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Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the integration of Sharia principles into national commercial law system by comparing the classical fiqh literature with Indonesian Civil Code. The urgency of this study reflected existing ambiguities in the regulation of Sharia-based contracts in national legal system, which led to legal uncertainty in commercial practices and trade agreements affecting Muslim community. The formulated problems included (1) how could Sharia principles be integrated into national commercial law? and (2) to what extent could Indonesian positive law accommodate these principles? A normative legal study was conducted using a comparative method between Islamic and national civil law, along with qualitative analysis of relevant regulations and fatwas. The results showed that there were both similarities and differences between the two legal systems, specifically concerning the principles of mutual consent and object clarity. However, Islamic law tended to be stricter in upholding the lawfulness (halal) of the contract object and in prohibiting riba (usury) and gharar (uncertainty). Based on the results, this study recommended the reconstruction of national commercial law by integrating Sharia-based contracts, harmonizing legal norms through Supreme Court, and strengthening legal education to produce practitioners competent in both legal systems. In conclusion, the integration of Sharia principles into national commercial law enriched Indonesian legal system and fostered justice that was consistent with Islamic values.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Sitti Saleha Madjid, Hasanuddin Hasanuddin, Panjda Nurwahid, Mowafg Masuwd
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References
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Afifah, Mutiara Nurzahra, and Faizi Faizi. “Purchase Order Transactions in Islamic Economic Law: A Case Study of PT Segara Artha Investama (PT. SAI).” Al-Amwal Journal of Islamic Economic Law, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24256/alw.v9i1.4853.
Arno, Abd. Kadir, Ilham Ilham, and Ridwan Ridwan. “Sharia Compliance and Profitability in Financial Performance of Islamic Banks in Indonesia.” Futurity Economics&law, 2024. https://doi.org/10.57125/fel.2024.06.25.07.
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Atichasari, Anna Sofia, Kristanti Kristanti, Neneng Hayriah, and Septantri Shinta Wulandari. “Analysis of Quality and Implementation of Sharia Financial Services Based on Financial Technology in Indonesia.” International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 2023. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v6-i7-110.
Bintang, Sanusi, Teuku Haflisyah, and Fikri Fikri. “A Study on the Conformity of Sharia Bank Financing Akad to Sharia Principles, National Laws, and Contract Drafting Techniques.” Syiah Kuala Law Journal, 2022. https://doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v6i1.28108.
Budiono, Arief, Wardah Yuspin, Siti Syahida Nurani, Fahmi Fairuzzaman, Sofyan Wimbo Agung Pradnyawan, and Siska Diana Sari. “The Anglo-Saxon System of Common Law and the Development of the Legal System in Indonesia.” WSEAS Transactions on Systems 22, no. 3 (2023): 207–13. https://doi.org/10.37394/23202.2023.22.21.
Faizi, Faizi, Airlangga Surya Kusuma, and Purwanto Widodo. “Islamic Green Finance: Mapping the Climate Funding Landscape in Indonesia.” International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoes-08-2023-0189.
Faizi, Faizi, and Mohd Sollehudin Bin Shuib. “Fatwa on Sharia Products and Its Role in the Development of Islamic Finance Industry.” Islamadina Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 2021. https://doi.org/10.30595/islamadina.v22i2.11859.
Hidayati, Tri, Masyithah Umar, Fathurrahman Azhari, and Mujiburrohman Abul Abas. “The Legal Construction of Licensing and Supervision of Sharia Multilevel Marketing in Indonesian Trade Law.” Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syariah 13, no. 2 (2022): 237–63. https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v13i2.17989.
Jadidah, Fikrotul. “The Role of International Law in Export-Import Arrangements and Its Impact on the Economy in Indonesia.” Iblam Law Review, 2023. https://doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v3i2.127.
Judijanto, Loso, Rabith Madah Khulaili Harsya, Dwi Kartika Prananingrum, Saryanto Saryanto, and Rahayu Retnaningsih. “Analysis of Challenges and Prospects for Dispute Resolution Through the National Sharia Arbitration Board in the Indonesian Legal Context.” WSiSS, 2024. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsiss.v2i01.587.
