Main Article Content

Abstract

Purpose – Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have seen significant development worldwide. Indonesia has responded by implementing various policies to support the adoption of EVs, which are touted as the future environmentally friendly transportation solution. However, in Indonesia, the purchase intention for EVs still needs to reach expectations, reaching only 14,93% of the target in 2023. This study analyzes the antecedents of benefit factors determining the intention to buy an electric vehicle. This study will fill the gap in earlier research by comprehensively examining the factors that influence EV purchase intention in Indonesia.
Design/methodology/approach – This study will fill the gap in earlier research by comprehensively analyzing the factors that influence EV purchase intention in Indonesia. This study will empirically examine the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived risk, EV knowledge, public involvement, and purchase intention, as well as the antecedents of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk. This study uses a quantitative method with a survey design to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors influencing the purchase intention of electric vehicles in Indonesia. The survey involved 957 potential electric vehicle users in Indonesia who have never bought an EV but have sufficient interest and knowledge about EVs. The research instrument was a validity and reliability-tested questionnaire used to collect accurate and consistent data.
Findings – This study found that although respondents had strong perceptions of the benefits of electric vehicles (perceived usefulness), this did not automatically lead to high purchase intentions. Another surprising finding was that perceived risk also did not directly affect purchase intention. This suggests the presence of other factors inhibiting purchase intention, which need to be identified and addressed.
Research limitations/implications – This research contributes significantly to the literature on adopting electric vehicles (EVs). Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on purchase intention. The results of this study indicate that perceived ease of use does not significantly affect the purchase intention of electric vehicles.
Practical implications – The findings of this study provide several practical implications for electric vehicle manufacturers, marketers, and policy makers.
Originality/value This research offers a comprehensive approach to understanding the factors that influence electric vehicle (EV) purchasing interest in Indonesia, by including previously overlooked variables such as risk perception, public involvement, and knowledge about EVs. Additionally, this research focuses on the Indonesian context, providing valuable insights into the unique challenges and opportunities in EV adoption in the country, which can form the basis for strategies and policies to promote sustainable transportation.

Keywords

perceived usefulness purchase intention electric vehicles perceived risk Technology acceptance model costumer behavior

Article Details

Author Biography

Rifelly Dewi Astuti, Faculty of Economics & Business, Department of Management, University of Indonesia, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

https://sinta.kemdikbud.go.id/authors/profile/257586

974 SINTA Score Overall   434 SINTA Score 3Yr   974 Affil Score   434 Affil Score 3Yr
How to Cite
Astuti, R. D., & Susanto, A. A. (2024). Challenges of electric vehicle adoption in Indonesia: Revealing the hidden factors affecting purchase intention. Jurnal Siasat Bisnis, 28(2), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol28.iss2.art2

