Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – The ubiquity of online businesses has seen a surge in influencer marketing, with live streaming emerging as a prominent strategy. However, the pivotal role of influencers, individuals with a substantial social media following, in live streaming and their subsequent influence on customer behavior justifies a thorough investigation. This research digs into the role of influencers in live streaming and examines their impact on Customer Engagement and Brand Awareness through live streaming activities.
Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 225 online customers joined this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale and analyzed using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) processed with WarpPLS Version 8.0.
Findings – Influencers can substantially contribute to both customer engagement and brand awareness through live streaming. However, the study indicates that influencers do not directly contribute to brand awareness. Influencers reign supreme in the realm of live streaming, showing their potential to enhance customer engagement and brand awareness. The study offers valuable insights for businesses and influencers to effectively leverage live streaming to meet their marketing goals.
Research limitations/implications – The cross-sectional design of the study hinders causal inferences. Longitudinal research and broader sampling are necessary to establish temporal relationships and generalize findings to diverse populations and regions.
Practical implications – The research suggests that businesses should strategically select influencers, leverage live streaming for engagement and brand, foster authentic relationships, and measure campaign performance while combining influencer marketing with other digital strategies.
Originality/value – This research offers a comprehensive exploration of the synergistic relationship between influencers and live streaming in driving customer engagement and brand awareness, providing empirical evidence and practical recommendations for marketers.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Erwin Erwin, Haris Maupa, Julius Jilbert, Abdullah Sanusi, Yuyun Karystin Meilisa Suade

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Ahmed, S., Islam, T., & Ghaffar, A. (2024). Shaping Brand Loyalty through Social Media Influencers: The Mediating Role of Follower Engagement and Social Attractiveness. Sage Open, 14(2), 21582440241242928. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241242928
- Ao, L., Bansal, R., Pruthi, N., & Khaskheli, M. B. (2023). Impact of Social Media Influencers on Customer Engagement and Purchase Intention: A Meta-Analysis. Sustainability, 15(3), 2744. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032744
- Ariasih, M. P., Iswahyudi, M. S., Hansopaheluwakan, S., Azman, H. A., Hidayat, C., Erwin, E., Waty, E., Nurchayati, N., Munizu, M., & Afiyah, S. (2023). Marketing Management: Best Strategies and Practices. PT. Green Pustaka Indonesia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ExjcEAAAQBAJ
- Asante, I. O., Jiang, Y., & Miao, M. (2024). Exploring the motivating factors for using live‐streaming and their influence on consumers’ hedonic well‐being: The mediating effect of psychological engagement. Psychology & Marketing, 41(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21881
- Bappelitbangda Sulsel. (2023). Model Pengembangan UMKM Berbasis Transformasi Digital di Sulawesi Selatan. Bappelitbangda Sulsel. https://bappelitbangda.sulselprov.go.id/detailpost/model-pengembangan-umkm-berbasis-transformasi-digital-di-sulawesi-selatan
- Barari, M., Ross, M., Thaichon, S., & Surachartkumtonkun, J. (2021). A meta‐analysis of customer engagement behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12609
- Benevento, E., Aloini, D., Roma, P., & Bellino, D. (2025). The impact of influencers on brand social network growth: Insights from new product launch events on Twitter. Journal of Business Research, 189, 115123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115123
- Bergkvist, L., & Taylor, C. R. (2022). Reviving and Improving Brand Awareness As a Construct in Advertising Research. Journal of Advertising, 51(3), 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2022.2039886
- Buckley, O., Ashman, R., & Haenlein, M. (2025). Leveraging Livestreaming to Enrich Influencer Marketing. California Management Review, 67(2), 111–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256241300730
