam Mawardi, Fiqh Minoritas Fiqh al-Aqalliyat dan Evolusi Maqashid al-Syari’ah dari Konsep ke Pendekatan. Yogyakarta: LkiS, 2010.
- Adhami, Syaiikh Abdallah, “Hak untuk Berpindah Agamaâ€, this distributed by Common Ground (CGNews), 2012, and also can read in www.commongroundnews.org, this quoted from: Common Ground (CGNews), 23 of October 2007, also from http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=21781&lan=ba&sp=1 accessed 21 of January 2017.
- Ali, Basyarat Asgor, †Relasi Agama dan Negara: Problematika Kebijakan di Ranah Publikâ€, on Suluh Antariman Magazine, Yogyakarta: Forum Persaudaraan Umat Beriman, edisi 53 Juli-Agustus 2011.
- Alwani, Taha Jabir, Towards a Fiqh for Minorities: Some Basic Reflections. Richmon,UK: IIIT, 2003.
- Ansari, Muhammad Jabir, Al-Taazzum al-Siyasi inda al-Arabi wa Susiyulujiya al-Islam Mukawwanat al-Halat al-Mazmanat. Beirut: Dar al-Syuruq, 1999.
- Arifin, Syamsul, Attitudes to Human Rights and Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia Voices of Islamic Religous Leaders in East Java, edited and rendered into English by Nelly van Doorn-Harder, Tore Lindholm and Nicola Colbran, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 2010.
- Asymawi, Muhammad Said, Usul asy-Syari’ah. Beirut: Dar Iqra’, 1983.
- Atiyah, Jamaluddin, Nahwa Taf’il Maqasid al-Syari’ah. Damsyik: Dar al-Fikr dan al-Ma’had al-Alam li al-Fikr al-Islami, 2001.
- Auda, Jasser, Maqasid al-Syariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A System Approach, London : IIIT, 2008.
- Basy, Hasan Mustafa, Huquq al-Insan baina al-Falsafah wa al-Adyan. Libya: Jami’yah al-Da’wah al-Islamiyah al-Alamiyah, 1997.
- Bayyah, Syaikh Abdullah ibn Syaikh al-Mahfuz bin, Sina’at al-Fatawa wa Fiqh al-Aqalliyah. Beirut: Dar al-Minhaj, 2007.
- Bezunartea, Patricia, José Manuel López and Laura Tedescom, Muslims in Spain and Islamic Religious Radicalism. Brighton: Microcon, 2009.
- Coulson, N. J., A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964.
- Davis, Ellen F., “Laporan dari Sudanâ€, this article is a part of “Apostasy & Proselitysm-2007â€, 2012, distributed by Office News Common Ground (CGNews) and also can read at www.commongroundnews.org. Source : Common Ground News (CGNews), 9 Oktober 2007, quoted from http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=21781&lan=ba&sp=1 accessed 21 of January 2017.
- Fetzer, Joel S. and J. Christopher Soper, Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- Hamarneh, Ala Al-, and Jörn Thielmann (Ed), Islam and Muslims in Germany, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
- Iqbal, Muhammad, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore: Ashraf Press, 1971.
- Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, The Dignity of Man: an Islamic Perspective. Malaysia: Ilmiah Publishers., 2002.
- Khadduri, Majid, "From Religion to National Law," in J. Thompson and R. Reischauer (Eds), Modernization of the Arab World. New York: Van Nostrand, 1966.
- Kimball, Charles, When Religion Becomes Evil, United States: HarperCollins Publishers Inc, 2008.
- Kusha, Hamid Reza, Islam in American Prisons Black Muslims’ Challenge to American Penology, East Carolina University, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009.
- Lindholm, Tore, W. Cole Durham, Jr. Bahia G. Tahzib Lie, Eds., Refael Edy Bosko, dkk (pen), Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan: Sejauh Mana? Sebuah Referensi tentang Prinsip-Prinsip dan Praktik, Yogyakarta : Kanisius, .2010.
- Madung, Otto Gusti, Politik Diferensiasi Versus Politik Martabat Manusia? Maumere: Ledalero, 2011.
- March, Andrew F., “Sources of Moral Obligation to non-Muslims in the “Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities†(Fiqh al-aqalliyyÄt) Discourse*, in Islamic Law and Society 16 (2009), 2009.
- Marzuki, Suparman, Tragedi Politik Hukum HAM. Yogyakarta: PUSHAM UII and Pustaka Pelajar, 2011.
- Mawardi, Ahmad Imam, Fiqh Minoritas Fiqh al-Aqalliyat dan Evolusi Maqashid al-Syari’ah dari Konsep ke Pendekatan. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2010.
