Main Article Content

Abstract

Purpose – The company’s investors and lenders increasingly see that ESG is an important aspect to implement and disclose that can determine their investment or lending decision. This decision can impact the firm's capital inflow and financing capability, which can affect the company's financial flexibility. This study aims to show the effect of ESG on financial flexibility and the mediating role of financial constraints.


Design/methodology/approach – This study used companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2021 as a sample. The final sample included 233 unbalanced panel data points from 48 listed firms. Path analysis and Sobel test are used to test the mediating role of financial constraint.


Findings – The results revealed a notable positive influence of ESG performance on financial flexibility. However, both the path analysis and Sobel test findings indicated that financing constraints were unsuccessful in mediating the relationship between a company's ESG performance and financial flexibility, as the direct effect remained stronger.


Research limitations/implications – This study only use enterprises from Indonesia as samples. Secondly, this study applied conventional methodologies commonly used in the existing literature to quantify variables. Third, this study relied on Refinitive ESG rating data and did not compare the ESG ratings from multiple institutions.


Practical implications – This research's findings prove to company management that adopting ESG practices in Indonesia can positively influence cash flow and financial flexibility. As a result, it incentivizes companies to be more open to voluntarily disclosing ESG-related information.


Originality/value – Little research has discussed whether ESG affects financial constraints and financial flexibility in Indonesia. This study also studies the differences in the effect of ESG performance on financial flexibility directly and indirectly through financial constraint as a mediator, which has not been covered in previous studies.

Keywords

ESG performance financial flexibility financial constraints

Article Details

Author Biographies

Ayudya Shinta Yunica, Master of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

 

 

 

 

Rofikoh Rokhim, Master of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

 

 

 

How to Cite
Yunica, A. S., & Rofikoh Rokhim. (2023). Unveiling the hidden power: How ESG enhanced Indonesian companies’ financial flexibility. Jurnal Siasat Bisnis, 27(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol27.iss2.art4