- Chen, C.-D., Zhao, Q., & Wang, J.-L. (2022). How livestreaming increases product sales: Role of trust transfer and elaboration likelihood model. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(3), 558–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1827457
- Chen, N., & Yang, Y. (2023). The Role of Influencers in Live Streaming E-Commerce: Influencer Trust, Attachment, and Consumer Purchase Intention. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 18(3), 1601–1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18030081
- Dabbous, A., & Barakat, K. A. (2020). Bridging the online offline gap: Assessing the impact of brands’ social network content quality on brand awareness and purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101966
- Delbaere, M., Michael, B., & Phillips, B. J. (2021). Social media influencers: A route to brand engagement for their followers. Psychology & Marketing, 38(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21419
- Erwin, E., Ardyan, E., & Putra, S. D. (2022). Social Media Marketing Trends: Influencers’ Accounts for Smes Product Marketing. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 6(3 SE-Articles), 1949–1958. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i3.6160
- Erwin, E., Suade, Y. K. M., & Alam, N. (2023). Social media Micro-enterprise: Utilizing Social Media Influencers, Marketing Contents and Viral Marketing Campaigns to Increase Customer Engagement. In Nairobi, Yuliansyah, H. Jimad, R. Perdana, G. E. Putrawan, & T. Y. Septiawan (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneur (ICEBE 2022) (Vol. 241, pp. 578–593). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-064-0_58
- Erwin, E., Suade, Y. K. M., Tanesia, C. Y., Sharon, S., & Maichal, M. (2023). Customer Engagement Usaha Kuliner; Kontribusi Marketing Content dan Efek Viral Marketing Campaigns. INOBIS: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen Indonesia, 6(3), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.31842/jurnalinobis.v6i3.285
- Erwin, Maupa, H., Jilbert, J., & Sanusi, A. (2024). Co-Creation Building Power on Social Media: Can Influencers or Viral Campaigns do it for Marketing Performance? Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(7), e06819. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-139
- Felix, A., & Rembulan, G. D. (2023). Analysis of Key Factors for Improved Customer Experience, Engagement, and Loyalty in the E-Commerce Industry in Indonesia. Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), 5(2sp), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.34306/att.v5i2sp.350
- Giertz, J. N., Weiger, W. H., Törhönen, M., & Hamari, J. (2022). Content versus community focus in live streaming services: How to drive engagement in synchronous social media. Journal of Service Management, 33(1), 33–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-12-2020-0439
- Glucksman, M. (2017). The Rise of Social Media Influencer Marketing on Lifestyle Branding: A Case Study of Lucie Fink. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 8(2), 77–87.
- Gupta, S., Mahajan, R., & Dash, S. B. (2023). The impact of influencer-sourced brand endorsement on online consumer brand engagement. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2023.2200389
- Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (Third edition). SAGE.
- Haushalter, K., Pritschet, S. J., Long, J. W., Edwards, C. G., Boyland, E. J., Evans, R. K., & Masterson, T. D. (2023). User engagement with a popular food brand before, during and after a multi-day interactive marketing campaign on a popular live streaming platform. Public Health Nutrition, 26(4), 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000083
- Ho, C.-I., Chen, M.-C., & Shih, Y.-W. (2022). Customer engagement behaviours in a social media context revisited: Using both the formative measurement model and text mining techniques. Journal of Marketing Management, 38(7–8), 740–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2021.2003421
- Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2%253C195::AID-SMJ13%253E3.0.CO;2-7
- Ifadhila, I., Rukmana, A. Y., Erwin, E., Ratnaningrum, L. P. R. A., Aprilia, M., Setiawan, R., Judijanto, L., Setiawan, H., Sepriano, S., & Agusdi, Y. (2024). Pemasaran Digital di Era Society 5.0: Transformasi Bisnis di Dunia Digital. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=COf8EAAAQBAJ
- Jiao, Y., Sarigöllü, E., Lou, L., & Jo, M. (2024). How Streamers Enhance Consumer Engagement and Brand Equity in Live Commerce: Journal of Global Information Management, 32(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.352039