References

  1. Abdelwahed, N. A. A., & Soomro, B. A. (2023). Insights towards the environmental risk perceptions and built environmental behaviors: guidelines for environmental governance and regulations. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 12(3 Special Issue), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv12i3siart17
  2. Abudayyeh, D., Almomani, M., Almomani, O., Jaber, D., & Alhelo, E. (2023). Examining the Determinants of Electric Vehicle Acceptance in Jordan: A PLS-SEM Approach. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 14(11), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14110304
  3. Admin. (2024). Jurus Menperin Dongkrak Kinerja Manufaktur Di Tahun Naga Kayu. BBSPJIT Kemenperin. https://bbt.kemenperin.go.id/blog/jurus-menperin-dongkrak-kinerja-manufaktur-di-tahun-naga-kayu
  4. Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A Conceptual and Operational Definition of Personal Innovativeness in the Domain of Information Technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.9.2.204
  5. Ahmed, M. A., Arshad, A., ul Haq, M. A., & Akram, B. (2020). Role of environmentalism in the development of green purchase intentions: A moderating role of green product knowledge. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 15(7), 1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.18280/IJSDP.150714
  6. Al-qaysi, N., Mohamad-Nordin, N., & Al-Emran, M. (2020). Employing the technology acceptance model in social media : A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 25(1), 4961–5002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10197-1
  7. An, K. (2020). Battery electric bus infrastructure planning under demand uncertainty. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 111, 572–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.01.009
  8. Arshad, R., Mahmood, U., Siddiqui, H., & Tahir, A. (2014). An Empirical Study about Green Purchase Intentions. Journal Of Sociological Research, 5(1), 290–305. https://doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v5i1.6567
  9. Ashraf, D. M. (2023). Managing Consumers’ Adoption Of Artificial Intelligence-Based Financial Robo-Advisory Services: A Moderated Mediation Model. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 38(3), 270 – 301. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v38i3.6242
  10. Baker, P., Russ, K., Kang, M., Santos, T. M., Neves, P. A. R., Smith, J., Kingston, G., Mialon, M., Lawrence, M., Wood, B., Moodie, R., Clark, D., Sievert, K., Boatwright, M., & McCoy, D. (2021). Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry. Globalization and health, 17(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00708-1
  11. Ballester, E. D., & Alemán, J. L. M. (2001). Brand trust in the context of consumer loyalty. European Journal of Marketing, 35(11/12), 1238–1258. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006475
  12. Brand, C., Cluzel, C., & Anable, J. (2017). Modeling the uptake of plug-in vehicles in a heterogeneous car market using a consumer segmentation approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 97, 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.01.017
  13. Calantone, R. J., Chan, K., & Cui, A. S. (2006). Decomposing Product Innovativeness and Its Effects on New Product Success. Journal Of Product Innovation Management, 23(5), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2006.00213.x
  14. Carley, S., Krause, R. M., Lane, B. W., & Graham, J. D. (2013). Intent to purchase a plug-in electric vehicle: A survey of early impressions in large US cites. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 18(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2012.09.007
  15. Chawla, U., Mohnot, R., Mishra, V., Singh, H. V, & Singh, A. K. (2023). Factors Influencing Customer Preference and Adoption of Electric Vehicles in India: A Journey towards More Sustainable Transportation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(8), 7020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15087020
  16. Chiang, C. F., & Jang, S. C. S. (2007). The Effects of Perceived Price and Brand Image on Value and Purchase Intention: Leisure Travelers’ Attitudes Toward Online Hotel Booking. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 15(3), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1300/J150v15n03_04
  17. Chibuogwu, A. P., Tian, J., Ashinze, P. C., Nazir, M., & Shaheen, I. (2021). A multidimensional model of sustainable renewable energy linking purchase intentions, attitude and user behavior in nigeria. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(19), 10576. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910576
  18. Dash, G., Kiefer, K., & Paul, J. (2021). Marketing-to-Millennials: Marketing 4.0, customer satisfaction and purchase intention. Journal of Business Research, 122, 608–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.016
  19. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
  20. Deumlich, T., Amberger, M., & Tafreschi, O. (2022). Empirical Analysis of Technology Acceptance of Private Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Germany. In J. Horkoff, E. Serral, & J. Zdravkovic (Ed.), Advanced Information Systems Engineering Workshops. CAiSE 2022. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 451 (Vol. 451, hal. 61–72). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07478-3_5
  21. Dey, P. K., Malesios, C., De, D., Chowdhury, S., & Abdelaziz, F. Ben. (2020). The Impact of Lean Management Practices and Sustainably-Oriented Innovation on Sustainability Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from the UK. British Journal of Management, 31(1), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12388
  22. Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of Price, Brand, and Store Information on Buyers’ Product Evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172866
  23. Ewing, G. O., & Sarigöllü, E. (1998). Car fuel-type choice under travel demand management and economic incentives. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 3(6), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(98)00019-4
