Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder and leading cause of prolonged anovulation. PCOS has been linked to a variety of long-term health problems, including: heart disease; metabolic syndrome; and diabetes. It is interesting to know the risk factors for PCOS in local settings.
Objective: The aim of this research is to identify PCOS risk factors in our own settings (Asri Medical Center in Yogyakarta), so that we could identify the specific preparation to avoid having disorders personalized in local
characteristics.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. The research was carried out at Asri Medical Center in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with a total sample size of 92 people who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups: non-PCOS and PCOS. Data were retrieved using the questionnaire. The variables evaluated were nutritional status, physical activity, carbohydrate diet, fiber diet, family history of diabetes, family history of PCOS, and age of menarche. The data was analyzed using
the Chi-square test.
Results: Family history of PCOS, obesity, low physical activity and a lowfiber diet proved to differ significantly between the two groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Family history of PCOS, obesity, low physical activity, low fiber diet had a substantial impact on the occurrence of PCOS.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- Lauritsen MP, Bentzen JG, Pinborg A, Loft A, Forman JL, Thuesen LL, et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a normal population according to the Rotterdam criteria versus revised criteria including anti-Mullerian hormone. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2014 Apr 1 [cited 2019 Dec 2];29(4):791–801. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/humrep/det469
- Wiweko B, Susanto CA. The Effect of Metformin and Cinnamon on Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Women Having PCOS: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2017;7.
- Lin AW, Kazemi M, Jarrett BY, Vanden Brink H, Hoeger KM, Spandorfer SD, et al. Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome per the New International Evidence-Based Guideline. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Nov 8 [cited 2021 Jul 7];11(11):2711. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/11/2711
- Mishra JS, More AS, Kumar S. Elevated androgen levels induce hyperinsulinemia through increase in Ins1 transcription in pancreatic beta cells in female rats. Biol Reprod [Internet]. 2018 Apr [cited 2019 Oct 31];98(4):520–31. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6279097/
- Layegh P, Endocrine Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Mousavi Z, Endocrine Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Farrokh Tehrani D, Vascular and Endovascular Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, et al. Insulin resistance and endocrine-metabolic abnormalities in polycystic ovarian syndrome: Comparison between obese and non-obese PCOS patients. Int J Reprod Biomed [Internet]. 2016 Apr 1 [cited 2019 Aug 14];14(4):263–70. Available from: http://journals.ssu.ac.ir/ijrmnew/article-1-743-en.html
- Douglas CC, Gower BA, Darnell BE, Ovalle F, Oster RA, Azziz R. Role of diet in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2020 Dec 28];85(3):679–88. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752890/
- Khademi A, Alleyassin A, Aghahosseini M, Tabatabaeefar L, Amini M. The Effect of Exercise in PCOS Women Who Exercise Regularly. Asian J Sports Med [Internet]. 2010 Mar 1 [cited 2019 Aug 14];1(1). Available from: http://asjsm.com/en/articles/76747.html
- Aghestya D, Widyastuti N, Ardiaria M, Dieny FF. Irregular menstrual cycles as a risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women of childbearing age. JKKI J Kedokt Dan Kesehat Indones [Internet]. 2021 Apr 30 [cited 2021 Sep 5];12(1):19–27. Available from: https://journal.uii.ac.id/JKKI/article/view/14842
- Fitriyanto RE, Sugiarto S, Ardiyanto DT. Effects of methanol extractsof insulin leaves (Tithonia diversifolia (hemsl.) A. Gray) on insulin resistance and secretion of alloxan induced-obese diabetic rats. J Kedokt Dan Kesehat Indones [Internet]. 2020 Aug 31 [cited 2021 Sep 5];11(2):180–90. Available from: https://journal.uii.ac.id/JKKI/article/view/3422
- Rojas J, Chávez M, Olivar L, Rojas M, Morillo J, Mejías J, et al. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity: Navigating the Pathophysiologic Labyrinth. Int J Reprod Med [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2019 Dec 2];2014:1–17. Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijrmed/2014/719050/
- Martins LM, Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, Torres-Leal FL, Marreiro D do N. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Braz J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2019 Sep 17];50(4):677–92. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984- 82502014000400677&lng=en&tlng=en
- Sadrzadeh S. Birth weight and age at menarche in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome or diminished ovarian reserve, in a retrospective cohort. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2003 Oct 1 [cited 2021 Jun 28];18(10):2225–30. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/humrep/deg409
- Hiam, Moreno-Asso, Teede, Laven, Stepto, Moran, et al. The Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Overview of Candidate Gene Systematic Reviews and Genome-Wide Association Studies. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2019 Oct 3 [cited 2019 Dec 2];8(10):1606. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/10/1606
- Thathapudi S, Kodati V, Erukkambattu J, Katragadda A, Addepally U, Hasan Q. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Genetic Study. Genet Test Mol Biomark [Internet]. 2014 Sep 1 [cited 2019 Nov 7];18(9):605–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150372/
- Cheng C, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Li R, Qiao J. Paternal history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension affects the prevalence and phenotype of PCOS. J Assist Reprod Genet [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2021 Jun 28];32(12):1731–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681733/
- Ehrmann DA. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005;14.