- Mintarja, Endang, “HAM, dalam Perspektif Agama dan Filsafatâ€, in Tanwir Jurnal Pemikiran Agama & Peradaban, 3rd Edition, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2003, Jakarta: PSAP Muhammadiyah, 2003.
- Muhammad, Ali Jumat, al-Tariq ila at-Turas al-Islami Muqaddimah Ma’rifiyat wa Madakhil Manhajiyat, Mesir: an-Nahdah, 2009.
- Na’im, Abdullah Ahmed an-,Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracus: Syracus University Press, 1990.
- _________________, Islam dan Negara Sekular Menegosiasikan Masa Depan Syariah, translated by .Sri Murniati, Bandung: Mizan, 2007.
- Norris, Harry, Islam in the Baltic Europe’s Early Muslim Community. London and New York: I.B.Tauris Publishers, 2009.
- Qaradawi, Yusuf, Fi Fiqh al-Aqalliyat al-Muslimat Hayat al-Muslimin Wasat al Mujtama’at al-Ukhra. Beirut: Dar al-Syuruq, 2001.
- Rahim, Muddathir Abd, Islam and Non-Muslim Minorities. Penang: Just World Trust, 1997.
- Rahman, Fazlur, “Toward Reformulating the Methodology of Islamic Law: Sheikh Yamani on Public International on Islamic Lawâ€, in New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 12, 1979.
- Ramadan, Tariq, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Rumadi,†Membaca Ulang Fikih Minoritas†quoted from http://gusdurian.net/news/2011/04/04/7/membaca_ulang_fikih_minoritas.html accessed 13 of January 2017.
- Saeed, Abdullah, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2003.
- _______________, Muslim Communities in Australia. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2001.
- _______________, 'Jihad and Violence: Changing Understanding of Jihad among Muslims' in Tony Coady and Michael O'Keefe (eds). Terrorism and Violence. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002.
- _______________, Interpreting the Qur'an: Towards a Contemporary Approach. London: Routledge, 2006.
- _______________, Islamic Thought An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.
- _______________, 'Muslims in the West and Their Attitudes to Full Participating in Western Societies: Some Reflections' on Geoffrey Levey (ed.). Religion and Multicultural Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- _______________, 'Muslims in the West Choose Between Isolationism and Participation' in Sang Seng vol 16. (Seoul: Asia-Pacific Centre for Education and International Understanding/ UNESCO, 2006.
- Safi, Omid, "What is Progressive Islam," in The International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) News Letter, No.13, Desember 2003.
- Seminar Reports with theme Civil and Political Rights (Pundamental Liberties), MIEHRI, Hotel Hilton Malaysia date 16 Mei 2006.
- Sulayman, Abdul Hamid A., Towards an Islamic Theory of International Relations: New Direction for Methodology and Thought. Herdon, Virginia: IIIT, 1993.
- Syahrur, Muhammad, Al-Kitab wa al-Qur’an: Qira’ah Mu’asirah .Damaskus: al-Ahab li ath-Thiba’ah li an-Nasyr wa at-Tauzi, 1992.
- Taha, Mahmoud Mohammed, al-Risalah as-Saniah min al-Islam Translated by Abdullahi Ahmed an-Na’im into English language with the tittle : The Second Message of Islam. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987.
- Yasin, Abd al-Jawad, al-Sultah fi al-Islam al-Aql al-Fiqh al-Salafi baina al-Nas wa al- Tarikh. Beirut: al-Markaz as-Saqafi al-Arabi, 1998.
- Yunus, Ilyas Ba- and Kassim Kone, Muslims in the United States. London: Greenwood Press, 2006.
- Yusdani, â€Menguji Kompatibilitas HAM dan Syari’ahâ€, paper presenting in Workshop Does Shari’a Protect and Promote Human Rights? Concepts and Practices in Contemporary Indonesia , held by PSI UII dan NCHR, Thursday, 10 November 2011 at Jayakarta Hotel, Jl. Laksda Adisucipto, km 8. Yogyakarta.
- Yusdani, Menuju Fiqh Keluarga Progresif. Yogyakarta: Kaukaba, 2015.
- Zoubeir, Hisham, “Hidup Bersama, Demikianlah Pesan Nabiâ€, this article is a part of apostasy and proselytism serial, distributed by Office News Common Ground and also can be read in www.commongroundnews.org. Source: News Service Common Ground (CGNews), 25 of September 2007, artikel quoted from http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=21781&lan=ba&sp=1 accessed 21 of January 2012.
