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Abstract
Pursuant to the 2008 Charter, ASEAN has worked with a new legal framework and has thus established various organs to accelerate the process of community building. In accordance with the said Charter, ASEAN established a Human Rights Body namely the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR). AICHR serves as a human rights institution which is designated as an integral part of ASEAN that is responsible for promoting and protecting human rights according to the objectives and principles in the ASEAN Charter. In the light of their human rights protection efforts, AICHR has exhibited promising achievements. On the other hand, however, AICHR is considered ineffective as it has not achieved significant results in terms of protecting and upholding human rights in Southeast Asia. This research is intended to conduct a critical study of the role and function of AICHR in dealing with contemporary human rights problems and challenges. By observing the contemporary human rights problems and challenges in Southeast Asia, it is strongly recommended that ASEAN immediately adjust and expand the mandate of the AICHR. Adjusting and expanding AICHR's mandate can strengthen AICHR's structure and authority as an institution that safeguards human rights in Southeast Asia. Strengthening the AICHR will contribute to the protection and upholding of human rights and increase ASEAN's credibility as a Regional Organization.
Keywords: AICHR, ASEAN, Enforcement, Human Rights, Protection.
Abstrak
Berdasarkan Piagam tahun 2008, ASEAN bekerja dengan kerangka hukum baru dan membentuk berbagai organ yang diperlukan untuk mempercepat proses membangun komunitas. Sesuai dengan Piagam, ASEAN membentuk Badan HAM yang dinamai ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR). AICHR merupakan lembaga HAM yang dirancang sebagai bagian integral ASEAN yang bertanggungjawab dalam upaya promosi dan perlindungan HAM. Sesuai dengan tujuan dan prinsip-prinsip di dalam Piagam ASEAN. Dalam upaya promosi HAM, AICHR telah membuktikan capaian yang menjanjikan, namun, dalam hal perlindungan dan penegakan HAM, AICHR dianggap belum efektif. AICHR belum mencapai hasil yang signifikan dalam hal perlindungan dan penegakan HAM di Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk melakukan kajian kritis tentang peran dan fungsi AICHR dalam menghadapi permasalahan dan tantangan HAM kontemporer. Mencermati permasalahan dan tantangan HAM kontemporer di Asia Tenggara, sangat disarankan ASEAN segera melakukan penyesuaian dan perluasan mandat AICHR. Penyesuaian dan perluasan mandat AICHR dapat memperkuat struktur dan otoritas AICHR sebagai institusi pengawal HAM di Asia Tenggara. Penguatan AICHR akan berkontribusi pada perlindungan dan penegakan HAM serta meningkatkan kredibilitas ASEAN sebagai Organisasi Regional.
Kata Kunci: AICHR, ASEAN, Hak Asasi Manusia, Penegakan, Perlindungan.
Keywords
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References
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———. “ASEAN Political Security Community Blueprint 2009-2015.” Jakarta, Juni 2009.
———. Terms of Reference of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights. Disunting oleh ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, 2009.
———. Terms of Reference of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights. Disunting oleh ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, 2009.
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———. “"The Relationship Between the Origins and Regime Design of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)”.” The International Journal of Human Rights 15, no. 8 (2011): 1123–24.
Petcharamesree, Sriprapha. “The ASEAN Human Rights Architecture: Its Development and Challenges.” The Equal Rights Review 11 (2013): 50–51.
Riyanto, Sigit. “Keamanan Internasional Kolektif dan Peran Organisasi Regional.” Tanjungpura Law Journal | 5, no. 1 (2021). http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/tlj.
Ryan Goodman, Ryan, dan Derek Jinks. “How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law.’” Duke Law Journal 54 (2004): 643–44.
Schermers, Henry G., dan Niels M. Blokker. International Institutional Law. 5th Revised Edition. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden., 2011.
Tan, Kevin Y, David Cohen, dan Aviva Nababan. “Personal Reflections on the Formation of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights.” Dalam Human Rights and ASEAN: Indonesian and International Perspectives, disunting oleh “Personal Reflections on the Formation of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights”, Human Rights and ASEAN: Indonesian and International Perspectives, ed. Kevin Y. L. Tan, et al., World Scientific Publishing, Singapura, 2021, hlm. 12. Bilahari Kausikan, 1 ed., 12–14. Singapore: WEst Scientific, 2021.
