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Abstract
The development of legal science is very rapid, so it is inseparable from the concept of the division of powers of state institutions. The authority is used to carry out public services and the function of the citizens' human rights approach. This approach is a form of legal protection for the people as the main part of administrative law. One of the holders of legal protection powers for citizens is the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman is a projustitia state institution in various countries and ensures the legal protection of citizens against government actions. However, in this context in Indonesia, the position of the Ombudsman as a concept of legal protection through an administrative law approach has not been maximised with a number of authorities. This problem occurs because administrative law in Indonesia does not have a special position in its legal order, one example is that there is no codification of Indonesian administrative law like in other countries such as the Netherlands having Algemen Wet Bestuurrecht (AWB). In Indonesia, it forms a special rule or material guideline, namely Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration which cannot be said to be a material administrative law concept. This is because the regulation is not theoretically based on administrative law. So, it is necessary to have an administrative law policy in terms of preventive and repressive law enforcement. Therefore, this research uses the norm method based on statutory, conceptual and comparative legal approaches. With legal materials using comparative juridical analysis of the ombudsman institutional system in the Netherlands and Sweden. So that this research shows a much different concept of authority between the Indonesian Ombudsman, the Dutch Nationale Ombudsman functions as a government watchdog mentioned in Article 78a of the Dutch Constitution, and the Riksdagens Ombudsman. Sweden which is an organ of parliament to carry out supervision of the executive as a state organiser by issuing legal products, namely recommendations and also has the authority to conduct conciliation and mediation.
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References
———. “Dispute Settlement in the Ombudsman and the Court of Law Regarding Compensation Public Service Dispute.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 10, no. 2 (2021): 281.
Baron, J.D.; Poelmann, E. “De Menselijke Maat Past in Rechtmatige Rechtsvinding.” Tijdschrift Voor Formeel Belastingrecht 4, no. 20 (2020): 40.
Batalli, M. “Role of Ombudsman Institution over the Administration.” Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (2015): 234.
Bayan, Busra. “Ombudsman In Turkish Republic: The Ombudsman Institution”. Lyon: Livre De Lyon, 2021.
Bimasakti, Muhammad Adiguna. “Catatan Evaluasi Undang-Undang No.30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administrasi Pemerintah.” PTUN Mataram, 2023.
Daim, Nuriyanto Ahmad. “Urgensi Pengaturan Lembaga Negara Khusus Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.” Jurnal Konstitusi 16, no. 1 (2019): 115.
Diaw, Mariteuw Chimère. “Ombudsmen, People’s Defenders and Mediators: Independence and Administrative Justice in State Transformation.” Overseas Development Institute, 2008.
Edi As’adi, Problema Penegakan Hukum Pelayanan Publik Oleh Lembaga Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Berbasis Partisipasi Masyarakat, Refleksi Hukum, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2016.
Elwood, Brian. “The Ombudsman and Good Governance.” International Ombudsman Institute, 2000.
Froger, Hugo Flavier & Charles. “Administrative Justice in France: Between Singularity and Classicism.” BRICS Law Journal 3, no. 2 (2016): 83.
George B. McClellan. “The Role of the Ombudsman.” University of Miami Law Review 5, no. 1 (1969): 463.
Graaf, Kars J. de, & Nicole G. Hoogstra. Remedies Against Administrative Silence in the Netherlands. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Kings Cross London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2020.
Gumus, Arif. & Sebahattin Bayram. “Historical Origin of Ombudsman: The Practice of Ombudsman in Assyrians.” Dergi Park Akademik 17, no. 9 (2023): 204.
Hadi, Sultoni Fikri dan Syofyan. “Ombudsman: Studi Perbandingan Hukum Antara Indonesia Dengan Denmark.” DIH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 16, no. 1 (2020): 5.
Hadiyantina, Intan Meitasari & Shinta. “Urgensi Ajudikasi Khusus Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pelayanan Publik.” Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 5, no. 1 (2020): 105.
Hadjon, Philipus M. et al. Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Indonesia. Cet. IX. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2005.
Hadjon, Philipus M. Hukum Administrasi Dan Good Governance. Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, 2010.
Harijanti, Susi Dwi. “Komisi Ombudsman Nasional: Problem Dan Prospek.” Jurnal Ius Quia Iustum 21, no. 9 (2002): 127.
Horváth, Írisz. “Procedural Principles for Effective Legal Protection in Administrative Proceedings.” PRAWO W DZIAŁANIU SPRAWY CYWILNE, no. 50 (2022): 209.
Jennings, W. Ivor. “Administrative Law and Administrative Jurisdiction.” Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 20, no. 1 (1938): 104.
Kadarsih, Setiajeng. “Tugas Dan Wewenang Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Dalam Pelayanan Publik Menurut UU No. 37 Tahun 2008.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 10, no. 2 (2010): 178.
Komisi Ombudsman Nasional. “Laporan Tahunan.” Jakarta, 2002.
Lag med Instruktion for Riksdagens Ombudsman (2023:499)/Swedish Code of Statutes: 2023:499, diartikan sebagai Undang-Undang tentang Instukrsi Ombudsman Parlemen (n.d.).
