Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to analyze the influence of aspects of economic activities such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), population, forest area, and energy use on carbon dioxide emissions in five BRICS countries.
Methods – The research method used was panel data analysis in five BRICS countries from 1994 to 2020.
Findings – The results showed that the variables gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and energy use each had a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions in five BRICS countries, while the area of forest area had a negative effect. Resident population variables have no significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions.
Implication – Policy implications of this study The government needs to formulate and implement comprehensive and effective environmental policies to mitigate negative impacts and increase the positive impact of variables GDP, FDI, population, forest area, and energy use on carbon dioxide emissions
Originality – This study contributed to analyzing the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions in five BRICS Countries using panel data analysis.
Abstrak
Tujuan – Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh aspek kegiatan ekonomi seperti Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), populasi penduduk, luas kawasan hutan, dan energy use terhadap emisi karbon dioksida di lima Negara BRICS.
Metode – Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu analisis data panel di lima Negara BRICS periode 1994 sampai 2020.
Temuan – Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), dan energy use masing masing berpengaruh positif terhadap emisi karbon dioksida di lima Negara BRICS, sedangkan luas kawasan hutan berpengaruh negatif. Variabel populasi penduduk tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap emisi karbon dioksida.
Implikasi – Implikasi kebijakan dari penelitian ini pemerintah perlu merumuskan dan menerapkan kebijakan lingkungan yang komprehensif dan efektif untuk memitigasi dampak negatif dan meningkatkan dampak positif variabel GDP, FDI, populasi penduduk, luas kawasan hutan, dan energy use terhadap emisi karbon dioksida.
Orisinalitas – Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam menganalisis determinan emisi karbon dioksida di lima Negara BRICS dengan menggunakan analisis data panel.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Abdullah, M. H. (2019). Relevansi Teori Environmental Kznets Curve Terhadap Degradasi Lingkungan di Tiga Klasifikasi Negara Tahun 1985-2014. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis UIN Jakarta. http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/48044
- Aida, N., Hermawan, E. and Ciptawaty, U. (2022). The Effect of GRDP, Foreign Investment and Population Density on Environmental Quality in Java Island (2010-2019). https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.7-10-2021.2316225
- Aisah, S. (2019). Pengaruh Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi Karbon dioksida di Indonesia. Program Studi Ekonomi Pembangunan, Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Jember, 1–76. https://repository.unej.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/96479/1/Siti%20Aisah-150810101179.pdf
- Akram, N. (2012). Is Climate Change Hindering Economic Growth of ASIAN Economies?. Asia-Pacific Development Journal. 19(2), 1-18. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/chap-1-Akram.pdf
- Apsari Nur Prinadi, Apsari N., et al. (2022). Dampak Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Nilai Tambah Industri, Dan Populasi Terhadap Emisi Karbon Dioksida Di Kawasan ASEAN. Prosiding Nasional 2022 Universitas Abdurachman Saleh SItubondo. file:///D:/Downloads/2303-206-11739-1-10-20221018.pdf
- Christy, Azarya H. & Racmad K. (2022). Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Emisi Karbon Analisis Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (Ekc) Pada Negara High Income Di Kawasan ASEAN Tahun 1998-2018. Journal Development Economic and Social Studies. 1(4). 520-528
- Demena, Binyam A., Afesorgbor, Sylvanus K.. (2020).The effect of FDI on environmental emissions: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Energy Policy. Elsevier. Vol.138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111192
- Eskeland, Gunnar S. & Harrison, Ann E., (2003). Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis. Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, 70(1), 1-23. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v70y2003i1p1-23.html
- Fauzi, Ridwan (2017) Pengaruh Konsumsi Energi, Luas Kawasan Hutan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi terhadap Emisi COdi 6 (Enam) Negar aAnggota ASEAN : PendekatanAnalisis Data Panel. Ecolab. 11(1). 1 – 52.
- http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/JKLH/article/view/4850
- Ferdian Guswan D, Catur Sugiyanto. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Konsumsi Energi Terbarukan Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi CO2 Di 10 Negara Berkembang. https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/195109
- Golub, S.S., Kauffmann, C., Yeres, P. (2011). Defining and Measuring Green FDI. Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. Working paper. 2011/102. https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/WP-2011_2.pdf
- Grossman, Gene M. and Alan B. Krueger. (1995) Economic Growth and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 110(2)., 353-377. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118443
- Kizilkaya, O. (2017). The Impact of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey. Turkish Economic Review, 4(1), 106–118. http://www.kspjournals.org/index.php/TER/article/view/1173.