- Joo, E., & Yang, J. (2023). How perceived interactivity affects consumers’ shopping intentions in live stream commerce: Roles of immersion, user gratification and product involvement. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(5), 754–772. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-02-2022-0037
- Lee, S., Sundar, S. S., & Lee, J.-G. (2025). From Live Streamer to Influencer: Credibility Effects of Authority, Interactivity, and Sponsorship. Media Psychology, 28(6), 731–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2024.2442991
- Li, Y., Wang, C., & Liu, J. (2020). A Systematic Review of Literature on User Behavior in Video Game Live Streaming. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093328
- Liu, G., Fei, S., Yan, Z., Wu, C.-H., Tsai, S.-B., & Zhang, J. (2020). An Empirical Study on Response to Online Customer Reviews and E-Commerce Sales: From the Mobile Information System Perspective. Mobile Information Systems, 2020, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8864764
- Lv, J., Cao, C., Xu, Q., Ni, L., Shao, X., & Shi, Y. (2022). How Live Streaming Interactions and Their Visual Stimuli Affect Users’ Sustained Engagement Behaviour—A Comparative Experiment Using Live and Virtual Live Streaming. Sustainability, 14(14), 8907. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148907
- Maddox, J., & Malson, J. (2020). Guidelines Without Lines, Communities Without Borders: The Marketplace of Ideas and Digital Manifest Destiny in Social Media Platform Policies. Social Media + Society, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120926622
- Maghraoui, S., & Khrouf, L. (2025). Instagram live-streamings: How does influencer–follower congruence affect Gen Z trust, attitudes and intentions? Young Consumers, 26(1), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2024-2045
- Malik, G., & Pradhan, D. (2025). How does gameful experience foster customer engagement and brand advocacy? Consumer insights into branding in e-tail. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 42(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2024-6764
- Nafees, L., Cook, C. M., Nikolov, A. N., & Stoddard, J. E. (2021). Can social media influencer (SMI) power influence consumer brand attitudes? The mediating role of perceived SMI credibility. Digital Business, 1(2), 100008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2021.100008
- Nur, A. C., Niswaty, R., Mustafa, D., Guntur, M., & Aslinda. (2021). The Role of Technology in Development Policy in the Era of Globalization in South Sulawesi Indonesia: 3rd Annual International Conference on Public and Business Administration (AICoBPA 2020), Bogor, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210928.026
- Pan, M., Blut, M., Ghiassaleh, A., & Lee, Z. W. Y. (2025). Influencer marketing effectiveness: A meta-analytic review. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 53(1), 52–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-024-01052-7
- Pellegrino, A., & Abe, M. (2023). Leveraging Social Media for SMEs: Findings from a Bibliometric Review. Sustainability, 15(8), 7007. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15087007
- Pérez-Cabañero, C., Veas-González, I., Navarro-Cisternas, C., Zuleta-Cortés, H., & Urizar-Urizar, C. (2023). Influencers who most engage on Instagram. The effect of their expertise, taste leadership and opinion leadership on their followers’ behavioural intentions. Cuadernos de Gestión, 23(2), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.221863cp
- Prahendratno, A., Aulia, M. R., Erwin, E., Setiawan, Z., Rijal, S., Rosdaliva, M., Ariasih, M. P., Adhicandra, I., Rahmawati, E., & Efitra, E. (2023). Strategi Bisnis Digital: Optimalisasi & Otomtisasi Sebuah Bisnis Menggunakaan Media Digital. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=9_TDEAAAQBAJ
- Rosário, A., & Raimundo, R. (2021). Consumer Marketing Strategy and E-Commerce in the Last Decade: A Literature Review. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(7), 3003–3024. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070164
- Ryu, E. A., & Han, E. (2021). Social Media Influencer’s Reputation: Developing and Validating a Multidimensional Scale. Sustainability, 13(2), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020631
- Salfin, S., Kurniadi, P., & Erwin, E. (2024). Language Development in the Digital Age, A Literature Review on the Influence of Technology on Human Communication. Sciences Du Nord Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(01), 01–07. https://doi.org/10.58812/0yhk5d80
- Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. In C. Homburg, M. Klarmann, & A. Vomberg (Eds.), Handbook of Market Research (pp. 1–40). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1
- Sesar, V., Martinčević, I., & Boguszewicz-Kreft, M. (2022). Relationship between Advertising Disclosure, Influencer Credibility and Purchase Intention. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(7), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15070276
- Shawky, S., Kubacki, K., Dietrich, T., & Weaven, S. (2020). A dynamic framework for managing customer engagement on social media. Journal of Business Research, 121, 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.030
- Singh, P. (2024). Beyond the basics: Exploring the impact of social media marketing enablers on business success. Heliyon, 10(5), e26435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26435
- Song, X., Fu, M., Fang, J., Cai, Z., Tan, C.-W., Lim, E. T. K., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2025). Turning the wheels of engagement: Evidence from entertainment live streaming. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 53(4), 1055–1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-024-01020-1
- Tan, Z., Sadiq, B., Bashir, T., Mahmood, H., & Rasool, Y. (2022). Investigating the Impact of Green Marketing Components on Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Brand Image and Brand Trust. Sustainability, 14(10), 5939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105939
- Tian, Y., & Frank, B. (2024). Optimizing live streaming features to enhance customer immersion and engagement: A comparative study of live streaming genres in China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 81, 103974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103974
- V I De Araujo, S., Dhaigude, A. S., Kamath, G. B., Pai, R. R., Nayak, S., & Ganesh, S. (2025). Influencer credibility and consumer behavior: The mediating role of self-brand congruity and moderating role of involvement. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1), 2541040. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2541040
- Vo, T., Wei‐Han Tan, G., Pham, N. T., Truong, T. H., & Ooi, K. (2025). Promoting Customer Engagement and Brand Loyalty on Social Media: The Role of Virtual Influencers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 49(2), e70028. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70028
- Xia, Z., & Shannon, R. (2025). Navigating the Digital Frontier: Exploring the Dynamics of Customer–Brand Relationships Through AI Chatbots. Sustainability, 17(5), 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052173
- Zaki, K., Alhomaid, A., & Shared, H. (2025). Leveraging Machine Learning to Analyze Influencer Credibility’s Impact on Brand Admiration and Consumer Purchase Intent in Social Media Marketing. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1), 9959697. https://doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/9959697
- Zhang, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhao, L. (2022). How to retain customers: Understanding the role of trust in live streaming commerce with a socio-technical perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107052
- Zheng, R., Li, Z., & Na, S. (2022). How customer engagement in the live-streaming affects purchase intention and customer acquisition, E-tailer’s perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 68, 103015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103015
References
Ahmed, S., Islam, T., & Ghaffar, A. (2024). Shaping Brand Loyalty through Social Media Influencers: The Mediating Role of Follower Engagement and Social Attractiveness. Sage Open, 14(2), 21582440241242928. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241242928
Ao, L., Bansal, R., Pruthi, N., & Khaskheli, M. B. (2023). Impact of Social Media Influencers on Customer Engagement and Purchase Intention: A Meta-Analysis. Sustainability, 15(3), 2744. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032744
Ariasih, M. P., Iswahyudi, M. S., Hansopaheluwakan, S., Azman, H. A., Hidayat, C., Erwin, E., Waty, E., Nurchayati, N., Munizu, M., & Afiyah, S. (2023). Marketing Management: Best Strategies and Practices. PT. Green Pustaka Indonesia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ExjcEAAAQBAJ
Asante, I. O., Jiang, Y., & Miao, M. (2024). Exploring the motivating factors for using live‐streaming and their influence on consumers’ hedonic well‐being: The mediating effect of psychological engagement. Psychology & Marketing, 41(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21881