Khairunnisa, Indah, and Kusbaryanto Kusbaryanto. “Implementation of Sharia Law on Patient Medical Services in Certified Sharia Hospitals: A Literature Review.” Jurnal Aisyah Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 2023. https://doi.org/10.30604/jika.v8i2.2049.
Latif, Mukhlis, Muhammad Mutawalli, and Zulhilmi Paidi. “Fiqh Peradaban and the Actualization of Religious and State Life in the Modern Society.” Fikrah, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v11i1.22570.
Latifah, Umi, Ida Nurlaeli, and Ulfi Zulfikar Faridhun. “Development of Classical Fiqh towards Contemporary: Relevance of Thought of Islamic Figures and Operational Transformation of Fiqh Products.” Santri: Journal of Pesantren and Fiqh Sosial 4, no. 1 (2023): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.35878/santri.v4i1.692.
Madani, Zia. “Unpacking Inclusivity of the Antarctic Treaty System amidst Contemporary Challenges.” Polar Science 43, no. July 2023 (2024): 101144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2024.101144.
Malayudha, Achmad Gusti, Widya Sari, and Angga Puja Asiandu. “Indonesian Inheritance System Based on Islamic Law, Civil Code, Matrilineal Customs, and Gender Equality Perspectives.” Sangkép Jurnal Kajian Sosial Keagamaan, 2023. https://doi.org/10.20414/sangkep.v6i1.6286.
Mubarak, Rais Khalil, Faisal Faisal, and Arif Rahman. “Optimization of the Sharia Supervisory Board in Its Supervisory Function on Sharia Principles (A Study on Sharia Banking in Lhokseumawe City).” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i9.5018.
Muryanto, Yudho Taruno. “The Urgency of Sharia Compliance Regulations for Islamic Fintechs: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom.” Journal of Financial Crime, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2022-0099.
Nasution, Hotnidah, and Ahmad Rifqi Muchtar. “Negotiating Islamic Law: The Practice of Inheritance Distribution in Polygamous Marriages in Indonesian Islamic Courts.” Al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i1.10921.
Panjaitan, Nana Karlina, and Nurbaiti Nurbaiti. “Analysis of Financial Regulatory Challenges for the Development of Islamic Banking in Indonesia.” Journal La Sociale, 2024. https://doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v5i5.1383.
Purnama, Suryari, Andyani Sukmasari, and Rahul Bhandari. “The Role of Religiosity as a Mediating Variable in the Relationship Between Online Transactions and Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Islamic Banking.” Aptisi Transactions on Management (Atm), 2021. https://doi.org/10.33050/atm.v5i2.1532.
Rahmani, Zikri, Rozi Rozi, Eka Fitriyanti, M Iqbal, and Suud Sarim Karimullah. “Implementation of Sharia Economic Principles in the Globalization Era.” Asy Syar’Iyyah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’Ah Dan Perbankan Islam 8, no. 2 (2023): 185–200. https://doi.org/10.32923/asy.v8i2.3516.
Ramadhan, Dwi Swasana. “Financial Technology and Sharia Compliance Regulations in Islamic Banking in Indonesia.” Al-Arbah Journal of Islamic Finance and Banking, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21580/al-arbah.2022.4.2.15647.
Razi, Muhammad, and Khairil Azmin Mokhtar. “The Challenges of Shariah Penal Code and Legal Pluralism in Aceh.” Jurnal Media Hukum, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20200151.
Roy Purwanto, Muhammad, Supriadi Supriadi, Sularno Sularno, and Fitriani Rokhimah. “The Implementation of Maqasid Al-Sharia Values in Economic Transactions of The Java Community.” KnE Social Sciences 2022 (2022): 120–29. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11351.
Samsithawrati, Putu Aras, Ni Ketut, Supasti Dharmawan, Fradhana Putra Disantara, and Ruetaitip Chansrakaeo. “Legal Reform in Business Dispute Resolution : A Study of Legal Pluralism in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand.” Journal of Law and Legal Reform 6, no. 2 (2025): 69–116.