References
A’la, Abd, â€Pengembangan Fiqh Minoritas, Representasi Islam yang Menyejarahâ€, in Ahmad Imam Mawardi, Fiqh Minoritas Fiqh al-Aqalliyat dan Evolusi Maqashid al-Syari’ah dari Konsep ke Pendekatan. Yogyakarta: LkiS, 2010.
Adhami, Syaiikh Abdallah, “Hak untuk Berpindah Agamaâ€, this distributed by Common Ground (CGNews), 2012, and also can read in www.commongroundnews.org, this quoted from: Common Ground (CGNews), 23 of October 2007, also from http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=21781&lan=ba&sp=1 accessed 21 of January 2017.
Ali, Basyarat Asgor, †Relasi Agama dan Negara: Problematika Kebijakan di Ranah Publikâ€, on Suluh Antariman Magazine, Yogyakarta: Forum Persaudaraan Umat Beriman, edisi 53 Juli-Agustus 2011.
Alwani, Taha Jabir, Towards a Fiqh for Minorities: Some Basic Reflections. Richmon,UK: IIIT, 2003.
Ansari, Muhammad Jabir, Al-Taazzum al-Siyasi inda al-Arabi wa Susiyulujiya al-Islam Mukawwanat al-Halat al-Mazmanat. Beirut: Dar al-Syuruq, 1999.
Arifin, Syamsul, Attitudes to Human Rights and Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia Voices of Islamic Religous Leaders in East Java, edited and rendered into English by Nelly van Doorn-Harder, Tore Lindholm and Nicola Colbran, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 2010.
Asymawi, Muhammad Said, Usul asy-Syari’ah. Beirut: Dar Iqra’, 1983.
Atiyah, Jamaluddin, Nahwa Taf’il Maqasid al-Syari’ah. Damsyik: Dar al-Fikr dan al-Ma’had al-Alam li al-Fikr al-Islami, 2001.
Auda, Jasser, Maqasid al-Syariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A System Approach, London : IIIT, 2008.
Basy, Hasan Mustafa, Huquq al-Insan baina al-Falsafah wa al-Adyan. Libya: Jami’yah al-Da’wah al-Islamiyah al-Alamiyah, 1997.
Bayyah, Syaikh Abdullah ibn Syaikh al-Mahfuz bin, Sina’at al-Fatawa wa Fiqh al-Aqalliyah. Beirut: Dar al-Minhaj, 2007.
Bezunartea, Patricia, José Manuel López and Laura Tedescom, Muslims in Spain and Islamic Religious Radicalism. Brighton: Microcon, 2009.
Coulson, N. J., A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964.
Davis, Ellen F., “Laporan dari Sudanâ€, this article is a part of “Apostasy & Proselitysm-2007â€, 2012, distributed by Office News Common Ground (CGNews) and also can read at www.commongroundnews.org. Source : Common Ground News (CGNews), 9 Oktober 2007, quoted from http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=21781&lan=ba&sp=1 accessed 21 of January 2017.
Fetzer, Joel S. and J. Christopher Soper, Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Hamarneh, Ala Al-, and Jörn Thielmann (Ed), Islam and Muslims in Germany, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
Iqbal, Muhammad, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore: Ashraf Press, 1971.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, The Dignity of Man: an Islamic Perspective. Malaysia: Ilmiah Publishers., 2002.
Khadduri, Majid, "From Religion to National Law," in J. Thompson and R. Reischauer (Eds), Modernization of the Arab World. New York: Van Nostrand, 1966.
Kimball, Charles, When Religion Becomes Evil, United States: HarperCollins Publishers Inc, 2008.
Kusha, Hamid Reza, Islam in American Prisons Black Muslims’ Challenge to American Penology, East Carolina University, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009.
Lindholm, Tore, W. Cole Durham, Jr. Bahia G. Tahzib Lie, Eds., Refael Edy Bosko, dkk (pen), Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan: Sejauh Mana? Sebuah Referensi tentang Prinsip-Prinsip dan Praktik, Yogyakarta : Kanisius, .2010.
Madung, Otto Gusti, Politik Diferensiasi Versus Politik Martabat Manusia? Maumere: Ledalero, 2011.
March, Andrew F., “Sources of Moral Obligation to non-Muslims in the “Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities†(Fiqh al-aqalliyyÄt) Discourse*, in Islamic Law and Society 16 (2009), 2009.
Marzuki, Suparman, Tragedi Politik Hukum HAM. Yogyakarta: PUSHAM UII and Pustaka Pelajar, 2011.