Bappelitbangda Sulsel. (2023). Model Pengembangan UMKM Berbasis Transformasi Digital di Sulawesi Selatan. Bappelitbangda Sulsel. https://bappelitbangda.sulselprov.go.id/detailpost/model-pengembangan-umkm-berbasis-transformasi-digital-di-sulawesi-selatan
Barari, M., Ross, M., Thaichon, S., & Surachartkumtonkun, J. (2021). A meta‐analysis of customer engagement behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12609
Benevento, E., Aloini, D., Roma, P., & Bellino, D. (2025). The impact of influencers on brand social network growth: Insights from new product launch events on Twitter. Journal of Business Research, 189, 115123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115123
Bergkvist, L., & Taylor, C. R. (2022). Reviving and Improving Brand Awareness As a Construct in Advertising Research. Journal of Advertising, 51(3), 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2022.2039886
Buckley, O., Ashman, R., & Haenlein, M. (2025). Leveraging Livestreaming to Enrich Influencer Marketing. California Management Review, 67(2), 111–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256241300730
Chen, C.-D., Zhao, Q., & Wang, J.-L. (2022). How livestreaming increases product sales: Role of trust transfer and elaboration likelihood model. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(3), 558–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1827457
Chen, N., & Yang, Y. (2023). The Role of Influencers in Live Streaming E-Commerce: Influencer Trust, Attachment, and Consumer Purchase Intention. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 18(3), 1601–1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18030081
Dabbous, A., & Barakat, K. A. (2020). Bridging the online offline gap: Assessing the impact of brands’ social network content quality on brand awareness and purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101966
Delbaere, M., Michael, B., & Phillips, B. J. (2021). Social media influencers: A route to brand engagement for their followers. Psychology & Marketing, 38(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21419
Erwin, E., Ardyan, E., & Putra, S. D. (2022). Social Media Marketing Trends: Influencers’ Accounts for Smes Product Marketing. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 6(3 SE-Articles), 1949–1958. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i3.6160
Erwin, E., Suade, Y. K. M., & Alam, N. (2023). Social media Micro-enterprise: Utilizing Social Media Influencers, Marketing Contents and Viral Marketing Campaigns to Increase Customer Engagement. In Nairobi, Yuliansyah, H. Jimad, R. Perdana, G. E. Putrawan, & T. Y. Septiawan (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneur (ICEBE 2022) (Vol. 241, pp. 578–593). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-064-0_58
Erwin, E., Suade, Y. K. M., Tanesia, C. Y., Sharon, S., & Maichal, M. (2023). Customer Engagement Usaha Kuliner; Kontribusi Marketing Content dan Efek Viral Marketing Campaigns. INOBIS: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen Indonesia, 6(3), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.31842/jurnalinobis.v6i3.285
Erwin, Maupa, H., Jilbert, J., & Sanusi, A. (2024). Co-Creation Building Power on Social Media: Can Influencers or Viral Campaigns do it for Marketing Performance? Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(7), e06819. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-139
Felix, A., & Rembulan, G. D. (2023). Analysis of Key Factors for Improved Customer Experience, Engagement, and Loyalty in the E-Commerce Industry in Indonesia. Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), 5(2sp), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.34306/att.v5i2sp.350
Giertz, J. N., Weiger, W. H., Törhönen, M., & Hamari, J. (2022). Content versus community focus in live streaming services: How to drive engagement in synchronous social media. Journal of Service Management, 33(1), 33–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-12-2020-0439
Glucksman, M. (2017). The Rise of Social Media Influencer Marketing on Lifestyle Branding: A Case Study of Lucie Fink. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 8(2), 77–87.
Gupta, S., Mahajan, R., & Dash, S. B. (2023). The impact of influencer-sourced brand endorsement on online consumer brand engagement. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2023.2200389
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (Third edition). SAGE.