- Witchel SF, Oberfield S, Rosenfield RL, Codner E, Bonny A, Ibáñez L, et al. The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Jun 28];83(6):376–89. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/375530
- Jeanes YM, Reeves S. Metabolic consequences of obesity and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: diagnostic and methodological challenges. Nutr Res Rev [Internet]. 2017 Jun [cited 2019 Oct 19];30(1):97–105. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954422416000287/type/journal_articl e
- de Assis Rodrigues NP, Laganà AS, Zaia V, Vitagliano A, Barbosa CP, de Oliveira R, et al. The role of Kisspeptin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2019 Nov [cited 2021 Jun 2];300(5):1423–34. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00404-019-05307-5
- Bitla AR. Oxidative Stress in Non-Obese Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. J Clin Diagn Res [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2019 Aug 14]; Available from: http://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973- 709x&year=2014&volume=8&issue=7&page=CC01&issn=0973-709x&id=4530
- Wang F, Wang S, Zhang Z, Lin Q, Liu Y, Xiao Y, et al. Defective insulin signaling and the protective effects of dimethyldiguanide during follicular development in the ovaries of polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Med Rep [Internet]. 2017 Dec [cited 2019 Nov
- ;16(6):8164–70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779901/
- Virkamäki A, Ueki K, Kahn CR. Protein–protein interaction in insulin signaling and the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 1999 Apr 1 [cited 2019 Nov 1];103(7):931–43. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC408269/
- Rondanelli M, Perna S, Faliva M, Monteferrario F, Repaci E, Allieri F. Focus on metabolic and nutritional correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome and update on nutritional management of these critical phenomena. Arch Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2020 Dec 29];290(6):1079–92. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00404- 014-3433-z
- Carroll J, Saxena R, Welt CK. Environmental and Genetic Factors Influence Age at Menarche in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. [cited 2021 Jul 27];25(0):459–66. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab JPEM Internet [Internet]. 2012; Available from: Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597236/
- Welt CK, Carmina E. Lifecycle of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): From In Utero to Menopause. [cited 2021 Jun 28]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Internet. 2013;98(12):4629–38.
References
Ding T, Hardiman PJ, Petersen I, Wang F-F, Qu F, Baio G. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in reproductive-aged women of different ethnicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget [Internet]. 2017 Nov 10 [cited 2019 Nov 14];8(56). Available from: http://www.oncotarget.com/fulltext/19180
Lauritsen MP, Bentzen JG, Pinborg A, Loft A, Forman JL, Thuesen LL, et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a normal population according to the Rotterdam criteria versus revised criteria including anti-Mullerian hormone. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2014 Apr 1 [cited 2019 Dec 2];29(4):791–801. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/humrep/det469
Wiweko B, Susanto CA. The Effect of Metformin and Cinnamon on Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Women Having PCOS: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2017;7.