Shirazi, Nasim Shah, Laura Kuanova, Adilbek Ryskulov, and Aziya Mukusheva. “The Experience and the Prospects of Islamic Finance in Kazakhstan.” Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-03-2020-0023.
Soraya, Syazarah, Sri Windani, and Rizky Ayu. “Navigating Tradition and Modernity: Controversies and Implications of Sharia Economics in the Global Economy.” SeEk, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35335/t30m6s92.
Sri Wulandari, Ratu Ayu. “If Not Now, Then When? The Significance of CISG Ratification for Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 2021. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v12i01.a19509.
Tan, David, Agustianto Agustianto, and Sovina Sovina. “Exploring Contemporary Issues and Key Takeaways: A Comparative Analysis of Civil-Law Notary Laws in Indonesia and Louisiana.” Journal of Judicial Review, 2023. https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v25i2.7741.
Tarmidzi, Karimatul Khasanah, Agus Arwani, Kholil Said, and Mahendra Utama Cahya Ramadhan. “The Pursuit of Legal Harmony in the Integration of Sharia Economic Law Compilation, OJK Regulations, and DSN-MUI Fatwas.” Hikmatuna Journal for Integrative Islamic Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.28918/hikmatuna.v10i1.7342.
Usman, Berto, Muhammad Geovani Hasnam, Ridwan Nurazi, Baihaqi, and Somnuk Aujirapongpan. “Exploring Investor Attention in Shariah Markets, Macroeconomic Influences, and Corporate Performance: Insights from Indonesia.” Social Sciences and Humanities Open 10, no. June (2024): 101015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101015.
Widyastuti, Maria, and Stephanie Astrid Ayu. “The Role of The Financial Services Authority of Indonesia in Order to Support Rural Bank/Islamic Rural Bank Sustainability.” International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (Ijebar), 2020. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v4i03.1203.
Yusuf, Mahmud, Hasanudin Hasanudin, Fathurrahman Azhari, Muhammad Rahmani Abduh, and Sri Ana Farhanah. “Islamic Banks: Analysis of the Rules of Fiqh on the Fatwa of the National Sharia Board-Indonesian Ulama Council.” International Journal of Law, Environment and Natural Resources, 2023. https://doi.org/10.51749/injurlens.v3i1.44.
References
Abas, Muhamad, Wandra Wardiansha Purnama, Anggra Yudha Ramadianto, Feri Satria, Wicaksana Effendy, and Sirajul Munir. Konseptualisasi Epistimologi Prinsip Hukum Dalam Konstitusi Negara. Bantul: BALAI LITERASI BANGSA, 2023. http://repository.uinsa.ac.id/id/eprint/3297/1/Iskandar Ritonga_Ilmu hukum konseptualisasi epistemologi prinsip hukum dalam konstitusi negara.pdf.
Abbas, Syahrizal, and Ramzi Murziqin. “Sharia-Based Regional Regulations in the Indonesian National Law System.” Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 2021. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v9i3.673.
Afifah, Mutiara Nurzahra, and Faizi Faizi. “Purchase Order Transactions in Islamic Economic Law: A Case Study of PT Segara Artha Investama (PT. SAI).” Al-Amwal Journal of Islamic Economic Law, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24256/alw.v9i1.4853.
Arno, Abd. Kadir, Ilham Ilham, and Ridwan Ridwan. “Sharia Compliance and Profitability in Financial Performance of Islamic Banks in Indonesia.” Futurity Economics&law, 2024. https://doi.org/10.57125/fel.2024.06.25.07.
As-Salafiyah, Aisyah, and Maha Radwan. “Islamic Economics and Finance: Trend Topics and Thematic Evolution.” Journal of Islamic Economic Literatures, 2023. https://doi.org/10.58968/jiel.v4i2.315.
Atichasari, Anna Sofia, Kristanti Kristanti, Neneng Hayriah, and Septantri Shinta Wulandari. “Analysis of Quality and Implementation of Sharia Financial Services Based on Financial Technology in Indonesia.” International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 2023. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v6-i7-110.