Haushalter, K., Pritschet, S. J., Long, J. W., Edwards, C. G., Boyland, E. J., Evans, R. K., & Masterson, T. D. (2023). User engagement with a popular food brand before, during and after a multi-day interactive marketing campaign on a popular live streaming platform. Public Health Nutrition, 26(4), 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000083
Ho, C.-I., Chen, M.-C., & Shih, Y.-W. (2022). Customer engagement behaviours in a social media context revisited: Using both the formative measurement model and text mining techniques. Journal of Marketing Management, 38(7–8), 740–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2021.2003421
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2%253C195::AID-SMJ13%253E3.0.CO;2-7
Ifadhila, I., Rukmana, A. Y., Erwin, E., Ratnaningrum, L. P. R. A., Aprilia, M., Setiawan, R., Judijanto, L., Setiawan, H., Sepriano, S., & Agusdi, Y. (2024). Pemasaran Digital di Era Society 5.0: Transformasi Bisnis di Dunia Digital. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=COf8EAAAQBAJ
Jiao, Y., Sarigöllü, E., Lou, L., & Jo, M. (2024). How Streamers Enhance Consumer Engagement and Brand Equity in Live Commerce: Journal of Global Information Management, 32(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.352039
Joo, E., & Yang, J. (2023). How perceived interactivity affects consumers’ shopping intentions in live stream commerce: Roles of immersion, user gratification and product involvement. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(5), 754–772. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-02-2022-0037
Lee, S., Sundar, S. S., & Lee, J.-G. (2025). From Live Streamer to Influencer: Credibility Effects of Authority, Interactivity, and Sponsorship. Media Psychology, 28(6), 731–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2024.2442991
Li, Y., Wang, C., & Liu, J. (2020). A Systematic Review of Literature on User Behavior in Video Game Live Streaming. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093328
Liu, G., Fei, S., Yan, Z., Wu, C.-H., Tsai, S.-B., & Zhang, J. (2020). An Empirical Study on Response to Online Customer Reviews and E-Commerce Sales: From the Mobile Information System Perspective. Mobile Information Systems, 2020, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8864764
Lv, J., Cao, C., Xu, Q., Ni, L., Shao, X., & Shi, Y. (2022). How Live Streaming Interactions and Their Visual Stimuli Affect Users’ Sustained Engagement Behaviour—A Comparative Experiment Using Live and Virtual Live Streaming. Sustainability, 14(14), 8907. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148907
Maddox, J., & Malson, J. (2020). Guidelines Without Lines, Communities Without Borders: The Marketplace of Ideas and Digital Manifest Destiny in Social Media Platform Policies. Social Media + Society, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120926622
Maghraoui, S., & Khrouf, L. (2025). Instagram live-streamings: How does influencer–follower congruence affect Gen Z trust, attitudes and intentions? Young Consumers, 26(1), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2024-2045
Malik, G., & Pradhan, D. (2025). How does gameful experience foster customer engagement and brand advocacy? Consumer insights into branding in e-tail. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 42(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2024-6764
Nafees, L., Cook, C. M., Nikolov, A. N., & Stoddard, J. E. (2021). Can social media influencer (SMI) power influence consumer brand attitudes? The mediating role of perceived SMI credibility. Digital Business, 1(2), 100008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2021.100008
Nur, A. C., Niswaty, R., Mustafa, D., Guntur, M., & Aslinda. (2021). The Role of Technology in Development Policy in the Era of Globalization in South Sulawesi Indonesia: 3rd Annual International Conference on Public and Business Administration (AICoBPA 2020), Bogor, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210928.026
Pan, M., Blut, M., Ghiassaleh, A., & Lee, Z. W. Y. (2025). Influencer marketing effectiveness: A meta-analytic review. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 53(1), 52–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-024-01052-7
Pellegrino, A., & Abe, M. (2023). Leveraging Social Media for SMEs: Findings from a Bibliometric Review. Sustainability, 15(8), 7007. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15087007
Pérez-Cabañero, C., Veas-González, I., Navarro-Cisternas, C., Zuleta-Cortés, H., & Urizar-Urizar, C. (2023). Influencers who most engage on Instagram. The effect of their expertise, taste leadership and opinion leadership on their followers’ behavioural intentions. Cuadernos de Gestión, 23(2), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.221863cp
