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Abstract
The modernization of democracy further clarified the central position and role of political parties in the political system and statehood. This kind of central position and role in one hand can have a positive impact on the functioning of the democratic system and at the same time may have a negative impact if the working of the democratic system within the internal political parties is not addressed. This paper attempts to analyse integratively with the purpose of constructing and assessing the level of internal democracy of political parties in Indonesia. This research is doctrinal legal research with qualitative and quantitative methods, the data is sourced from primary, secondary legal materials, and non-legal sources. An important finding in this study is the formulation of the internal-party index in Indonesia, which is then attributed to a independent variable obtained from 9 (nine) political party data. The results of these findings are then used to assess the level of internal democracy of political parties through classification into five (5) levels, including Most Democratic (SD), Democratic (D), Moderate Democratic (CD), Non-Democratic (TD), and Most Undemocratic (STD). According to the assessment, only 2 parties were categorised as D, including Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) and Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDIP). Meanwhile the others were in the CD category.
Keywords: Contemporary Democratic Constitutional; Intra-party Democracy Index; Modern Democratic State.
Abstrak
Modernisasi demokrasi semakin memperjelas kedudukan dan peran sentral partai politik dalam sistem politik dan ketatanegaraan. Kedudukan dan peran sentral ini dapat berdampak positif bagi bekerjanya sistem demokrasi dan pada saat yang bersamaan dapat berdampak negatif jika bekerjanya sistem demokrasi di dalam internal partai politik tidak diperhatikan. Tulisan ini menganalisis secara integratif konstruksi dan penilaian tingkat demokrasi internal partai politik di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum doktrinal dengan metode gabungan kualitatif dan kuantitatif (mixed methods), yang perolehan datanya bersumber dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan sumber non-hukum. Temuan penting dalam penelitian ini yaitu dirumuskannya indeks demokrasi internal partai politik di Indonesia yang terdiri dari enam dimensi, meliputi partisipasi politik, pendidikan politik, kompetisi, keterwakilan, responsivitas, dan keterbukaan. Hasil temuan kemudian dikawinkan dengan variabel bebas yang diperoleh dari 9 (sembilan) data-data partai politik. Hasil dari temuan ini kemudian digunakan untuk menilai tingkat demokrasi internal partai politik melalui pengklasifikasian kedalam 5 (lima) tingkatan, antara lain Sangat Demokratis (SD), Demokratis (D), Cukup Demokratis (CD), Tidak Demokratis (TD) dan Sangat Tidak Demokratis (STD). Berdasarkan hasil penilaian, hanya 2 partai yang masuk dalam kategori D, antara lain Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) dan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDIP). Sementara itu, selebihnya ada pada kategori CD.
Kata Kunci: Demokrasi Konstitusional Kontemporer; Indeks Demokrasi Internal Partai Politik; Negara Demokrasi Modern.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Muchamad Ali Safa’at, Haru Permadi, Wiranto
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References
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Sukarna. Pengantar Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: Mandar Maju. 1994.
Laski, Harold J. A Grammar of Politics, Eleventh Impression. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1951.
Miaz, Yalvema. Partisipasi Politik: Pola Perilaku Pemilih Pemilu Masa Orde Baru dan Reformasi. Padang: UNP Press Padang. 2012.
Schlozman, Verba and Brady. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2012.
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Meyer, Thomas. Peran Partai Politik dalam Sebuah Sistem Demokrasi: Sembilan Tesis. Jakarta: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES). 2012.
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Annabelle Lever, “Democracy and Voting: A Response to Lisa Hill,” British Journal of Political Science 40. no. 4 (2010): 925–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123410000177.
Ghafur, Jamaludin. “Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik Era Reformasi: Antara Das Sollen Dan Das Sein.” JH Ius Quia Iustum 30, no. 1 (2023): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol30.iss1.art1.
Hollyer, J. R., Rosendorff, B. P. and Vreeland, J. R, “Democracy and transparency”. The Journal of Politics 73, no. 4 (2011): 1-34, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1750824#paper-citations-widget.
Romli, Lili. “Reformasi Partai Politik Dan Sistem Kepartaian Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Politica 2, no. 2 (November 2011): 199–220, https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v2i2.292.
Sihombing, Irvin S.T. “Reformulasi Demokrasi Internal Partai Politik: Sebuah Upaya Mencapai Negara Demokratis Yang Hakiki.” Jurnal Pemilu Dan Demokrasi #11 (Jakarta Selatan: Yayasan Perludem [Perkumpulan Untuk Pemilu dan Demokrasi], tanpa tahun): 23–39. http://perludem.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Jurnal-11-Demokratisasi-Rekrutmen-Partai-Politik.pdf
Singh, Sudama. “Representation in Modern Democracies: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives.” The Indian Journal of Political Science 52, no. 4 (1991): 508–529. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41855585.
Callaway, H.G. “Iron Law of Oligarchy?”. January 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357975036_Iron_law_of_oligarchy (akses 17 Januari 2024)
Kiess, Johannes. “Learning by doing: The impact of experiencing democracy in education on political trust and participation”. Politics 42, no.1 (2022): 75-94, https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395721990287.
