Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Irregular menstrual cycles are a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in women.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate irregular menstrual cycles as a risk factor of type 2 DM in women of childbearing age with body fat percentage, waist-hip ratio, diet quality, and physical activity as confounding factors.
Methods: This was a case-control study. Its subjects were subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=31) and subjects without any clinical evidence of abnormal glucose regulation (n=31) who attended Puskesmas (Community Health Centre) Rowosari, Tembalang, Semarang with over 30 years of age. Based on their menstrual cycles, they were divided into two groups: women with irregular menstrual cycles, and those with regular menstrual cycles. Cochran Mantel-Haenszel test was used to control their confounding factors.
Results: There was an association between irregular menstrual cycles and type 2 DM (p<0.05) with a 7.2 greater risk on women of childbearing age (OR = 7.2, 95% CI=2.18-23.75). By the Cochran Mantel-Haenszel test, the association was still significant; women with over percentage of body fat and central obese with irregular menstrual cycle had 4,85 times and 4,37 times of sequentially greater risk on type 2 DM (OR = 4.85, 95% CI=0.98-23.95 vs OR = 4.37, 95% CI=0.93-20.51).
Conclusion: The irregular menstrual cycles was a risk factor of type 2 DM, especially in obese women of childbearing age.
Keywords
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References
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- Suyono S. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. III. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2008.
- International Diabetes Federation. Women and diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;13(12):1009–16.
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- Gardiarini P, Sudargo T, Pramantara IDP. Hubungan antara kualitas diet, sosio-demografi, dan dukungan keluarga terhadap pengendalian gula darah pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Kanujoso Djatiwibowo (RSKD) Balikpapan. Gizi Indonesia. 2017;40(2):89.
- Seif MW, Diamond K, Nickkho-Amiry M. Obesity and menstrual disorders. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2015;29(4):516–27.
- Rakhmawati A, Dieny FF. Hubungan obesitas dengan kejadian gangguan siklus menstruasi pada wanita dewasa muda. Journal of Nutrition College. 2013;2(1):214–22.
- Mukherjee S, Shaikh N, Khavale S, Shinde G, Meherji P, Shah N, et al. Genetic variation in exon 17 of INSR is associated with insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia among lean Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2009;160(5):855–62.
- Martinez KE, Tucker LA, Bailey BW, LeCheminant JD. Expanded normal weight obesity and insulin resistance in US adults of the National Health and Nutrition examination survey. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017: 9502643.
- Hsu MI. Changes in the PCOS phenotype with age. Steroids. 2013;78(8):761–6.
- Guyton, Hall. Insulin, Glukagon, dan Diabetes Melitus. In: Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 11. Jakarta: EGC Medical Publisher,2008. p: 1010–27.
- Hui WS, Liu Z, Ho SC. Metabolic syndrome and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;25(6):375–84.
References
Hiyoshi T, Fujiwara M, Yao Z. Postprandial hyperglycemia and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Biomedical Research. 2019;33(1):1–16.
Suyono S. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. III. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2008.
International Diabetes Federation. Women and diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;13(12):1009–16.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. 2013.
Mihardja L, Soetrisno U, Soegondo S. Prevalence and clinical profile of diabetes mellitus in productive aged urban Indonesians. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2014;5(5):507–12.
Kousta E, Tolis G, Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Revised diagnostic criteria and long-term health consequences. Hormones. 2005;4(3):133–47.
Primadina MA. The effect of menstrual cycle to blood glucose levels. Jurnal Majority. 2015;4(3):65–70.
Rostami Dovom M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Djalalinia S, Cheraghi L, Behboudi Gandavani S, Azizi F. Menstrual cycle irregularity and metabolic disorders: A population-based prospective study. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0168402.
IPAQ. Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)–Short and Long Forms. Ipaq. 2005;1–15.
Dieny FF, Widyastuti N, Fitranti DY. Sindrom metabolik pada remaja obes: Prevalensi dan hubungannya dengan kualitas diet.Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia. 2015;12(1):1.
Fung J, Berger A. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance: Scope of the problem. Journal of Insulin Resistance. 2016;1(1).
Bae J, Park S, Kwon JW. Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause. BMC Women’s Health. 2018;18(1):36.
Hariyanto F. Hubungan aktivitas fisik dengan kadar gula darah puasa pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Cilegon Tahun 2013. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, 2013.
Ahmed MNBBA. Hubungan Pola Makan dan Status Gizi dengan Keteraturan Menstruasi pada Mahasiswa Faklutas Kedokteran Gigi Univeristas Sumatera Utara Tahun 2017. Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2017.
Gardiarini P, Sudargo T, Pramantara IDP. Hubungan antara kualitas diet, sosio-demografi, dan dukungan keluarga terhadap pengendalian gula darah pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Kanujoso Djatiwibowo (RSKD) Balikpapan. Gizi Indonesia. 2017;40(2):89.
Seif MW, Diamond K, Nickkho-Amiry M. Obesity and menstrual disorders. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2015;29(4):516–27.
Rakhmawati A, Dieny FF. Hubungan obesitas dengan kejadian gangguan siklus menstruasi pada wanita dewasa muda. Journal of Nutrition College. 2013;2(1):214–22.
Mukherjee S, Shaikh N, Khavale S, Shinde G, Meherji P, Shah N, et al. Genetic variation in exon 17 of INSR is associated with insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia among lean Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2009;160(5):855–62.
Martinez KE, Tucker LA, Bailey BW, LeCheminant JD. Expanded normal weight obesity and insulin resistance in US adults of the National Health and Nutrition examination survey. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017: 9502643.
Hsu MI. Changes in the PCOS phenotype with age. Steroids. 2013;78(8):761–6.
Guyton, Hall. Insulin, Glukagon, dan Diabetes Melitus. In: Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 11. Jakarta: EGC Medical Publisher,2008. p: 1010–27.
Hui WS, Liu Z, Ho SC. Metabolic syndrome and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;25(6):375–84.