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Abstract
The evolution of Constitutional Court decisions indicates a gradual strengthening of the 30% quota for women in legislative candidacy, including the emphasis on sanctions for non-compliance. However, this strengthening is not necessarily directly proportional to the quality of women's representation in practice, since political parties often conduct short-term and formalistic recruitment simply to fulfill candidacy requirements. This article fills a gap in previous researches by analysing Constitutional Court Decision No. 128/PUU-XXIV/2026 as a basis for evaluating political parties' obligations to meet the women's partitcipation quota. This article addresses two main issues: the development of Constitutional Court decisions in strengthening the quota for women legislative candidates in Indonesia and the design of strengthening women's candidate recruitment to prevent the practice of merely formal representation. This is a normative legal study using legislative, conceptual, and case study approaches. Legal materials were collected through literature review, then analysed descriptively and qualitatively. The results show that the development of Constitutional Court decisions has been progressive, starting from the legitimacy of affirmative action, strengthening women's representation in political structures, to affirming the legal consequences for political parties' non-compliance. However, the effectiveness of quota policies remains dependent on the recruitment design within political parties. Therefore, this article suggests that recruitment of female legislative candidates should be directed not only at meeting quotas but also at sustainable cadre development, open selection, and adequate political development so that women emerge as competent and substantive political actors in the legislative process and public policymaking.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Erfa Redhani, Erlina Erlina
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References
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———. Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik. Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2023.
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Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. The Concept of Representation. London: University of California Press, 1967.
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Safa’at, M. Ali, Agus Riewanto, Pan M. Faiz W Kusuma, Abdul Ghoffar, Andriani W. Novitasari, Sunny Ummul Firdaus Bayu Dwi Anggono Bisariyadi, Helmi Kasim, dan Luthfi Widagdo Eddyono. Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi (Edisi Revisi). Cet. 2. Jakarta: Kepaniteraan dan Sekretariat Jenderal Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2019.
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Surbakti, Ramlan, dan Didik Supriyanto. Mendorong Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik. Jakarta: Kemitraan bagi Pembaruan Tata Pemerintahan, 2013.
Wildianti, Delia, Hurriyah, Putri Ramadhana, dan Alya Eka Khairunnisa. Potret Keterwakilan Anggota Legislatif Perempuan Hasil Pemilu 2024. Jakarta: Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia, 2024.
References
Achmad, Dirga, Fadli Sardi, dan Dery Adrisal. “Disparitas Pengaturan Tindakan Afirmatif dan Implikasinya Terhadap Ketidaksetaraan Peluang Keterwakilan Perempuan dalam PEMILU 2024.” DIVERSI : Jurnal Hukum 10, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32503/diversi.v10i2.6210.
Amsari, Feri, Charles Simabura, Khairul Fahmi, M Nurul Fajri, dan Ari Wirya. Pembaruan Partai Politik di Indonesia: Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik. Diedit oleh Saldi Isra. Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2020.
Ashiagbor, Sefakor. Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives-Selecting Candidates for Legislative Office. Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. Washington: National Democratic Institute, 2008.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara Jilid II. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI, 2006.
Budiardjo, Miriam. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Politik. Ed.rev.ct3. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008.
Bulmer, W. Elliot, dan Sujit Choudhry. Political Parties: Constitutional Roles, Recognition, Rights and Regulations. Swedan: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2025. https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2025.54.
Clayton, Amanda, Diana Z. O’Brien, dan Jennifer M. Piscopo. “Electoral Gender Quotas and Democratic Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055425000176.
Ekawati, Esty. “Keterwakilan Perempuan pada Pemilu Pasca Orde Baru.” Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 16, no. 1 (23 April 2018). https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2017.161.67-80.
Fitriana, Alisa Zahra, Ikhwanul Muslim, dan Aullia Vivi Yulianingrum. “Review of the Constitutional Court’s Decision Number: 82/PUU-XII/2014 on Women’s Representation in Parliament in the Perspective of Legal Feminism.” TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 12 (28 Februari 2025). https://doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v4i12.2838.
Gatto, Malu A C. “Changing levels of resistance and transformative change.” In Resistance to Gender Quotas in Latin America. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198935346.003.0006.
Ghafur, Jamaludin. “Democratization of Legislative Prospective Candidate Selection: Urgency and Its Parameters.” Jurnal Hukum Novelty 12, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v12i01.a17036.
———. Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik. Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2023.
———. “Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik Era Reformasi: Antara Das Sollen dan Das Sein.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 30, no. 1 (1 Januari 2023). https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol30.iss1.art1.
———. Demokratisasi Rekrutmen Kandidat Pejabat Publik dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2024.
Hardjaloka, Loura. “Potret Keterwakilan Perempuan dalam Wajah Politik Indonesia Perspektif Regulasi dan Implementasi.” Jurnal Konstitusi 9, no. 2 (20 Mei 2016). https://doi.org/10.31078/jk928.
Hurriyah, dan Delia Wildianti. “Partisipasi tanpa Representasi: Analisis Relasi Organisasi Sayap Perempuan dengan Partai Politik di Indonesia.” In Prosiding Simposium Hukum Tata Negara. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia dan Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, 2019.