  24. Fearnley, N., Pfaffenbichler, P., Figenbaum, E., & Jellinek, R. (2015). E-vehicle policies and incentives - assessment and recommendations. In Compett Electromobility. Transportøkonomisk Institutt. https://www.toi.no/publications/e-vehicle-policies-and-incentives-assessment-and-recommendations-article33367-29.html
  25. Featherman, M., Jia, S. (Jasper), Califf, C. B., & Hajli, N. (2021). The impact of new technologies on consumers beliefs: Reducing the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 169, 120847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120847
  26. Featherman, M. S., & Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Predicting e-services adoption: a perceived risk facets perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59(4), 451–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00111-3
  27. Filho, E. J. M. A., Simões, J. D. S., & Muylder, C. F. De. (2020). The low effect of perceived risk in the relation between hedonic values and purchase intention. Journal of Marketing Management, 36(1–2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1697725
  28. Folkes, V. S. (1988). The Availability Heuristic and Perceived Risk. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1086/209141
  29. Franke, T., & Krems, J. F. (2013). Understanding charging behaviour of electric vehicle users. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 21, 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.09.002
  30. Fu, X. (2024). Understanding the adoption intention for electric vehicles: The role of hedonic-utilitarian values. Energy, 301, 131703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131703
  31. Graciola, A. P., De Toni, D., Milan, G. S., & Eberle, L. (2020). Mediated-moderated effects: High and low store image, brand awareness, perceived value from mini and supermarkets retail stores. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102117
  32. Hajhashemi, E., Sauri Lavieri, P., & Nassir, N. (2024). Modelling interest in co-adoption of electric vehicles and solar photovoltaics in Australia to identify tailored policy needs. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 9422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59318-7
  33. Hasan, F., Ibrahimova, G., & Islam, M. R. (2024). How Flexibility Helps Rapid Production of Electric Vehicles in Azerbaijan. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 25(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-023-00360-1
  34. Herbeth, N., Dessalles, S., & Desmet, P. (2017). Brand and Design Effects on New Product Evaluation at the Concept Stage. Journal of Marketing Management, 5(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.15640/jmm.v5n1a3
  35. Holden, H., & Rada, R. (2011). Understanding the Influence of Perceived Usability and Technology Self-Efficacy on Teachers’ Technology Acceptance. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43(4), 343–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2011.10782576
  36. Hou, Y., & Poliquin, C. W. (2023). The effects of CEO activism: Partisan consumer behavior and its duration. Strategic Management Journal, 44(3), 672–703. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3451
  37. Hu, X., Zhou, R., Wang, S., Gao, L., & Zhu, Z. (2023). Consumers’ value perception and intention to purchase electric vehicles: A benefit-risk analysis. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 49, 101004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.101004
  38. Huang, X., Lin, Y., Lim, M. K., Tseng, M.-L., & Zhou, F. (2021a). The influence of knowledge management on adoption intention of electric vehicles: perspective on technological knowledge. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 121(7), 1481–1495. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2020-0411
  39. Huang, X., Lin, Y., Lim, M. K., Tseng, M. L., & Zhou, F. (2021b). The influence of knowledge management on adoption intention of electric vehicles : perspective on technological knowledge. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 121(7), 1481–1495. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2020-0411
  40. Hunsberger, C., & Awâsis, S. (2019). Energy justice and Canada’s National Energy Board: A critical analysis of the Line 9 pipeline decision. Sustainability, 11(3), 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030783
  41. Ivanova, G., & Moreira, A. C. (2023). Antecedents of Electric Vehicle Purchase Intention from the Consumer’s Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 15(4), 2878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042878
  42. Jaiswal, D., Kaushal, V., Kant, R., & Singh, P. K. (2021). Consumer adoption intention for electric vehicles: Insights and evidence from Indian sustainable transportation. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 173, 121089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121089
  43. Jenn, A., Azevedo, I. L., & Ferreira, P. (2013). The impact of federal incentives on the adoption of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States. Energy Economics, 40, 936–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.07.025
  44. Jiang, Y., Liao, J., Pang, J., & Hu, H.-L. (2023). Does brand community participation lead to early new product adoption? The roles of networking behavior and prior purchase experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1014825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1014825
  45. Karunanayake, T., & Wanninayake, B. (2015). Impact of key purchasing determinants on purchase intention of hybrid vehicle brands in Sri Lanka, an empirical study. Journal of Marketing Management, 3(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.15640/jmm.v3n1a4
  46. Khalid, A. M., & Khuman, Y. S. C. (2022). Electric Vehicles as a Means to Sustainable Consumption: Improving Adoption and Perception in India. In J. Bhattacharyya, M. S. Balaji, Y. Jiang, J. Azer, & C. R. Hewege (Ed.), Socially Responsible Consumption and Marketing in Practice (hal. 325–345). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6433-5_20
