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Abstract
The purpose of the research is to analyze first, the criminal arrangement of the perpetrators of refugee smuggling and its implementation in Indonesia. Second, if a restorative justice approach can be an alternative in an effort to strengthen the criminalization process for perpetrators of refugee smugglers. This normative juridical research uses a statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of the study conclude that first, criminal arrangements for perpetrators of smuggling refugees in Indonesia are regulated in Article 120 of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration (Immigration Law). The regulation is very simple and in its implementation creates obstacles for law enforcement officers, including the absence of special rules, the absence of differentiating the threat of criminal sanctions between perpetrators, and obstacles in regulating the threat of special minimum and maximum imprisonment sanctions which are considered to greatly limit the space for law enforcers in an effort to provide fair punishment for the perpetrators. Second, the restorative justice approach can be an alternative in an effort to strengthen the criminal justice process against perpetrators of refugee smugglers by integrating them into the criminal justice system. The process of meeting between perpetrators and victims as well as the community runs in parallel with the process in court and the results can be considered by the judge when they want to impose a sentence on each perpetrator of refugee smuggling.
Key Words: Smuggling of refugees; law enforcement; restorative justice
Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis pertama, pengaturan pemidanaan terhadap pelaku penyelundupan pengungsi dan pelaksanaannya di Indonesia. Kedua, pendekatan keadilan restoratif dapat menjadi sebuah alternatif dalam upaya memperkuat proses pemidanaan terhadap pelaku penyelundupan pengungsi. Penelitian yuridis normatif ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan, pertama, pengaturan pemidanaan terhadap pelaku penyelundupan pengungsi di Indonesia diatur dalam Pasal 120 Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian (UU Keimigrasian). Pengaturan tersebut sangatlah sederhana dan dalam pelaksanaannya menimbulkan kendala bagi aparat penegak hukum, di antaranya ketiadaan aturan khusus, tidak adanya pembedaan ancaman sanksi pidana antarpelaku, dan kendala pengaturan ancaman sanksi penjara minimum khusus dan maksimum khusus yang dinilai sangat membatasi ruang gerak penegak hukum dalam upaya memberikan sanksi yang adil kepada para pelakunya. Kedua, pendekatan keadilan restoratif dapat menjadi sebuah alternatif dalam upaya memperkuat proses pemidanaan terhadap pelaku penyelundupan pengungsi dengan mengintegrasikannya dalam sistem peradilan pidana. Proses pertemuan antara pelaku dan korban serta masyarakat berjalan secara paralel dengan proses di pengadilan dan hasilnya dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan hakim ketika hendak menjatuhkan pidana kepada setiap pelaku penyelundupan pengungsi.
Kata-kata Kunci: Penyelundupan pengungsi; penegakan hukum; keadilan restoratif
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- Zernova, Margarita, Restorative Justice Ideals and Realities, 1st Edition, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England, 2007.
- Rugge, Tanya, James Bonta, and Suzanne Wallace-Capretta, Evaluation of the Collaborative Justice Project: A Restorative Justice Program for Serious Crime, 1st Edition, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, Canada, 2005.
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- Irmawanti, Noveria Devy, dan Barda Nawawi Arief, “Urgensi Tujuan Dan Pedoman Pemidanaan Dalam Rangka Pembaharuan Sistem Pemidanaan Dan Hukum Pidana,” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, Vol. 3 No. 2, Mei 2021.
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- Trotter, Andrew, and Matt Garozzo, “Mandatory Sentencing For People Smuggling: Issues of Law and Policy,” Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 36, 2012.
- Zhang, Sheldon X., Gabriella E. Sanchez, and Luigi Achilli, “Crimes of Solidarity in Mobility: Alternative Views on Migrant Smuggling,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 676 No. 1, Februari 2018.
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- “Migrant Smugglers and Human Traffickers: More Digital and Higly Adaptable”, https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/ migrant-smugglers-and-human-traffickers-more-digital-and-highly-adaptable, diakses 10 Juni 2022.