References

  1. Ali, W., Danni, Y., Latif, B., Kouser, R., & Baqader, S. (2021). Corporate social responsibility and customer loyalty in food chains—mediating role of customer satisfaction and corporate reputation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168681
  2. Almeida, H., Campello, M., & Weisbach, M. S. (2004). The Cash Flow Sensitivity of Cash. The Journal of Finance, 59(4), 1777–1804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00679.x
  3. Arouri, M., & Pijourlet, G. (2017). CSR Performance and the Value of Cash Holdings: International Evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(2), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10551-015-2658-5
  4. Artiach, T., Lee, D., Nelson, D., & Walker, J. (2010). The determinants of corporate sustainability performance. Accounting & Finance, 50(1), 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2009.00315.x
  5. Atif, M., & Ali, S. (2021). Environmental, social and governance disclosure and default risk. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(8), 3937–3959. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2850
  6. Baños-Caballero, S., García-Teruel, P. J., & Martínez-Solano, P. (2014). Working capital management, corporate performance, and financial constraints. Journal of Business Research, 67(3), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.01.016
  7. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research. Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  8. BÉNABOU, R., & TIROLE, J. (2010). Individual and Corporate Social Responsibility. Economica, 77(305), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00843.x
  9. Brown, L. W., Goll, I., Rasheed, A. A., & Crawford, W. S. (2020). Nonmarket Responses to Regulation: A Signaling Theory Approach. Group & Organization Management, 45(6), 865–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601120963693
  10. Chae, J., Kim, S., & Lee, E. J. (2009). How corporate governance affects payout policy under agency problems and external financing constraints. Journal of Banking and Finance, 33(11), 2093–2101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.05.003
  11. Chen, H., Yang, D., Zhang, J. H., & Zhou, H. (2020). Internal controls, risk management, and cash holdings. Journal of Corporate Finance, 64, 101695. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCORPFIN.2020.101695
  12. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance. Strategic Management Journal, 35(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2131
  13. Choi, J., & Wang, H. (2009). Stakeholder relations and the persistence of corporate financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(8), 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.759
  14. Choi, S. B., & Kawk, Y. M. (2015). Corporate social responsibility and financial constraints: Evidence from Korean firms. Global Business and Finance Review, 20(2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2015.20.2.15
  15. Deangelo, H., Deangelo, L., Fama, E., Hirshleifer, D., Masulis, R., Ritter, J., Sensoy, B., Stulz, R., Sufi, A., & Westerfield, M. (2006). Capital Structure, Payout Policy, and Financial Flexibility.
  16. Denis, D. J. (2011). Financial flexibility and corporate liquidity. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(3), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2011.03.006
  17. Dhaliwal, D. S., Li, O. Z., Tsang, A., Yang, Y. G., Cao, Y., Gu, Z., Magnan, M., Pincus, M., Radhakrish-Nan, S., & Wong, T. J. (2011). Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital: The Initiation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting We appreciate the valuable comments from. THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW American Accounting Association, 86(1), 59–100. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000005
  18. El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C. C. Y., & Mishra, D. R. (2011). Does corporate social responsibility affect the cost of capital? Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(9), 2388–2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBANKFIN.2011.02.007
  19. Engelhardt, N., Ekkenga, J., & Posch, P. (2021). ESG Ratings and Stock Performance during the COVID-19 Crisis. Sustainability, 13(13), 7133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137133
  20. Fahlenbrach, R., Rageth, K., & Stulz, R. M. (2021). How Valuable Is Financial Flexibility when Revenue Stops? Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis. Review of Financial Studies, 34(11), 5474–5521. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhaa134
  21. Farinha, J., Mateus, C., & Soares, N. (2018). Cash holdings and earnings quality: evidence from the Main and Alternative UK markets. International Review of Financial Analysis, 56, 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IRFA.2018.01.012
  22. Fatemi, A., Glaum, M., & Kaiser, S. (2018). ESG performance and firm value: The moderating role of disclosure. Global Finance Journal, 38, 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GFJ.2017.03.001
  23. Ferrando, A., Marchica, M.-T., & Mura, R. (2017). Financial Flexibility and Investment Ability Across the Euro Area and the UK: Financial Flexibility and Investment Ability. European Financial Management : The Journal of the European Financial Management Association, 23(1), 87–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/eufm.12091
  24. Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge university press.
  25. Freudenreich, B., Lüdeke-Freund, F., & Schaltegger, S. (2020). A Stakeholder Theory Perspective on Business Models: Value Creation for Sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 0, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04112-z
  26. Fridson, M. S., & Alvarez, F. (2022). Financial statement analysis: a practitioner’s guide. John Wiley & Sons.
  27. Gallego-Álvarez, I., Rodríguez-Domínguez, L., & García-Sánchez, I. M. (2011). Information disclosed online by Spanish universities: Content and explanatory factors. Online Information Review, 35(3), 360–385. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521111151423/FULL/PDF
  28. Gamba, A., & Triantis, A. (2008). The Value of Financial Flexibility. In Source: The Journal of Finance (Vol. 63, Issue 5).
  29. García-Sánchez, I. M., Hussain, N., Martínez-Ferrero, J., & Ruiz-Barbadillo, E. (2019). Impact of disclosure and assurance quality of corporate sustainability reports on access to finance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 832–848. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1724
  30. Golden, W., & Powell, P. (2000). Towards a definition of flexibility: in search of the Holy Grail? Omega (Oxford), 28(4), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(99)00057-2
  31. Gray, R., Kouhy, R., & Lavers, S. (1995). Corporate social and environmental reporting A review of the literature and a longitudinal study of UK disclosure. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 8(2), 47–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513579510146996/FULL/PDF