  47. Kim, M.-K., Oh, J., Park, J.-H., & Joo, C. (2018). Perceived value and adoption intention for electric vehicles in Korea: Moderating effects of environmental traits and government supports. Energy, 159, 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.064
  48. Koetse, M. J., & Hoen, A. (2014). Preferences for alternative fuel vehicles of company car drivers. Resource and Energy Economics, 37, 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.12.006
  49. Koreny, M., Simonik, P., Klein, T., Mrovec, T., & Ligori, J. J. (2022). Hybrid Research Platform for Fundamental and Empirical Modeling and Analysis of Energy Management of Shared Electric Vehicles. Energies, 15(4), 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041300
  50. Krishnan, V. V, & Sreekumar, M. (2023). An integrated behavioral approach to analyze the adoption of electric vehicles in the context of a developing country. Transport Policy, 142, 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.08.014
  51. Krupa, J. S., Rizzo, D. M., Eppstein, M. J., Lanute, D. B., Gaalema, D. E., Lakkaraju, K., & Warrender, C. E. (2014). Analysis of a consumer survey on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 64, 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.02.019
  52. Lee, J., Baig, F., Talpur, M. A. H., & Shaikh, S. (2021). Public intentions to purchase electric vehicles in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(10), 5523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105523
  53. Li, S., Liu, Y., & Wang, J. (2015). Factors affecting the electric vehicle demonstration: 14 international cities/regions cases. 2015 International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/LISS.2015.7369676
  54. Li, W., Long, R., Chen, H., & Geng, J. (2017). Household factors and adopting intention of battery electric vehicles: a multi-group structural equation model analysis among consumers in Jiangsu Province, China. Natural Hazards, 87, 945–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2803-9
  55. Liao, F., Molin, E., & van Wee, B. (2017). Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: a literature review. Transport Reviews, 37(3), 252–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1230794
  56. Lin, J., Huang, Y., & Li, M. (2023). Enhancing Green Purchase Intentions: The Effects of Product Transformation Salience and Consumer Traceability Knowledge. Sustainability, 15(16), 12612. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612612
  57. Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Zhu, J., Yan, J., Qi, J., & Liu, P. (2018). Promoting green residential buildings: Residents’ environmental attitude, subjective knowledge, and social trust matter. Energy Policy, 112, 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.020
  58. MacInnis, B., Krosnick, J. A., & McDonald, J. (2023). Resistance to purchasing all-electric vehicles: Evidence from a national survey. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 91, 102114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102114
  59. McNally, R. C., Cavusgil, E., & Calantone, R. J. (2010). Product Innovativeness Dimensions and Their Relationships with Product Advantage, Product Financial Performance, and Project Protocol. Journal Of Product Innovation Management, 27(7), 991–1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2010.00766.x
  60. Muthahhari, M., Tjahjono, H. K., & Puji RDA, M. K. (2020). Niat Penggunaan Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi Pada Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah Di Yogyakarta. JBTI : Jurnal Bisnis Teori dan Implementasi, 11(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.18196/bti.111128
  61. N’da, K., Ge, J., Ren, S. J.-F., & Wang, J. (2023). Perception of the purchase budget (BGT) and purchase intention in smartphone selling industry : A cross-country analysis. PLoS ONE, 18(7), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279575
  62. Pandowo, A. (2016). How to Create Brand Love in Private Label: The Role of Satisfaction as Intervening Variable. Journal of Marketing Management, 4(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.15640/jmm.v4n2a7
  63. Pelaez, A., Chen, C., & Chen, Y. X. (2019). Effects of Perceived Risk on Intention to Purchase : A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 59(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2017.1300514
  64. Peraturan Presiden (PERPRES) Nomor 55 Tahun 2019 Tentang Percepatan Program Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai (Battery Electric Vehicle) untuk Transportasi Jalan, Pub. L. No. Peraturan Presiden (PERPRES) Nomor 55 Tahun 2019 (2019). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/116973/perpres-no-55-tahun-2019
  65. Qian, L., Grisolía, J. M., & Soopramanien, D. (2019). The impact of service and government-policy attributes on consumer preferences for electric vehicles in China. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 122, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.02.008
  66. Qin, H., David, A., Harun, A., Mamun, M. R. A., Peak, D., & Prybutok, V. (2024). Assessing user benefits and privacy concerns in utilitarian and hedonic mobile augmented reality apps. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 124(1), 442–482. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-02-2023-0097
  67. Roy, S. K., Balaji, M. S., Kesharwani, A., & Sekhon, H. (2017). Predicting Internet banking adoption in India: a perceived risk perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 25(5–6), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2016.1148771
  68. Schelte, N., Severengiz, S., Finke, S., & Stommel, J. (2022). Analysis on User Acceptance for Light Electric Vehicles and Novel Charging Infrastructure. 2022 IEEE European Technology and Engineering Management Summit (E-TEMS), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1109/E-TEMS53558.2022.9944531