Insan, Inna, Fide Gracia Simatupang, dan Sharon Golda Ylleanor. “Perempuan: Keterwakilan Dalam Partai Politik dan Badan Legislatif.” Jurnal Konstitusi dan Demokrasi 5, no. 1 (30 Juni 2025). https://doi.org/10.7454/JKD.v5i1.1502.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. “Additional information about gender quotas Mexico.” Diakses 7 Juli 2026. https://www.idea.int/answer/ans91781524891095.
———. “Additional information about gender quotas Rwanda.” Diakses 7 Juli 2026. https://www.idea.int/answer/ans91781736153627.
Irwansyah. Penelitian Hukum : Pilihan Metode dan praktik penulisan Artikel. Yogyakarta: Mirra Buana Media, 2020.
Kurniawan, Nalom. “Keterwakilan Perempuan Di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 22-24/PUU-VI/2008.” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 4 (20 Mei 2016). https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1146.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Putusan MK No. 125-01-08-29/PHPU.DPR-DPRD-XXII/2024 (2024).
———. Putusan MK No. 128/PUU-XXIV/2026 (2026).
———. Putusan MK Nomor 125-01-08-29/PHPU.DPR-DPRD-XXII/2024 (2024).
———. Putusan MK Nomor 128/PUU-XXIV/2026 (2026).
———. Putusan MK Nomor 82/PUU-XII/2014 (2014).
Margret, Anna, Mia Novitasari, Heru Samosir, Tahta Helga Kusuma, dan Yudo Rahmadiyansyah. Menyoal Data Representasi Perempuan di Lima Ranah (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Cakra Wikara Indonesia, 2022. http://cakrawikara.id.
Marzuki Mahmud Peter. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Pranamedia Group, 2014.
Nasef, Muhammad Imam, Allan Fatchan Gani Wardhana, dan Ni’matul Huda. “Pelindungan Hak Konstitusional Perempuan Dalam Pencalonan Legislatif Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2024 di Gorontalo.” Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM 33, no. 1 (20 Februari 2026). https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol33.iss1.art3.
Patawari, Patawari. “Penataan Hukum Mekanisme Rekrutmen Calon Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat yang Aspiratif.” Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 21, no. 2 (29 Agustus 2019). https://doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v21i2.12935.
Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979).
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. The Concept of Representation. London: University of California Press, 1967.
Primaresti, Felia. “Menilik Representasi Perempuan dalam Pemilu 2024.” The Indonesian Institute Center for Public Policy Research. Jakarta: The Indonesian Institute, 2024. https://www.theindonesianinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/INDONESIA-2024-Felia-Primaresti-Peneliti-Bidang-Politik-Menilik-Representasi-Perempuan-dalam-Pemilu-2024_web.pdf.
Puspitasari, Yuyun Dwi. “Derajat Transparansi Partai Politik dalam Seleksi Bacaleg Pemilu 2019.” In Jurnal Pemilu dan Demokrasi, Vol. 11. Jakarta: Yayasan Perkumpulan untuk Pemilu dan Demokrasi, 2018.
Rahat, Gideon. “Candidate Selection: The Choice Before the Choice.” Journal of Democracy 18, no. 1 (Januari 2007). https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2007.0014.
Rahat, Gideon, dan Reuven Y. Hazan. “Candidate Selection Methods.” Party Politics 7, no. 3 (1 Mei 2001). https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068801007003003.
Rahmatunnisa, Mudiyati. “Affirmative Action dan Penguatan Partisipasi Politik Kaum Perempuan.” Jurnal Wacana Politik 1, no. 2 (2 Oktober 2016). https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v1i2.11049.
Sadikin, Usep Hasan. “Menarik Kerah Keterwakilan Perempuan.” Jurnal Pemilu dan Demokrasi 9, no. Kodifkasi Undang-Undang Pemilu Pembaruan Hukum Pemilu Menuju Pemilu Serentak Nasional dan Serentak Daerah (2017).
Safa’at, M. Ali, Agus Riewanto, Pan M. Faiz W Kusuma, Abdul Ghoffar, Andriani W. Novitasari, Sunny Ummul Firdaus Bayu Dwi Anggono Bisariyadi, Helmi Kasim, dan Luthfi Widagdo Eddyono. Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi (Edisi Revisi). Cet. 2. Jakarta: Kepaniteraan dan Sekretariat Jenderal Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2019.
Saputri, Rini Archda, Mada Sukmajati, dan Desintha Dwi Asriani. “Political Representation of Women In Parliament: A Literature Review and Future Research Opportunities.” JWP (Jurnal Wacana Politik) 8, no. 2 (28 Oktober 2023). https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v8i2.46956.
Surbakti, Ramlan, dan Didik Supriyanto. Mendorong Demokratisasi Internal Partai Politik. Jakarta: Kemitraan bagi Pembaruan Tata Pemerintahan, 2013.
Wildianti, Delia, Hurriyah, Putri Ramadhana, dan Alya Eka Khairunnisa. Potret Keterwakilan Anggota Legislatif Perempuan Hasil Pemilu 2024. Jakarta: Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia, 2024.