Bintang, Sanusi, Teuku Haflisyah, and Fikri Fikri. “A Study on the Conformity of Sharia Bank Financing Akad to Sharia Principles, National Laws, and Contract Drafting Techniques.” Syiah Kuala Law Journal, 2022. https://doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v6i1.28108.
Budiono, Arief, Wardah Yuspin, Siti Syahida Nurani, Fahmi Fairuzzaman, Sofyan Wimbo Agung Pradnyawan, and Siska Diana Sari. “The Anglo-Saxon System of Common Law and the Development of the Legal System in Indonesia.” WSEAS Transactions on Systems 22, no. 3 (2023): 207–13. https://doi.org/10.37394/23202.2023.22.21.
Faizi, Faizi, Airlangga Surya Kusuma, and Purwanto Widodo. “Islamic Green Finance: Mapping the Climate Funding Landscape in Indonesia.” International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoes-08-2023-0189.
Faizi, Faizi, and Mohd Sollehudin Bin Shuib. “Fatwa on Sharia Products and Its Role in the Development of Islamic Finance Industry.” Islamadina Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 2021. https://doi.org/10.30595/islamadina.v22i2.11859.
Hidayati, Tri, Masyithah Umar, Fathurrahman Azhari, and Mujiburrohman Abul Abas. “The Legal Construction of Licensing and Supervision of Sharia Multilevel Marketing in Indonesian Trade Law.” Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syariah 13, no. 2 (2022): 237–63. https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v13i2.17989.
Jadidah, Fikrotul. “The Role of International Law in Export-Import Arrangements and Its Impact on the Economy in Indonesia.” Iblam Law Review, 2023. https://doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v3i2.127.
Judijanto, Loso, Rabith Madah Khulaili Harsya, Dwi Kartika Prananingrum, Saryanto Saryanto, and Rahayu Retnaningsih. “Analysis of Challenges and Prospects for Dispute Resolution Through the National Sharia Arbitration Board in the Indonesian Legal Context.” WSiSS, 2024. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsiss.v2i01.587.
Khairunnisa, Indah, and Kusbaryanto Kusbaryanto. “Implementation of Sharia Law on Patient Medical Services in Certified Sharia Hospitals: A Literature Review.” Jurnal Aisyah Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 2023. https://doi.org/10.30604/jika.v8i2.2049.
Latif, Mukhlis, Muhammad Mutawalli, and Zulhilmi Paidi. “Fiqh Peradaban and the Actualization of Religious and State Life in the Modern Society.” Fikrah, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v11i1.22570.
Latifah, Umi, Ida Nurlaeli, and Ulfi Zulfikar Faridhun. “Development of Classical Fiqh towards Contemporary: Relevance of Thought of Islamic Figures and Operational Transformation of Fiqh Products.” Santri: Journal of Pesantren and Fiqh Sosial 4, no. 1 (2023): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.35878/santri.v4i1.692.
Madani, Zia. “Unpacking Inclusivity of the Antarctic Treaty System amidst Contemporary Challenges.” Polar Science 43, no. July 2023 (2024): 101144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2024.101144.
Malayudha, Achmad Gusti, Widya Sari, and Angga Puja Asiandu. “Indonesian Inheritance System Based on Islamic Law, Civil Code, Matrilineal Customs, and Gender Equality Perspectives.” Sangkép Jurnal Kajian Sosial Keagamaan, 2023. https://doi.org/10.20414/sangkep.v6i1.6286.
Mubarak, Rais Khalil, Faisal Faisal, and Arif Rahman. “Optimization of the Sharia Supervisory Board in Its Supervisory Function on Sharia Principles (A Study on Sharia Banking in Lhokseumawe City).” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i9.5018.
Muryanto, Yudho Taruno. “The Urgency of Sharia Compliance Regulations for Islamic Fintechs: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom.” Journal of Financial Crime, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2022-0099.
Nasution, Hotnidah, and Ahmad Rifqi Muchtar. “Negotiating Islamic Law: The Practice of Inheritance Distribution in Polygamous Marriages in Indonesian Islamic Courts.” Al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i1.10921.
Panjaitan, Nana Karlina, and Nurbaiti Nurbaiti. “Analysis of Financial Regulatory Challenges for the Development of Islamic Banking in Indonesia.” Journal La Sociale, 2024. https://doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v5i5.1383.