Prahendratno, A., Aulia, M. R., Erwin, E., Setiawan, Z., Rijal, S., Rosdaliva, M., Ariasih, M. P., Adhicandra, I., Rahmawati, E., & Efitra, E. (2023). Strategi Bisnis Digital: Optimalisasi & Otomtisasi Sebuah Bisnis Menggunakaan Media Digital. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=9_TDEAAAQBAJ
Rosário, A., & Raimundo, R. (2021). Consumer Marketing Strategy and E-Commerce in the Last Decade: A Literature Review. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(7), 3003–3024. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070164
Ryu, E. A., & Han, E. (2021). Social Media Influencer’s Reputation: Developing and Validating a Multidimensional Scale. Sustainability, 13(2), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020631
Salfin, S., Kurniadi, P., & Erwin, E. (2024). Language Development in the Digital Age, A Literature Review on the Influence of Technology on Human Communication. Sciences Du Nord Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(01), 01–07. https://doi.org/10.58812/0yhk5d80
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. In C. Homburg, M. Klarmann, & A. Vomberg (Eds.), Handbook of Market Research (pp. 1–40). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1
Sesar, V., Martinčević, I., & Boguszewicz-Kreft, M. (2022). Relationship between Advertising Disclosure, Influencer Credibility and Purchase Intention. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(7), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15070276
Shawky, S., Kubacki, K., Dietrich, T., & Weaven, S. (2020). A dynamic framework for managing customer engagement on social media. Journal of Business Research, 121, 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.030
Singh, P. (2024). Beyond the basics: Exploring the impact of social media marketing enablers on business success. Heliyon, 10(5), e26435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26435
Song, X., Fu, M., Fang, J., Cai, Z., Tan, C.-W., Lim, E. T. K., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2025). Turning the wheels of engagement: Evidence from entertainment live streaming. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 53(4), 1055–1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-024-01020-1
Tan, Z., Sadiq, B., Bashir, T., Mahmood, H., & Rasool, Y. (2022). Investigating the Impact of Green Marketing Components on Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Brand Image and Brand Trust. Sustainability, 14(10), 5939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105939
Tian, Y., & Frank, B. (2024). Optimizing live streaming features to enhance customer immersion and engagement: A comparative study of live streaming genres in China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 81, 103974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103974
V I De Araujo, S., Dhaigude, A. S., Kamath, G. B., Pai, R. R., Nayak, S., & Ganesh, S. (2025). Influencer credibility and consumer behavior: The mediating role of self-brand congruity and moderating role of involvement. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1), 2541040. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2541040
Vo, T., Wei‐Han Tan, G., Pham, N. T., Truong, T. H., & Ooi, K. (2025). Promoting Customer Engagement and Brand Loyalty on Social Media: The Role of Virtual Influencers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 49(2), e70028. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70028
Xia, Z., & Shannon, R. (2025). Navigating the Digital Frontier: Exploring the Dynamics of Customer–Brand Relationships Through AI Chatbots. Sustainability, 17(5), 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052173
Zaki, K., Alhomaid, A., & Shared, H. (2025). Leveraging Machine Learning to Analyze Influencer Credibility’s Impact on Brand Admiration and Consumer Purchase Intent in Social Media Marketing. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1), 9959697. https://doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/9959697
Zhang, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhao, L. (2022). How to retain customers: Understanding the role of trust in live streaming commerce with a socio-technical perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107052
Zheng, R., Li, Z., & Na, S. (2022). How customer engagement in the live-streaming affects purchase intention and customer acquisition, E-tailer’s perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 68, 103015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103015