Mawardi, Ahmad Imam, Fiqh Minoritas Fiqh al-Aqalliyat dan Evolusi Maqashid al-Syari’ah dari Konsep ke Pendekatan. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2010.
Mintarja, Endang, “HAM, dalam Perspektif Agama dan Filsafatâ€, in Tanwir Jurnal Pemikiran Agama & Peradaban, 3rd Edition, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2003, Jakarta: PSAP Muhammadiyah, 2003.
Muhammad, Ali Jumat, al-Tariq ila at-Turas al-Islami Muqaddimah Ma’rifiyat wa Madakhil Manhajiyat, Mesir: an-Nahdah, 2009.
Na’im, Abdullah Ahmed an-,Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracus: Syracus University Press, 1990.
_________________, Islam dan Negara Sekular Menegosiasikan Masa Depan Syariah, translated by .Sri Murniati, Bandung: Mizan, 2007.
Norris, Harry, Islam in the Baltic Europe’s Early Muslim Community. London and New York: I.B.Tauris Publishers, 2009.
Qaradawi, Yusuf, Fi Fiqh al-Aqalliyat al-Muslimat Hayat al-Muslimin Wasat al Mujtama’at al-Ukhra. Beirut: Dar al-Syuruq, 2001.
Rahim, Muddathir Abd, Islam and Non-Muslim Minorities. Penang: Just World Trust, 1997.
Rahman, Fazlur, “Toward Reformulating the Methodology of Islamic Law: Sheikh Yamani on Public International on Islamic Lawâ€, in New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 12, 1979.
Ramadan, Tariq, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Rumadi,†Membaca Ulang Fikih Minoritas†quoted from http://gusdurian.net/news/2011/04/04/7/membaca_ulang_fikih_minoritas.html accessed 13 of January 2017.
Saeed, Abdullah, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2003.
_______________, Muslim Communities in Australia. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2001.
_______________, 'Jihad and Violence: Changing Understanding of Jihad among Muslims' in Tony Coady and Michael O'Keefe (eds). Terrorism and Violence. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002.
_______________, Interpreting the Qur'an: Towards a Contemporary Approach. London: Routledge, 2006.
_______________, Islamic Thought An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.
_______________, 'Muslims in the West and Their Attitudes to Full Participating in Western Societies: Some Reflections' on Geoffrey Levey (ed.). Religion and Multicultural Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
_______________, 'Muslims in the West Choose Between Isolationism and Participation' in Sang Seng vol 16. (Seoul: Asia-Pacific Centre for Education and International Understanding/ UNESCO, 2006.
Safi, Omid, "What is Progressive Islam," in The International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) News Letter, No.13, Desember 2003.
Seminar Reports with theme Civil and Political Rights (Pundamental Liberties), MIEHRI, Hotel Hilton Malaysia date 16 Mei 2006.
Sulayman, Abdul Hamid A., Towards an Islamic Theory of International Relations: New Direction for Methodology and Thought. Herdon, Virginia: IIIT, 1993.
Syahrur, Muhammad, Al-Kitab wa al-Qur’an: Qira’ah Mu’asirah .Damaskus: al-Ahab li ath-Thiba’ah li an-Nasyr wa at-Tauzi, 1992.
Taha, Mahmoud Mohammed, al-Risalah as-Saniah min al-Islam Translated by Abdullahi Ahmed an-Na’im into English language with the tittle : The Second Message of Islam. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987.
Yasin, Abd al-Jawad, al-Sultah fi al-Islam al-Aql al-Fiqh al-Salafi baina al-Nas wa al- Tarikh. Beirut: al-Markaz as-Saqafi al-Arabi, 1998.
Yunus, Ilyas Ba- and Kassim Kone, Muslims in the United States. London: Greenwood Press, 2006.
Yusdani, â€Menguji Kompatibilitas HAM dan Syari’ahâ€, paper presenting in Workshop Does Shari’a Protect and Promote Human Rights? Concepts and Practices in Contemporary Indonesia , held by PSI UII dan NCHR, Thursday, 10 November 2011 at Jayakarta Hotel, Jl. Laksda Adisucipto, km 8. Yogyakarta.
Yusdani, Menuju Fiqh Keluarga Progresif. Yogyakarta: Kaukaba, 2015.
Zoubeir, Hisham, “Hidup Bersama, Demikianlah Pesan Nabiâ€, this article is a part of apostasy and proselytism serial, distributed by Office News Common Ground and also can be read in www.commongroundnews.org. Source: News Service Common Ground (CGNews), 25 of September 2007, artikel quoted from http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=21781&lan=ba&sp=1 accessed 21 of January 2012.