  32. HAO, Z., ZHANG, X., & WEI, J. (2022). Research on the effect of enterprise financial flexibility on sustainable innovation. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(2), 100184. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JIK.2022.100184
  33. Haslam, C., Tsitsianis, N., Andersson, T., & Gleadle, P. (2015). RVA Consulting, Sweden 4 The Open University Business School. In United Kingdom Journal of Business Models (Vol. 3, Issue 1).
  34. Hoberg, G., Phillips, G., & Prabhala, N. (2014). Product Market Threats, Payouts, and Financial Flexibility. In Source: The Journal of Finance (Vol. 69, Issue 1).
  35. Hur, W., Kim, H., & Kim, H. K. (2018). Does customer engagement in corporate social responsibility initiatives lead to customer citizenship behaviour? The mediating roles of customer‐company identification and affective commitment. Corporate Social-Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(6), 1258–1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1636
  36. Islam, R., Haque, Z., & Moutushi, R. H. (2022). Earnings quality and financial flexibility: A moderating role of corporate governance. Cogent Business and Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2097620
  37. Islam, T., Islam, R., Pitafi, A. H., Xiaobei, L., Rehmani, M., Irfan, M., & Mubarak, M. S. (2021). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty: The mediating role of corporate reputation, customer satisfaction, and trust. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 25, 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.07.019
  38. Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360.
  39. Jones, T. M. (1995). Instrumental stakeholder theory: A synthesis of ethics and economics. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 404–437.
  40. Kaplan, S. N., & Zingales, L. (1997). Do Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Provide Useful Measures of Financing Constraints? In Source: The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Vol. 112, Issue 1). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951280
  41. Lamont, O., Polk, C., & Saá-Requejo, J. (2001). Financial Constraints and Stock Returns. The Review of Financial Studies, 14(2), 529–554. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/14.2.529
  42. Lee, D. D., & Faff, R. W. (2009). Corporate Sustainability Performance and Idiosyncratic Risk: A Global Perspective. The Financial Review (Buffalo, N.Y.), 44(2), 213–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2009.00216.x
  43. Li, T. T., Wang, K., Sueyoshi, T., & Wang, D. D. (2021). Esg: Research progress and future prospects. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 13, Issue 21). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111663
  44. Lie, E. (2005). Financial Flexibility, Performance, and the Corporate Payout Choice. The Journal of Business (Chicago, Ill.), 78(6), 2179–2202. https://doi.org/10.1086/497043
  45. McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (2001). Corporate Social Responsibility: a Theory of the Firm Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4011987
  46. Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment (Vol. 48, Issue 3).
  47. Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13(2), 187–221.
  48. Nugroho, N. A., & Hersugondo, H. (2022). Analisis Pengaruh Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Disclosure terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan (Vol. 15, Issue 2). http://journal.stekom.ac.id/index.php/E-Bisnis-page233
  49. Octaviani, F. A., & Utama, C. A. (2022). Impact of Corporate Hedging and ESG on Stock Price Crash Risk: Evidence from Indonesian Energy Firms. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 15(2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/09746862221129341
  50. Oikonomou, I., Brooks, C., & Pavelin, S. (2012). The impact of corporate social performance on financial risk and utility: A longitudinal analysis. Financial Management, 41(2), 483–515.
  51. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value: how to reinvent capitalism - and unleash a wave of innovation and growth. In Harvard business review (Vol. 89, Issues 1–2, p. 62).
  52. Rizky Bunga Pertiwi, L. (2023). Pengaruh Kinerja Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Dengan Kendala Keuangan Sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2016-2020). Diponegoro Journal of Management, 12(1). http://ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/dbr
  53. Sekar Sari, P., Widiatmoko, J., & kunci, K. (2023). Pengaruh Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosure terhadap Kinerja Keuangan dengan Gender Diversity sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 5(9). https://journal.ikopin.ac.id/index.php/fairvalue
  54. Sen, S., & Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001). Does Doing Good Always Lead to Doing Better? Consumer Reactions to Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.38.2.225.18838
  55. Sun, S. Z., & Hou, Y. L. (2021). Analysis of the Effectiveness of ESG Investment Model Under Different Market Conditions. Credit. Ref, 39, 81–88.
  56. Sustainalytics. (2022). Getting Started with ESG: What Every Company Needs to Know. Sustainalitycs Publication.
  57. The Economist. (2022). Why Indonesia matters. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/11/17/why-indonesia-matters.
  58. Trisnowati, Y., Achsani, N. A., Sembel, R., & Andati, T. (2022). The Effect of ESG Score, Financial Performance, and Macroeconomics on Stock Returns during the Pandemic Era in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(4), 166–172. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13212
  59. Wong, W. C., Batten, J. A., Ahmad, A. H., Mohamed-Arshad, S. B., Nordin, S., & Adzis, A. A. (2021). Does ESG certification add firm value? Finance Research Letters, 39, 101593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101593
  60. Xiao, Z. Y., Lin, L., Chen, Z. Y., & Xu, D. B. (2020). Financial Flexibility and Continuous Innovation of Chinese listed firms: Coordinated Innovation Effect and Adaptive Effect. Journal of Statistical Research, 37, 82–93.
  61. Zeng, A. M., & Wei, Z. H. (2013). Financial Constraints, Financial Flexibility and Investment-cash Flow Sensitivity: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Evidence from Listed companies in China. Journal of Finance and Economics, 11(39), 48–58.
  62. Zhang, D., & Liu, L. (2022). Does ESG Performance Enhance Financial Flexibility? Evidence from China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811324
  63. Zhang, D., & Lucey, B. M. (2022). Sustainable behaviors and firm performance: The role of financial constraints’ alleviation. Economic Analysis and Policy, 74, 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.02.003
  64. Zhao, H., & Zhang, D. Z. (2010). Research on the Original Attributes of Corporate Financial flexibility. Accounting Research, 6, 62–69.