- “PT Banda Aceh Perberat Hukuman Terdakwa Kasus Penyelundupan Rohingya, Ini Putusan Lengkapnya”, https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2021/08/18/ pt-banda-aceh-perberat-hukuman-terdakwa-kasus-penyelundupan-rohingya-ini-putusan-lengkap?page=all, diakses 18 Juni 2022.
- “He Saved 31 People at Sea. Then Got a 142-Year Prison Sentence”, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/25/world/europe/greece-migrants.html, diakses 10 Juni 2022.
- “Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Badan Peradilan Umum Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020 Tentang Pemberlakuan Pedoman Keadilan Restoratif (Restorative Justice)”, https://badilum.mahkamahagung.go.id/index.php?option=com_attachments&task=download&id=810, diakses 20 Juni 2022.
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- “What Is Mixed Migration?”, https://mixedmigration.org/about/, diakses 10 Juni 2022.
- “Prospects and Challenges for Restorative Justice with Refugees Using Extended Victim-Offender Mediation”, https://www.euforumrj.org/en/prospects-and-challenges-restorative-justice-refugees-using-extended-victim-offender-mediation, diakses 18 Juni 2022.
- “Deconstructing the Myth of the Migrant Smuggler”, https://www.bpb.de/die-bpb/ueber-uns/geschichte-der-bpb/, diakses 11 Juni 2022.
- Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 156, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3882.
- Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 Tentang Keimigrasian, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2011 Nomor 52, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5216.
- Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 125 Tahun 2016 Tentang Penanganan Pengungsi Dari Luar Negeri, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2016 Nomor 368.
- Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 55/PUU-XVIII/2020 mengenai Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
References
Akbari, Anugerah Rizki, Tindak Pidana Penyelundupan Manusia Dalam Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Edisi Pertama, Aliansi Nasional Reformasi KUHP, Jakarta Selatan, 2016.
Cole, George F., Christopher E. Smith, and Christina Dejong, The American System Of Criminal Justice, 16th Edition, Cengage Learning, USA, 2018.
Friedman, Lawrence M., and Grant M. Hayden, American Law An Introduction, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, United States of America, 2017.
Ness, Daniel W. Van, and Karen Heetderks Strong, Restoring Justice: An Introduction to Restorative Justice, Fifth Edition, Anderson Publishing, USA, 2015.
UNHCR, Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, 1st Edition, UNHCR, Geneva, 2011.
_______, The 1951 Convention Relating To The Status Of Refugees And Its 1967 Protocol, 1st Edition, UNHCR, Switzerland, 2011.
Zernova, Margarita, Restorative Justice Ideals and Realities, 1st Edition, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England, 2007.
Rugge, Tanya, James Bonta, and Suzanne Wallace-Capretta, Evaluation of the Collaborative Justice Project: A Restorative Justice Program for Serious Crime, 1st Edition, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, Canada, 2005.
Alkanu, David Pandu, Kekosongan Hukum Pengaturan Tentang Tindak Penyelundupan Manusia Dengan Objek Pengungsi, Skripsi, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 2016.
Marsita, Serli, Kebijakan Hukum Pidana Terhadap Tindak Pidana Penyelundupan Manusia (People Smuggling) Dalam Perspektif Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana, Tesis, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, 2020.
Zulfa, Eva Achjani, Keadilan Restoratif Di Indonesia (Studi Tentang Kemungkinan Penerapan Pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif Dalam Praktek Penegakan Hukum Pidana), Disertasi, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2009.
Ariyanti, Vivi, “Kebijakan Penegakan Hukum Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia,” Jurnal Yuridis, Vol. 6 No. 2, Desember 2019.
Gerver, Mollie, “Decriminalizing People Smuggling,” Moral Philosophy and Politics, Vol. 8 No. 1, Agustus 2019.
Irmawanti, Noveria Devy, dan Barda Nawawi Arief, “Urgensi Tujuan Dan Pedoman Pemidanaan Dalam Rangka Pembaharuan Sistem Pemidanaan Dan Hukum Pidana,” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, Vol. 3 No. 2, Mei 2021.
