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Abstract
Background: The potential of pepaya jantan flowers (Carica papaya L.) as functional herbal ingredients, such as antioxidants, is influenced by the activity of secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids.
Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content and characterization of flavonoids in the ethanol extract and flower fraction of papaya jantan (Carica papaya L.).
Method: Pepaya jantan flower was extracted by maceration using ethanol 70% then fractionated using multilevel fractionation. The identification of flavonoids was tested using Taubeck, Wilstater, and TLC. Extract and fractions were determined of flavonoid content using the colorimetric method and identification of flavonoids based on the wavelength of cinnamoyl and benzoyl in the spectrum UV-Vis.
Results: The results of the determination of flavonoid content showed that ethanol extract was the highest at 0.6805 ± 0.0045 %QE and n-hexane fractions were the lowest at 0.4178 ± 0.0058 %QE. Identification of flavonoids using the UV-Vis spectroscopy method showed the absorption of substituted 3-OH flavonol and free 3-OH flavonol.
Conclusion: The highest flavonoid content was found in the ethanol extract of papaya jantan flower. The types of flavonoids in the extract and fractions of male papaya flower indicated the type of flavonol based on the wavelength of cinnamoyl and benzoyl.
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References
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- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.01.003
- Asghar, N., Naqvi, S. A., Hussain, Z., Rasool, N., Khan, Z. A., Shahzad, S. A., Sherazi, T. A., Janjua, M. R., Nagra, S. A., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., & Jaafar, H. Z. (2016). Compositional difference in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of all parts of the Carica papaya using different solvents. Chem Cent J, 10, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-016-0149-0
- Asmorowati, H., dan Lindawati, N. Y., 2019, Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Alpulat (Persea americana Mill.) dengan metode spektrofotometri, Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 15(2), 51–63.
- Baskaran, C., bai, V. R., Velu, S., & Kumaran, K. (2012). The efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract on some bacterial and a fungal strain by well diffusion method. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2, S658-S662. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60239-4
- Beda, T. O. (2018). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sisik Naga (Drymoglossum Piloselloides [L.] Presl) dengan Metode Kolorimetri AlCl3 Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Kupang]. Kupang.
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- Degu, S., Negeri, N. G., Abebe, A., Berihun, A., Arega, E., Sisay, B., Gemeda, H., Ashebir, R., Amano, A., Fekadu, N., Kasahun, T., Taye, S., & Bitew, A. (2020). In Vitro Antifungal Activity, Phytochemical Screening and Thin Layer Chromatography Profiling of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich Root Extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 8, 189-196.
- Djamil, R., & Zaidan, S. (2016). Isolasi Senyawa Flavonoid dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr), Euphorbiaceae. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 14(1), 57-61.
- Firnando, H. (2019). Penetapan Kadar Total Fenolik Dan Flavonoid Fraksi Butanol Dan Fraksi Air dari Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Acorus Sp. Jurnal Mahasiswa Farmasi Fakultas Kedokteran UNTAN, 4(1).
- Imaga, N., Gbenle, G., Okochi, I., Adenekan, S., Duro-Emmanuel, T., Oyeniyi, B., Dokai, P., Oyenuga, M., Otumara, A., & Ekeh, F. (2010). Phytochemical and antioxidant nutrient constituents of Carica papaya and Parquetina nigrescens extracts. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(16).
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- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.012
- Lien, G. T. K., Van, D. T. T., Cuong, D. H., Yen, P. H., Tai, B. H., & Kiem, P. V. (2019). A New Phenolic Constituent From Carica papaya Flowers and Its Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity. Natural Product Communications, 14(7), 1934578X19850987.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19850987
- Manurung, H., Kustiawan, W., Kusuma, I., & Marjenah, M. (2017). Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of tabat Barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack) on different plant organs and ages. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5, 120-125.
- Mariana, L., Andayani, Y., & Erin, R. G. (2013). Analisis Senyawa Flavonoid Hasil Fraksinasi Ekstrak Diklorometana Daun Keluwih (Artocarpus camansi) Universitas Mataram].
- Markham, K. R. (1988). Cara mengidentifikasi flavonoid. In K. Padmawinata & S. Niksolihin (Eds.): ITB.
- Nga, V., Trang, N., Tuyet, N., Phung, N., Ngo, T. T. D., & Nguyen-Thi-Hoai, T. (2020). Ethanol extract of male Carica papaya flowers demonstrated non-toxic against MCF-7, HEP-G2, HELA, NCI-H460 cancer cell lines. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 58, 86-91.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/vjch.2019000142
- Ningsih, G., Utami, S. R., & Nugrahani, R. A. (2015). Pengaruh Lamanya Waktu Ekstraksi Remaserasi Kulit Buah Durian Terhadap Rendemen Saponin Dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Zat Aktif Anti Jamur. Jurnal Konversi Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, 4(1).
