Eksistensi Negeri Ambon dan Nagari Sumatera Barat Pasca Pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Desa

Abstract

In some parts of Indonesia, the community structure and government are still strictly adhered to the customary system, such as in West Sumatra and the Ambon Maluku area. With the implementation of a modern government system in the form of the village as the lowest government under the Camat, based on Law Number 5 of 1979 on Village Government, the customary community unit underwent many changes. This study discusses the existence of traditional villages after Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages. The formulation of the research problem is how is the existence of the State in Ambon City and Nagari in West Sumatra as a traditional village after the implementation of the Village Law and how is the traditional village system viewed from the modern constitutional system in Indonesia? This is a field research that focuses on the state in Ambon and Nagari in West Sumatra, by using a comparative model and a sociological approach as well as an empirical legal research. The results of the study conclude that the Village Law has accommodated traditional villages with the right of origin over their structure. Likewise, traditional villages in Ambon country which have a King, Saniri Negeri, Soa, Fam, Kewang and Marinyo, and in West Sumatra Nagari have Nagari Customary Density Guardians and Nagari Consultative Body. In these traditional villages, there are customary values that have changed due to the influence of democracy and Indonesia's modern state system. That being the king and guardian of the village who are directly elected. The function of customary institutions in the settlement of customary cases is also diminished due to the existence of the Indonesian national legal system.

Key Words: State; Nagari; Village Law

Abstrak

Di beberapa wilayah Indonesia, struktur masyarakat dan pemerintahannya masih ketat dengan sistem adat, seperti di Sumatera Barat dan daerah Ambon Maluku. Dengan diberlakukannya sistem pemerintahan modern berupa desa sebagai pemerintahan terendah di bawah Camat, berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1979 tentang pemerintah Desa, maka satuan masyarakat adat tersebut mengalami banyak perubahan. Penelitian ini membahas tentang eksistensi desa adat setelah Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa. Adapun rumusan masalah penelitian ini yaitu bagaimanakah eksistensi Negeri di Kota Ambon dan Nagari Sumatera Barat sebagai desa adat pasca pemberlakukan Undang-undang Desa dan bagaimana sistem desa adat tersebut ditinjau dari sistem ketatanegaraan modern di Indonesia? Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan yang mengambil fokus pada negeri di Ambon dan Nagari di Sumatera Barat, dengan mengunakan model perbandingan, dan pendekatan sosiologis, serta merupakan penelitian hukum empiris. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa Undang-Undang Desa telah mengakomodasi desa adat dengan adanya hak asal usul atas strukturnya. Begitu juga desa adat pada negeri Ambon yang memiliki Raja, Saniri Negeri, Soa, Fam, Kewang dan Marinyo, serta pada nagari Sumatera Barat memiliki Wali Nagari Kerapatan Adat Nagari dan Badan Musyawarah Nagari. Dalam desa adat ini, terdapat nilai-niai adat yang berubah karena pegaruh demokrasi dan sistem ketetanegaraan modern Indonesia. Seperti adanya Raja dan wali nagari yang dipilih secara langsung. Fungsi lembaga-lembaga adat dalam penyelesaian perkara adat juga semakin berkurang karena adanya sistem hukum nasional Indonesia.

Kata-kata Kunci: Negeri; nagari; undang-undang desa