Nasrudin, Juhana. “Politik Identitas dan Representasi Politik (Studi Kasus pada Pilkada DKI Periode 2018-2022)”, Hanifiya: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama 1, no. 1 (2018): 34-47, https://doi.org/10.15575/hanifiya.v1i1.4260
Dahl, Robert A. “Polyarchy, Pluralism, and Scale”, Yale University, https://tidsskriftdk.translate.goog/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/32492/30433?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=tc (akses 24 Desember 2023)
Rehfeld, A. “Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes in the Study of Political Representation and Democracy”. American Political Science Review 103, no. 2 (2009): 214–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090261.
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2011 tentang Partai Politik
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 69/PUU-XXI/2023
References
Surbakti, Ramlan and Didik Supriyanto. Mendorong Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik (Seri Demokrasi Elektoral Buku 6). Jakarta: Kemitraan bagi Pembaruan Tata Pemerintahan. 2013.
Surbakti, Ramlan. Memahami Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. 1992.
Budiarjo, Miriam. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. 2003.
Tanya, Bernard L. et al. Teori Hukum: Strategi Tertib Manusia Lintas Ruang dan Generasi. Yogyakarta: Genta Publishing. 2013.
Sukarna. Pengantar Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: Mandar Maju. 1994.
Laski, Harold J. A Grammar of Politics, Eleventh Impression. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1951.
Miaz, Yalvema. Partisipasi Politik: Pola Perilaku Pemilih Pemilu Masa Orde Baru dan Reformasi. Padang: UNP Press Padang. 2012.
Schlozman, Verba and Brady. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2012.
Schumpter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy. Routledge: Taylor & Francis e-Library. 2003.
Meyer, Thomas. Peran Partai Politik dalam Sebuah Sistem Demokrasi: Sembilan Tesis. Jakarta: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES). 2012.
Cross, William, and Jean-Benoit Pilet. The Politics of Party Leadership: A Cross-National Perspective (eds). Oxford University Press. England. 2015.
Cross, William, dan Richard S. Katz. The Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013.
AW, Muhammad Jafar. “Peran Partai Politik dalam Demokrasi di Indonesia”, Jurnal Administrasi Publik (JAP) 6. no. 2 (2015): 208-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.31506/jap.v6i2.2443.
Amundsen, Inge. “Democratic Dynasties? Internal Party Democracy in Bangladesh.” Party Politics 22, no. 1 (2013): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813511378
Baglia, John. “Legal Solutions to a Political Party National Committee Undermining U.S. Democracy, 51”, Undermining U.S. Democracy, 51 J. Marshall L. Rev 51, n.d., (2017): 107-136, https://repository.law.uic.edu/lawreview.
Rahat, Gideon, and Assaf Shapira. “An Intra-Party Democracy Index: Theory, Design and a Demonstration.” Parliamentary Affairs 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 84–110. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv068.
Annabelle Lever, “Democracy and Voting: A Response to Lisa Hill,” British Journal of Political Science 40. no. 4 (2010): 925–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123410000177.
Ghafur, Jamaludin. “Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik Era Reformasi: Antara Das Sollen Dan Das Sein.” JH Ius Quia Iustum 30, no. 1 (2023): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol30.iss1.art1.
Hollyer, J. R., Rosendorff, B. P. and Vreeland, J. R, “Democracy and transparency”. The Journal of Politics 73, no. 4 (2011): 1-34, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1750824#paper-citations-widget.
Romli, Lili. “Reformasi Partai Politik Dan Sistem Kepartaian Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Politica 2, no. 2 (November 2011): 199–220, https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v2i2.292.
Sihombing, Irvin S.T. “Reformulasi Demokrasi Internal Partai Politik: Sebuah Upaya Mencapai Negara Demokratis Yang Hakiki.” Jurnal Pemilu Dan Demokrasi #11 (Jakarta Selatan: Yayasan Perludem [Perkumpulan Untuk Pemilu dan Demokrasi], tanpa tahun): 23–39. http://perludem.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Jurnal-11-Demokratisasi-Rekrutmen-Partai-Politik.pdf
Singh, Sudama. “Representation in Modern Democracies: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives.” The Indian Journal of Political Science 52, no. 4 (1991): 508–529. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41855585.
Callaway, H.G. “Iron Law of Oligarchy?”. January 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357975036_Iron_law_of_oligarchy (akses 17 Januari 2024)
Kiess, Johannes. “Learning by doing: The impact of experiencing democracy in education on political trust and participation”. Politics 42, no.1 (2022): 75-94, https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395721990287.
Nasrudin, Juhana. “Politik Identitas dan Representasi Politik (Studi Kasus pada Pilkada DKI Periode 2018-2022)”, Hanifiya: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama 1, no. 1 (2018): 34-47, https://doi.org/10.15575/hanifiya.v1i1.4260
Dahl, Robert A. “Polyarchy, Pluralism, and Scale”, Yale University, https://tidsskriftdk.translate.goog/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/32492/30433?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=tc (akses 24 Desember 2023)
Rehfeld, A. “Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes in the Study of Political Representation and Democracy”. American Political Science Review 103, no. 2 (2009): 214–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090261.
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2011 tentang Partai Politik
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 69/PUU-XXI/2023