- https://doi.org/10.24853/konversi.4.1.%p
- Nugroho, A., Heryani, H., Choi, J. S., & Park, H.-J. (2017). Identification and quantification of flavonoids in Carica papaya leaf and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(3), 208-213.
- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.009
- Nwaehujor, C. O., Ode, J. O., Ekwere, M. R., & Udegbunam, R. I. (2014). Anti-fertility effects of fractions from Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Linn. methanol root extract in male Wistar rats. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
- Pongoh, A. F., Queljoe, E., & Rotinslu, H. (2020). Uji Antidiabetik Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang Diinduksi Aloksan. Pharmacon Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(1).
- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.9.2020.27423
- Rastuti, U., & Purwati. (2012). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kalba (Albizia falcataria) dengan Metode DPPH (1,1-Difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekundernya. Molekul, 7(1), 33-42.
- https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2012.7.1.104
- Riwanti, P., Izazih, F., & Amaliyah, A. (2020). Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Etanol pada Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 50,70 dan 96% Sargassum Polycystum dari Madura. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care Anwar Medika, 2(2), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.36932/jpcam.v2i2.1
- Sa'adah, H., & Nurhasnawati, H. (2017). Perbandingan Pelarut Etanol dan Air pada Pembuatan Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Tiwai (Eleutherine americana Merr) menggunakan Metode Maserasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 1(2), 149-153.
- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v1i2.27
- Sembiring, E., Sangi, M. S., & Suryanto, E. (2016). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak dan Fraksi dari Biji Jagung (Zea mays L.). Chemistry Progress, 9(1), 16-24.
- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35799/cp.9.1.2016.13908
- Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J., & Dolan, J. W. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography 3 ed., John Wiley and Sons Inc
- Tay, Z. H., & Chong, K. P. (2016). The potential of papaya leaf extract in controlling Ganoderma boninense. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 36(1), 012027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/36/1/012027
- Yuslianti, E. R., Bachtiar, B. M., Suniarti, D. F., & Afifah, B. S. (2016). Standardisasi Farmasitikal Bahan Alam Menuju Fitofarmaka Untuk Pengembangan Obat Tradisional Indonesia. Dentika Dental Journal, 19(2), 179-185.
- Zuhrotun Nisa, F., Astuti, M., Murdiati, A., & Mubarika Haryana, S. (2017). Anti-proliferation and Apoptosis Induction of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Carica papaya L. on Human Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7. Pak J Biol Sci, 20(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2017.36.41
References
Andarwulan, N., Kurniasih, D., Apriady, R. A., Rahmat, H., Roto, A. V., & Bolling, B. W. (2012). Polyphenols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid in underutilized medicinal vegetables. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(1), 339-347.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.01.003
Asghar, N., Naqvi, S. A., Hussain, Z., Rasool, N., Khan, Z. A., Shahzad, S. A., Sherazi, T. A., Janjua, M. R., Nagra, S. A., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., & Jaafar, H. Z. (2016). Compositional difference in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of all parts of the Carica papaya using different solvents. Chem Cent J, 10, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-016-0149-0
Asmorowati, H., dan Lindawati, N. Y., 2019, Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Alpulat (Persea americana Mill.) dengan metode spektrofotometri, Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 15(2), 51–63.
Baskaran, C., bai, V. R., Velu, S., & Kumaran, K. (2012). The efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract on some bacterial and a fungal strain by well diffusion method. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2, S658-S662. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60239-4
Beda, T. O. (2018). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sisik Naga (Drymoglossum Piloselloides [L.] Presl) dengan Metode Kolorimetri AlCl3 Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Kupang]. Kupang.
Chaaban, H., Ioannou, I., Chebil, L., Slimane, M., Gerardin, C., Paris, C., Charbonnel, C., Chekir-Ghedira, L., & Ghoul, M. (2017). Effect of heat processing on thermal stability and antioxidant activity of six flavonoids: CHAABAN et al. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 41, e13203. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13203
Chang, C. C., Yang, M. H., Wen, H. M., & Chern, J. C. (2002). Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Propolis by Two Complementary Colorimetric Methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Degu, S., Negeri, N. G., Abebe, A., Berihun, A., Arega, E., Sisay, B., Gemeda, H., Ashebir, R., Amano, A., Fekadu, N., Kasahun, T., Taye, S., & Bitew, A. (2020). In Vitro Antifungal Activity, Phytochemical Screening and Thin Layer Chromatography Profiling of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich Root Extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 8, 189-196.
Djamil, R., & Zaidan, S. (2016). Isolasi Senyawa Flavonoid dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr), Euphorbiaceae. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 14(1), 57-61.
Firnando, H. (2019). Penetapan Kadar Total Fenolik Dan Flavonoid Fraksi Butanol Dan Fraksi Air dari Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Acorus Sp. Jurnal Mahasiswa Farmasi Fakultas Kedokteran UNTAN, 4(1).