“The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR),” 2021.
The World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna. “Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.” Dalam Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. Vienna: OHCHR, 1993.
Turk, Volker. “‘Time to strengthen human rights protections for ASEAN.’” https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/11/18/time-to-strengthen-human-rights-protections-for-asean.html. , 18 November 2022.
UNHCR. “Protracted Refugee Situation Explained”. UNHCR, 28 Januari 2020.
Wahyuningrum, Yuyun. “A Decade of Institutionalizing Human Rights in ASEAN: Progress and Challenges.” Journal of Human Rights 20, no. 2 (15 Maret 2021): 158–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2021.1875811.
———. The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights: Origins, Evolution, and the Way Forward”, IDEA, 2014.
References
“ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights,” t.t.
ASEAN Secretariat. “ASEAN Charter.” Jakarta, 1 Januari 2008.
———. “ASEAN Political Security Community Blueprint 2009-2015.” Jakarta, Juni 2009.
———. Terms of Reference of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights. Disunting oleh ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, 2009.
———. Terms of Reference of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights. Disunting oleh ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, 2009.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. “ASEAN Ministerial Meeting.” asean.org, 22 Agustus 2022.
Cerna, Christina M. “Introductory Note to the Terms of Reference for the Establishment of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)”.” International Legal Materials 48 (2009): 1.
Ciorciari, John D. “Institutionalizing Human Rights in Southeast Asia.” Human Rights Quarterly 34, no. 3 (2012): 697.
Hathaway, Oona A. “‘The Cost of Commitment.’” Stanford Law Review 55, no. 5 (2003): 1826–28.
Human Rights Working Group. “An Open Prison without End” Myanmar’s Mass Detention of Rohingya in Rakhine State.” HRWG, 8 Oktober 2020.
Jones, William J. “‘Theorising Human Rights: An Analytical Framework for ASEAN.’” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences 6, no. 4 (2015): 464–65.
Katsumata, Hiro. “‘ASEAN and Human Rights: Resisting Western Pressure or Emulating the West?”. The Pacific Review, 22, no. 5 (2009): 626–27.
Kor, Kian Beng. “Consensus Needed on Human Rights.” The Straits Times, Singapore, 13 Juni 2008.
Munro, James. “The Relationship Between the Origins and Regime Design of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR).” The International Journal of Human Rights 15, no. 8 (2011): 1198–99.
———. “"The Relationship Between the Origins and Regime Design of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)”.” The International Journal of Human Rights 15, no. 8 (2011): 1123–24.
Petcharamesree, Sriprapha. “The ASEAN Human Rights Architecture: Its Development and Challenges.” The Equal Rights Review 11 (2013): 50–51.
Riyanto, Sigit. “Keamanan Internasional Kolektif dan Peran Organisasi Regional.” Tanjungpura Law Journal | 5, no. 1 (2021). http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/tlj.
Ryan Goodman, Ryan, dan Derek Jinks. “How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law.’” Duke Law Journal 54 (2004): 643–44.
Schermers, Henry G., dan Niels M. Blokker. International Institutional Law. 5th Revised Edition. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden., 2011.
Tan, Kevin Y, David Cohen, dan Aviva Nababan. “Personal Reflections on the Formation of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights.” Dalam Human Rights and ASEAN: Indonesian and International Perspectives, disunting oleh “Personal Reflections on the Formation of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights”, Human Rights and ASEAN: Indonesian and International Perspectives, ed. Kevin Y. L. Tan, et al., World Scientific Publishing, Singapura, 2021, hlm. 12. Bilahari Kausikan, 1 ed., 12–14. Singapore: WEst Scientific, 2021.
“The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR),” 2021.
The World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna. “Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.” Dalam Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. Vienna: OHCHR, 1993.
Turk, Volker. “‘Time to strengthen human rights protections for ASEAN.’” https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/11/18/time-to-strengthen-human-rights-protections-for-asean.html. , 18 November 2022.
UNHCR. “Protracted Refugee Situation Explained”. UNHCR, 28 Januari 2020.
Wahyuningrum, Yuyun. “A Decade of Institutionalizing Human Rights in ASEAN: Progress and Challenges.” Journal of Human Rights 20, no. 2 (15 Maret 2021): 158–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2021.1875811.
———. The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights: Origins, Evolution, and the Way Forward”, IDEA, 2014.