Purnama, Suryari, Andyani Sukmasari, and Rahul Bhandari. “The Role of Religiosity as a Mediating Variable in the Relationship Between Online Transactions and Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Islamic Banking.” Aptisi Transactions on Management (Atm), 2021. https://doi.org/10.33050/atm.v5i2.1532.
Rahmani, Zikri, Rozi Rozi, Eka Fitriyanti, M Iqbal, and Suud Sarim Karimullah. “Implementation of Sharia Economic Principles in the Globalization Era.” Asy Syar’Iyyah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’Ah Dan Perbankan Islam 8, no. 2 (2023): 185–200. https://doi.org/10.32923/asy.v8i2.3516.
Ramadhan, Dwi Swasana. “Financial Technology and Sharia Compliance Regulations in Islamic Banking in Indonesia.” Al-Arbah Journal of Islamic Finance and Banking, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21580/al-arbah.2022.4.2.15647.
Razi, Muhammad, and Khairil Azmin Mokhtar. “The Challenges of Shariah Penal Code and Legal Pluralism in Aceh.” Jurnal Media Hukum, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20200151.
Roy Purwanto, Muhammad, Supriadi Supriadi, Sularno Sularno, and Fitriani Rokhimah. “The Implementation of Maqasid Al-Sharia Values in Economic Transactions of The Java Community.” KnE Social Sciences 2022 (2022): 120–29. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11351.
Samsithawrati, Putu Aras, Ni Ketut, Supasti Dharmawan, Fradhana Putra Disantara, and Ruetaitip Chansrakaeo. “Legal Reform in Business Dispute Resolution : A Study of Legal Pluralism in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand.” Journal of Law and Legal Reform 6, no. 2 (2025): 69–116.
Shirazi, Nasim Shah, Laura Kuanova, Adilbek Ryskulov, and Aziya Mukusheva. “The Experience and the Prospects of Islamic Finance in Kazakhstan.” Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-03-2020-0023.
Soraya, Syazarah, Sri Windani, and Rizky Ayu. “Navigating Tradition and Modernity: Controversies and Implications of Sharia Economics in the Global Economy.” SeEk, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35335/t30m6s92.
Sri Wulandari, Ratu Ayu. “If Not Now, Then When? The Significance of CISG Ratification for Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 2021. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v12i01.a19509.
Tan, David, Agustianto Agustianto, and Sovina Sovina. “Exploring Contemporary Issues and Key Takeaways: A Comparative Analysis of Civil-Law Notary Laws in Indonesia and Louisiana.” Journal of Judicial Review, 2023. https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v25i2.7741.
Tarmidzi, Karimatul Khasanah, Agus Arwani, Kholil Said, and Mahendra Utama Cahya Ramadhan. “The Pursuit of Legal Harmony in the Integration of Sharia Economic Law Compilation, OJK Regulations, and DSN-MUI Fatwas.” Hikmatuna Journal for Integrative Islamic Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.28918/hikmatuna.v10i1.7342.
Usman, Berto, Muhammad Geovani Hasnam, Ridwan Nurazi, Baihaqi, and Somnuk Aujirapongpan. “Exploring Investor Attention in Shariah Markets, Macroeconomic Influences, and Corporate Performance: Insights from Indonesia.” Social Sciences and Humanities Open 10, no. June (2024): 101015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101015.
Widyastuti, Maria, and Stephanie Astrid Ayu. “The Role of The Financial Services Authority of Indonesia in Order to Support Rural Bank/Islamic Rural Bank Sustainability.” International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (Ijebar), 2020. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v4i03.1203.
Yusuf, Mahmud, Hasanudin Hasanudin, Fathurrahman Azhari, Muhammad Rahmani Abduh, and Sri Ana Farhanah. “Islamic Banks: Analysis of the Rules of Fiqh on the Fatwa of the National Sharia Board-Indonesian Ulama Council.” International Journal of Law, Environment and Natural Resources, 2023. https://doi.org/10.51749/injurlens.v3i1.44.