Missbach, Antje, and Melissa Crouch, “The Criminalisation of People Smuggling: The Dynamics of Judicial Discretion in Indonesia,” Australian Journal of Asian Law, Vol. 14 No. 2, 2013.
Nasution, Bahder Johan, “Kajian Filosofis Tentang Konsep Keadilan Dari Pemikiran Klasik Sampai Pemikiran Modern,” Jurnal Yustisia, Vol. 3 No. 2, Mei-Agustus 2014.
Pasaribu, Ratno Timur Habeahan, “Fulfillment of Restitution of Human Trafficking Crime Victim through Restorative Justice Approach in Criminal Justice System in Indonesia,” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, Vol. 7 No. 2, Maret 2020.
Riadhussyah, M, “Tanggung Jawab Indonesia Sebagai Negara Transit Bagi Pengungsi Anak Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional,” Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, Vol. 23 No. 2, April 2016.
Salam, Eka Annisa, “Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Penyelundupan Manusia (People Smuggling) Dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia,” Jurnal Pemuliaan Hukum, Vol. 3 No. 1, April 2020.
Schloenhardt, Andreas, and Charles Martin, “Prosecution and Punishment of People Smugglers in Australia 2008-2011,” Federal Law Review, Vol. 40 No. 1, 2012.
Siahaan, Herbin Marulak, “Law Enforcement in The Handling of People Smuggling Crime in Indonesia,” Jurnal Law Reform, Vol. 16 No. 2, September 2020.
Trotter, Andrew, and Matt Garozzo, “Mandatory Sentencing For People Smuggling: Issues of Law and Policy,” Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 36, 2012.
Zhang, Sheldon X., Gabriella E. Sanchez, and Luigi Achilli, “Crimes of Solidarity in Mobility: Alternative Views on Migrant Smuggling,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 676 No. 1, Februari 2018.
“Migration Act 1958”, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00337, diakses 10 Juni 2022.
“People Smuggling”, https://www.cdpp.gov.au/crimes-we-prosecute/people-smuggling#:~:text=The maximum penalty for an,233B is 20 years imprisonment, diakses 16 Juni 2022.
“Migrant Smugglers and Human Traffickers: More Digital and Higly Adaptable”, https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/ migrant-smugglers-and-human-traffickers-more-digital-and-highly-adaptable, diakses 10 Juni 2022.
“PT Banda Aceh Perberat Hukuman Terdakwa Kasus Penyelundupan Rohingya, Ini Putusan Lengkapnya”, https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2021/08/18/ pt-banda-aceh-perberat-hukuman-terdakwa-kasus-penyelundupan-rohingya-ini-putusan-lengkap?page=all, diakses 18 Juni 2022.
“He Saved 31 People at Sea. Then Got a 142-Year Prison Sentence”, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/25/world/europe/greece-migrants.html, diakses 10 Juni 2022.
“Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Badan Peradilan Umum Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020 Tentang Pemberlakuan Pedoman Keadilan Restoratif (Restorative Justice)”, https://badilum.mahkamahagung.go.id/index.php?option=com_attachments&task=download&id=810, diakses 20 Juni 2022.
“Putusan PN Lhoksukon Keimigrasian”, https://putusan3.mahkamahagung .go.id/direktori/index/pengadilan/pn-lhok-sukon/kategori/keimigrasian-1.html, diakses 18 Juni 2022.
“What Is Mixed Migration?”, https://mixedmigration.org/about/, diakses 10 Juni 2022.
“Prospects and Challenges for Restorative Justice with Refugees Using Extended Victim-Offender Mediation”, https://www.euforumrj.org/en/prospects-and-challenges-restorative-justice-refugees-using-extended-victim-offender-mediation, diakses 18 Juni 2022.
“Deconstructing the Myth of the Migrant Smuggler”, https://www.bpb.de/die-bpb/ueber-uns/geschichte-der-bpb/, diakses 11 Juni 2022.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 156, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3882.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 Tentang Keimigrasian, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2011 Nomor 52, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5216.
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 125 Tahun 2016 Tentang Penanganan Pengungsi Dari Luar Negeri, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2016 Nomor 368.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 55/PUU-XVIII/2020 mengenai Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.