  69. Schiffman, L., & Wisenblit, J. L. (2019). Consumer Behavior (12 ed.). Pearson.
  70. Schmid, E., Knopf, B., & Pechan, A. (2016). Putting an energy system transformation into practice: The case of the German Energiewende. Energy Research & Social Science, 11, 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.11.002
  71. Schuitema, G., Anable, J., Skippon, S., & Kinnear, N. (2013). The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 48, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.10.004
  72. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (7 ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  73. Shaikh, S., Talpur, M. A. H., Baig, F., Tariq, F., & Khahro, S. H. (2023). Adoption of Electric Motorcycles in Pakistan: A Technology Acceptance Model Perspective. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 14(10), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100278
  74. Shanmugavel, N., & Micheal, M. (2022). Exploring the marketing related stimuli and personal innovativeness on the purchase intention of electric vehicles through Technology Acceptance Model. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, 3, 100029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2022.100029
  75. Theeb, N. Al, Hayajneh, M., & Qubelat, N. A. L. (2020). Optimization of Logistic Plans with Adopting the Green Technology Considerations by Utilizing Electric Vehicle Routing Problem. Industrial Engineering & Management Systems, 19(4), 774–789. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nader-Al-Theeb/publication/348300526_Optimization_of_Logistic_Plans_with_Adopting_the_Green_Technology_Considerations_by_Utilizing_Electric_Vehicle_Routing_Problem/links/6013432192851c2d4dfed6fd/Optimization-of-Logistic-Plans-with-Adopting-the-Green-Technology-Considerations-by-Utilizing-Electric-Vehicle-Routing-Problem.pdf
  76. Tjahjono, H. K., Maryati, T., & Fauziyah, F. (2013). Intensi Mahasiswa Yogyakarta Berwirausaha Berbasis Teknologi Informasi (Ti). Jurnal Siasat Bisnis, 17(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol17.iss1.art2
  77. Tran, M.-K., Bhatti, A., Vrolyk, R., Wong, D., Panchal, S., Fowler, M., & Fraser, R. (2021). A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020054
  78. Venegas, F. G., Petit, M., & Perez, Y. (2021). Active integration of electric vehicles into distribution grids: Barriers and frameworks for flexibility services. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 145, 111060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111060
  79. Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (1996). A model of the antecedents of perceived ease of use: Development and test. Decision Sciences, 27(3), 451–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1996.tb01822.x
  80. Wang, N., Pan, H., & Zheng, W. (2017). Assessment of the incentives on electric vehicle promotion in China. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 101, 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.037
  81. Wang, S., Wang, J., Li, J., Wang, J., & Liang, L. (2018). Policy implications for promoting the adoption of electric vehicles: Do consumer’s knowledge, perceived risk and financial incentive policy matter? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 117, 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.014
  82. Wang, S., Wang, J., Lin, S., & Li, J. (2019). Public perceptions and acceptance of nuclear energy in China: The role of public knowledge, perceived benefit, perceived risk and public engagement. Energy Policy, 126, 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.11.040
  83. Wang, Y., Pang, Y., Xu, H., Martinez, A., & Chen, K. S. (2022). PEM Fuel cell and electrolysis cell technologies and hydrogen infrastructure development - a review. Energy and Environmental Science, 15(6), 2288–2328. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee00790h
  84. Wu, J., Liao, H., Wang, J.-W., & Chen, T. (2019). The role of environmental concern in the public acceptance of autonomous electric vehicles: A survey from China. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 60, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.029
  85. Xie, L., Shahzad, M. F., Waheed, A., Ain, Q. ul, Saleem, Z., & Ali, M. A. (2022). Do meat anti-consumption opinions influence consumers’ wellbeing?–The moderating role of religiosity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 957970. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957970
  86. Yang, C., Tu, J., & Jiang, Q. (2020). The Influential Factors of Consumers’ Sustainable Consumption: A Case on Electric Vehicles in China. Sustainability, 12(8), 3496. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083496
  87. Yusuf, B., Moeis, A. O., & Setiawan, A. D. (2021). Understanding Electric Vehicle Acceptance in Indonesia using Structural Equation Modeling: A Conceptual Model. APCORISE ’21: Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Research in Industrial and Systems Engineering, 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1145/3468013.3468655
  88. Zhang, L., Tong, H., Liang, Y., & Qin, Q. (2023). Consumer purchase intention of new energy vehicles with an extended technology acceptance model : The role of attitudinal ambivalence. Transportation Research Part A, 174, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103742
  89. Zhang, X. (2014). Reference-dependent electric vehicle production strategy considering subsidies and consumer trade-offs. Energy Policy, 67, 422–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.028
  90. Zhang, X., Bai, X., & Shang, J. (2018). Is subsidized electric vehicles adoption sustainable: Consumers’ perceptions and motivation toward incentive policies, environmental benefits, and risks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.252
  91. Zhou, K. Z., Yim, C. K., & Tse, D. K. (2005). The Effects of Strategic Orientations on Technology and Market Based Breakthrough Innovations. Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.69.2.42.60756