Imaga, N., Gbenle, G., Okochi, I., Adenekan, S., Duro-Emmanuel, T., Oyeniyi, B., Dokai, P., Oyenuga, M., Otumara, A., & Ekeh, F. (2010). Phytochemical and antioxidant nutrient constituents of Carica papaya and Parquetina nigrescens extracts. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(16).
Ipandi, I., Triyasmono, L., & Budi, P. (2016). Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kajajahi (Leucosyke capitellata Wedd.). Pharmascience, 3(1).
Juárez-Rojop, I. E., Tovilla-Zárate, C. A., Aguilar-Domínguez, D. E., Fuente, L. F. R.-d. l., Lobato-García, C. E., Blé-Castillo, J. L., López-Meraz, L., Díaz-Zagoya, J. C., & Bermúdez-Ocaña, D. Y. (2014). Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 24(3), 341-347.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.012
Lien, G. T. K., Van, D. T. T., Cuong, D. H., Yen, P. H., Tai, B. H., & Kiem, P. V. (2019). A New Phenolic Constituent From Carica papaya Flowers and Its Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity. Natural Product Communications, 14(7), 1934578X19850987.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19850987
Manurung, H., Kustiawan, W., Kusuma, I., & Marjenah, M. (2017). Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of tabat Barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack) on different plant organs and ages. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5, 120-125.
Mariana, L., Andayani, Y., & Erin, R. G. (2013). Analisis Senyawa Flavonoid Hasil Fraksinasi Ekstrak Diklorometana Daun Keluwih (Artocarpus camansi) Universitas Mataram].
Markham, K. R. (1988). Cara mengidentifikasi flavonoid. In K. Padmawinata & S. Niksolihin (Eds.): ITB.
Nga, V., Trang, N., Tuyet, N., Phung, N., Ngo, T. T. D., & Nguyen-Thi-Hoai, T. (2020). Ethanol extract of male Carica papaya flowers demonstrated non-toxic against MCF-7, HEP-G2, HELA, NCI-H460 cancer cell lines. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 58, 86-91.
https://doi.org/10.1002/vjch.2019000142
Ningsih, G., Utami, S. R., & Nugrahani, R. A. (2015). Pengaruh Lamanya Waktu Ekstraksi Remaserasi Kulit Buah Durian Terhadap Rendemen Saponin Dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Zat Aktif Anti Jamur. Jurnal Konversi Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, 4(1).
https://doi.org/10.24853/konversi.4.1.%p
Nugroho, A., Heryani, H., Choi, J. S., & Park, H.-J. (2017). Identification and quantification of flavonoids in Carica papaya leaf and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(3), 208-213.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.009
Nwaehujor, C. O., Ode, J. O., Ekwere, M. R., & Udegbunam, R. I. (2014). Anti-fertility effects of fractions from Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Linn. methanol root extract in male Wistar rats. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
Pongoh, A. F., Queljoe, E., & Rotinslu, H. (2020). Uji Antidiabetik Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang Diinduksi Aloksan. Pharmacon Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(1).
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.9.2020.27423
Rastuti, U., & Purwati. (2012). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kalba (Albizia falcataria) dengan Metode DPPH (1,1-Difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekundernya. Molekul, 7(1), 33-42.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2012.7.1.104
Riwanti, P., Izazih, F., & Amaliyah, A. (2020). Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Etanol pada Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 50,70 dan 96% Sargassum Polycystum dari Madura. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care Anwar Medika, 2(2), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.36932/jpcam.v2i2.1
Sa'adah, H., & Nurhasnawati, H. (2017). Perbandingan Pelarut Etanol dan Air pada Pembuatan Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Tiwai (Eleutherine americana Merr) menggunakan Metode Maserasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 1(2), 149-153.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v1i2.27
Sembiring, E., Sangi, M. S., & Suryanto, E. (2016). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak dan Fraksi dari Biji Jagung (Zea mays L.). Chemistry Progress, 9(1), 16-24.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35799/cp.9.1.2016.13908
Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J., & Dolan, J. W. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography 3 ed., John Wiley and Sons Inc
Tay, Z. H., & Chong, K. P. (2016). The potential of papaya leaf extract in controlling Ganoderma boninense. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 36(1), 012027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/36/1/012027
Yuslianti, E. R., Bachtiar, B. M., Suniarti, D. F., & Afifah, B. S. (2016). Standardisasi Farmasitikal Bahan Alam Menuju Fitofarmaka Untuk Pengembangan Obat Tradisional Indonesia. Dentika Dental Journal, 19(2), 179-185.
Zuhrotun Nisa, F., Astuti, M., Murdiati, A., & Mubarika Haryana, S. (2017). Anti-proliferation and Apoptosis Induction of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Carica papaya L. on Human Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7. Pak J Biol Sci, 20(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2017.36.41