- Kurniarahma, L., Laut, L. T., & Prasetyanto, P. K. (2020). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Emisi CO2 di Indonesia. Directory Journal of Economic, 2(2), 368–385. https://jom.untidar.ac.id/index.php/dinamic/article/view/1429
- Larissa Basso & Eduardo Viola. (2022). Apakah BRICS Terlibat dalam Transisi Rendah Karbon?. Journal Brazilian Center for International Relations. 1(4). https://cebri.org/revista/en/artigo/62/are-the-brics-engaged-in-the-low-carbon-transition
- Mahendra, Yusril. I. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Populasi Penduduk, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Dan Control Of Corruption Terhadap Emisi Karbon Dioksida (Studi Kasus 9 Negara ASEAN Periode 2011-2020). http://digilib.unila.ac.id/70181/
- Murniati (2018). Pengujian Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Di Asia Timur Dan Asia Tenggara. https://digilib.unila.ac.id/32846/
- Nur Amalina, Ikramina S., Heru Wahyudi. Ukhti Ciptawaty (2023). Pengaruh GDP Per Kapita, dan Konsumsi Energi Terhadap Emisi CO2 di Indonesia. Journal on Education. 6(01). 6508-6517. http://jonedu.org/index.php/joe
- Pratiwi, Dwi R. (2021). Analisis Hubungan Kausalitas Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Konsumsi Energi, Dan Emisi CO2 Di Indonesia Pada Periode 1980-2019. Jurnal Budget. 6(1). 17-35. file:///D:/Downloads/2.jurnal-budget-Vol6Ed1-2021-40-58.pdf
- Rahmandani, N., Dewi, E. P.(2023). Pengaruh Energi Terbarukan, Emisi Karbon, Dan Foreign Direct Investment Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Negara Anggota OKI. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 9(1), 405–417. https://www.jurnal.stie-aas.ac.id/index.php/jei/article/view/6962
- Ramadhan, H., et al (2023). Analisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi Gas Karbon Dioksida Pada Negara G20. 03(01), 44–50. https://journal.unbara.ac.id/index.php/klassen
- Our World In Data. 2020. Energy. https://ourworldindata.org/energy
- Sekar Palupi, P. G., Muchtar, M., & Sihombing, P. R. (2023). Pengaruh Pajak Karbon, Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Fosil, Dan Pertumbuhan PDB Terhadap Emisi Karbon. Jurnalku, 3(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.54957/jurnalku.v3i2.385
- Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009.
- Siregar, S. W., & Hasbi. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Keterbukaan Perdagangan, Konsumsi Energi, Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi Karbon Di Negara D-8. Jurnal Magister Ekonomi Syariah, 2(1), 61–77. https://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/febi/jmes/article/view/1984
- Winda, B. S., & Falianty, T. A. (2023). Pengaruh Foreign Direct Investment Terhadap Emisi Gas CO2 di Negara G20. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 17(3), 1989. https://doi.org/10.35931/aq.v17i3.2163
- Widyawati, RF., Ermatry Hariani, Andi Lopa Ginting, Elisabeth Nainggolan. (2021). Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Populasi Penduduk Kota, Keterbukaan Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Emisi Gas Karbon Dioksida (CO2) Di Negara ASEAN. Jambura Agribusiness Journal. 3 (1). 37-47. https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jaj/article/view/11193
- World Bank. 2020. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
- Zhang, J. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis on CO2 Emissions: Evidence for China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 14(3). doi: 10.3390/jrfm14030093.
References
Abdullah, M. H. (2019). Relevansi Teori Environmental Kznets Curve Terhadap Degradasi Lingkungan di Tiga Klasifikasi Negara Tahun 1985-2014. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis UIN Jakarta. http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/48044
Aida, N., Hermawan, E. and Ciptawaty, U. (2022). The Effect of GRDP, Foreign Investment and Population Density on Environmental Quality in Java Island (2010-2019). https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.7-10-2021.2316225
Aisah, S. (2019). Pengaruh Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi Karbon dioksida di Indonesia. Program Studi Ekonomi Pembangunan, Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Jember, 1–76. https://repository.unej.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/96479/1/Siti%20Aisah-150810101179.pdf
Akram, N. (2012). Is Climate Change Hindering Economic Growth of ASIAN Economies?. Asia-Pacific Development Journal. 19(2), 1-18. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/chap-1-Akram.pdf
Apsari Nur Prinadi, Apsari N., et al. (2022). Dampak Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Nilai Tambah Industri, Dan Populasi Terhadap Emisi Karbon Dioksida Di Kawasan ASEAN. Prosiding Nasional 2022 Universitas Abdurachman Saleh SItubondo. file:///D:/Downloads/2303-206-11739-1-10-20221018.pdf
Christy, Azarya H. & Racmad K. (2022). Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Emisi Karbon Analisis Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (Ekc) Pada Negara High Income Di Kawasan ASEAN Tahun 1998-2018. Journal Development Economic and Social Studies. 1(4). 520-528
Demena, Binyam A., Afesorgbor, Sylvanus K.. (2020).The effect of FDI on environmental emissions: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Energy Policy. Elsevier. Vol.138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111192
Eskeland, Gunnar S. & Harrison, Ann E., (2003). Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis. Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, 70(1), 1-23. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v70y2003i1p1-23.html
Fauzi, Ridwan (2017) Pengaruh Konsumsi Energi, Luas Kawasan Hutan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi terhadap Emisi COdi 6 (Enam) Negar aAnggota ASEAN : PendekatanAnalisis Data Panel. Ecolab. 11(1). 1 – 52.