Lin AW, Kazemi M, Jarrett BY, Vanden Brink H, Hoeger KM, Spandorfer SD, et al. Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome per the New International Evidence-Based Guideline. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Nov 8 [cited 2021 Jul 7];11(11):2711. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/11/2711
Mishra JS, More AS, Kumar S. Elevated androgen levels induce hyperinsulinemia through increase in Ins1 transcription in pancreatic beta cells in female rats. Biol Reprod [Internet]. 2018 Apr [cited 2019 Oct 31];98(4):520–31. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6279097/
Layegh P, Endocrine Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Mousavi Z, Endocrine Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Farrokh Tehrani D, Vascular and Endovascular Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, et al. Insulin resistance and endocrine-metabolic abnormalities in polycystic ovarian syndrome: Comparison between obese and non-obese PCOS patients. Int J Reprod Biomed [Internet]. 2016 Apr 1 [cited 2019 Aug 14];14(4):263–70. Available from: http://journals.ssu.ac.ir/ijrmnew/article-1-743-en.html
Douglas CC, Gower BA, Darnell BE, Ovalle F, Oster RA, Azziz R. Role of diet in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2020 Dec 28];85(3):679–88. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752890/
Khademi A, Alleyassin A, Aghahosseini M, Tabatabaeefar L, Amini M. The Effect of Exercise in PCOS Women Who Exercise Regularly. Asian J Sports Med [Internet]. 2010 Mar 1 [cited 2019 Aug 14];1(1). Available from: http://asjsm.com/en/articles/76747.html
Aghestya D, Widyastuti N, Ardiaria M, Dieny FF. Irregular menstrual cycles as a risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women of childbearing age. JKKI J Kedokt Dan Kesehat Indones [Internet]. 2021 Apr 30 [cited 2021 Sep 5];12(1):19–27. Available from: https://journal.uii.ac.id/JKKI/article/view/14842
Fitriyanto RE, Sugiarto S, Ardiyanto DT. Effects of methanol extractsof insulin leaves (Tithonia diversifolia (hemsl.) A. Gray) on insulin resistance and secretion of alloxan induced-obese diabetic rats. J Kedokt Dan Kesehat Indones [Internet]. 2020 Aug 31 [cited 2021 Sep 5];11(2):180–90. Available from: https://journal.uii.ac.id/JKKI/article/view/3422
Rojas J, Chávez M, Olivar L, Rojas M, Morillo J, Mejías J, et al. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity: Navigating the Pathophysiologic Labyrinth. Int J Reprod Med [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2019 Dec 2];2014:1–17. Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijrmed/2014/719050/
Martins LM, Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, Torres-Leal FL, Marreiro D do N. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Braz J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2019 Sep 17];50(4):677–92. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984- 82502014000400677&lng=en&tlng=en
Sadrzadeh S. Birth weight and age at menarche in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome or diminished ovarian reserve, in a retrospective cohort. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2003 Oct 1 [cited 2021 Jun 28];18(10):2225–30. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/humrep/deg409
Hiam, Moreno-Asso, Teede, Laven, Stepto, Moran, et al. The Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Overview of Candidate Gene Systematic Reviews and Genome-Wide Association Studies. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2019 Oct 3 [cited 2019 Dec 2];8(10):1606. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/10/1606
Thathapudi S, Kodati V, Erukkambattu J, Katragadda A, Addepally U, Hasan Q. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Genetic Study. Genet Test Mol Biomark [Internet]. 2014 Sep 1 [cited 2019 Nov 7];18(9):605–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150372/
Cheng C, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Li R, Qiao J. Paternal history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension affects the prevalence and phenotype of PCOS. J Assist Reprod Genet [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2021 Jun 28];32(12):1731–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681733/
Ehrmann DA. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005;14.
Witchel SF, Oberfield S, Rosenfield RL, Codner E, Bonny A, Ibáñez L, et al. The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Jun 28];83(6):376–89. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/375530
Jeanes YM, Reeves S. Metabolic consequences of obesity and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: diagnostic and methodological challenges. Nutr Res Rev [Internet]. 2017 Jun [cited 2019 Oct 19];30(1):97–105. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954422416000287/type/journal_articl e
de Assis Rodrigues NP, Laganà AS, Zaia V, Vitagliano A, Barbosa CP, de Oliveira R, et al. The role of Kisspeptin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2019 Nov [cited 2021 Jun 2];300(5):1423–34. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00404-019-05307-5
Bitla AR. Oxidative Stress in Non-Obese Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. J Clin Diagn Res [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2019 Aug 14]; Available from: http://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973- 709x&year=2014&volume=8&issue=7&page=CC01&issn=0973-709x&id=4530
Wang F, Wang S, Zhang Z, Lin Q, Liu Y, Xiao Y, et al. Defective insulin signaling and the protective effects of dimethyldiguanide during follicular development in the ovaries of polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Med Rep [Internet]. 2017 Dec [cited 2019 Nov
;16(6):8164–70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779901/
Virkamäki A, Ueki K, Kahn CR. Protein–protein interaction in insulin signaling and the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 1999 Apr 1 [cited 2019 Nov 1];103(7):931–43. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC408269/
Rondanelli M, Perna S, Faliva M, Monteferrario F, Repaci E, Allieri F. Focus on metabolic and nutritional correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome and update on nutritional management of these critical phenomena. Arch Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2020 Dec 29];290(6):1079–92. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00404- 014-3433-z
Carroll J, Saxena R, Welt CK. Environmental and Genetic Factors Influence Age at Menarche in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. [cited 2021 Jul 27];25(0):459–66. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab JPEM Internet [Internet]. 2012; Available from: Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597236/
Welt CK, Carmina E. Lifecycle of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): From In Utero to Menopause. [cited 2021 Jun 28]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Internet. 2013;98(12):4629–38.