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/JKLH/article/view/4850
Ferdian Guswan D, Catur Sugiyanto. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Konsumsi Energi Terbarukan Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi CO2 Di 10 Negara Berkembang. https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/195109
Golub, S.S., Kauffmann, C., Yeres, P. (2011). Defining and Measuring Green FDI. Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. Working paper. 2011/102. https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/WP-2011_2.pdf
Grossman, Gene M. and Alan B. Krueger. (1995) Economic Growth and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 110(2)., 353-377. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118443
Kizilkaya, O. (2017). The Impact of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey. Turkish Economic Review, 4(1), 106–118. http://www.kspjournals.org/index.php/TER/article/view/1173.
Kurniarahma, L., Laut, L. T., & Prasetyanto, P. K. (2020). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Emisi CO2 di Indonesia. Directory Journal of Economic, 2(2), 368–385. https://jom.untidar.ac.id/index.php/dinamic/article/view/1429
Larissa Basso & Eduardo Viola. (2022). Apakah BRICS Terlibat dalam Transisi Rendah Karbon?. Journal Brazilian Center for International Relations. 1(4). https://cebri.org/revista/en/artigo/62/are-the-brics-engaged-in-the-low-carbon-transition
Mahendra, Yusril. I. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Populasi Penduduk, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Dan Control Of Corruption Terhadap Emisi Karbon Dioksida (Studi Kasus 9 Negara ASEAN Periode 2011-2020). http://digilib.unila.ac.id/70181/
Murniati (2018). Pengujian Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Di Asia Timur Dan Asia Tenggara. https://digilib.unila.ac.id/32846/
Nur Amalina, Ikramina S., Heru Wahyudi. Ukhti Ciptawaty (2023). Pengaruh GDP Per Kapita, dan Konsumsi Energi Terhadap Emisi CO2 di Indonesia. Journal on Education. 6(01). 6508-6517. http://jonedu.org/index.php/joe
Pratiwi, Dwi R. (2021). Analisis Hubungan Kausalitas Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Konsumsi Energi, Dan Emisi CO2 Di Indonesia Pada Periode 1980-2019. Jurnal Budget. 6(1). 17-35. file:///D:/Downloads/2.jurnal-budget-Vol6Ed1-2021-40-58.pdf
Rahmandani, N., Dewi, E. P.(2023). Pengaruh Energi Terbarukan, Emisi Karbon, Dan Foreign Direct Investment Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Negara Anggota OKI. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 9(1), 405–417. https://www.jurnal.stie-aas.ac.id/index.php/jei/article/view/6962
Ramadhan, H., et al (2023). Analisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi Gas Karbon Dioksida Pada Negara G20. 03(01), 44–50. https://journal.unbara.ac.id/index.php/klassen
Our World In Data. 2020. Energy. https://ourworldindata.org/energy
Sekar Palupi, P. G., Muchtar, M., & Sihombing, P. R. (2023). Pengaruh Pajak Karbon, Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Fosil, Dan Pertumbuhan PDB Terhadap Emisi Karbon. Jurnalku, 3(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.54957/jurnalku.v3i2.385
Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009.
Siregar, S. W., & Hasbi. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Keterbukaan Perdagangan, Konsumsi Energi, Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Emisi Karbon Di Negara D-8. Jurnal Magister Ekonomi Syariah, 2(1), 61–77. https://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/febi/jmes/article/view/1984
Winda, B. S., & Falianty, T. A. (2023). Pengaruh Foreign Direct Investment Terhadap Emisi Gas CO2 di Negara G20. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 17(3), 1989. https://doi.org/10.35931/aq.v17i3.2163
Widyawati, RF., Ermatry Hariani, Andi Lopa Ginting, Elisabeth Nainggolan. (2021). Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Populasi Penduduk Kota, Keterbukaan Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Emisi Gas Karbon Dioksida (CO2) Di Negara ASEAN. Jambura Agribusiness Journal. 3 (1). 37-47. https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jaj/article/view/11193
World Bank. 2020. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Zhang, J. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis on CO2 Emissions: Evidence for China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 14(3). doi: 10.3390/jrfm14030093.