Marc Hertogh. “Daniel Blake, de Nationale Ombudsman En Herstel van Vertrouwen in de Overheid.” Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Bestuursrecht 25, no. 4 (2018): 162.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 2005.
Mein, A. G. Reflectie Op de Nationale Ombudsman. Utrecht: Verwey Jonker Instituut, 2010.
Muklis Al’anam, “Pemaknaan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) Sebagai Penyelenggara Negara Dalam Sengketa Administrasi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan” (Tesis, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 2024).
Muklis Al’anam, dan Radian Salman, “The Relevance Of Jürgen Habermas’s Theory Of Communicative Action As The Philosophical Foundation Of Human Rights Enforcement In Indonesia,” Mimbar Hukum 36, no. 1 (2024): 61–82, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/mh.v36i1.11513.
Nationale Ombudsman. “Time for the Citizen.” Den Haag, 2022.
Negara, Lembaga Administrasi. Sistem Administrasi Negara. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, n.d.
Nuriyanto. “Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Publik Di Indonesia, Sudahkah Belandaskan Konsep ‘Welfare State’?” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 8 (2014): 449.
Pankaj Kumar & Vijaylaxmi Sharma. “Ombudsman In Sweden and Denmark: A Comparative Study.” Journal of Algebraic Statistics 13, no. 2 (2022): 527.
Paweł Zawadzki. “Origin of the European Ombudsman.” Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 19, no. 1 (2020): 446.
Pipe! Deventer: Wolters Kluwer, 2022.
Saragih, Alamsyah. “Ombudsman Dan Pengawasan Pelayanan Publik.” Ombudsman RI, Jakarta, 2020.
Schlössels, Raymond. “Over Rechtmatigheid, Behoorlijkheid En de Nationale Ombudsman.” Nijmegen, 2014.
Section 16 National Ombudsman Act/Wet Nationale Ombudsman (n.d.).
Seminar Tentang Ombudsman Dalam Negara Demokrasi BPHN, Jakarta, n.d.
Semyonovykh, Anastasia E. “Legal Protection and Legal Defense: Approaches to the Study of Concepts.” EURO-Asian Law Congress, 2022.
Simanjuntak, Enrico. “Prospek Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Dalam Rangka Memperkuat Pelaksanaan Eksekusi Putusan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 3, no. 2 (2014): 165.
Sony Kulshrestha. “Ombudsman: Comparative Analysis Of An Office Of The Redressal Of Public Grievances Globally.” South Asian Academic Publications 3, no. 37 (2021): 65.
Stephen G. Breyer. Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy. Massachusetts: Aspen Publishing, 2022.
Stig Jägerskiöld. “The Swedish Ombudsman.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 109, no. 8 (1961): 1085.
Stolk, P.J. De Nationale Ombudsman. Zwolle: W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink, 1991.
Sudarsono, A’an Efendi dan. Hukum Administrasi Belanda. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2022.
Sunaryati Hartono. “Fungsi Ombudsman Dan Pelaksanaan Hak Asasi Manusia.”
Szante, Zolta. Conceptualising the Principle of Effective Legal Protection in Administrative Law. Abingdon: Informa Law From Routledge, 2017.
Terry Hutchinson. Reseaching and Writing in Law. Pyrmont: Thomson Reuters, 2010.
The National Democratic Institute. “The Role and Effectiveness of the Ombudsman Institution.” Rights Consortium, 2005.
Víctor Fairén Guillén. “Normas y Notas Sobre El ‘Ombudsman’ de Suecia.” Revista de Estudios Políticos, no. 21 (1981): 135.
Vlugt, Y.M. van der. De Nationale Ombudsman En Behoorlijk Politieoptreden. Den Haag: Leiden Law School of Leiden University, 2011.
Weeks, Kent A. Ombudsman Around the World A Comparative Chart. Berkley: University of California, 1978.
Wheare, K. C. Maladministration and Its Remedies. London: The Hamlyn Trust, 1973. Zutphen, Reinier van. & Hans Peters. Toetsing Door Een Ombudsman Ceci n’est Pas Une
References
———. “Dispute Settlement in the Ombudsman and the Court of Law Regarding Compensation Public Service Dispute.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 10, no. 2 (2021): 281.
Baron, J.D.; Poelmann, E. “De Menselijke Maat Past in Rechtmatige Rechtsvinding.” Tijdschrift Voor Formeel Belastingrecht 4, no. 20 (2020): 40.
Batalli, M. “Role of Ombudsman Institution over the Administration.” Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (2015): 234.
Bayan, Busra. “Ombudsman In Turkish Republic: The Ombudsman Institution”. Lyon: Livre De Lyon, 2021.
Bimasakti, Muhammad Adiguna. “Catatan Evaluasi Undang-Undang No.30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administrasi Pemerintah.” PTUN Mataram, 2023.
Daim, Nuriyanto Ahmad. “Urgensi Pengaturan Lembaga Negara Khusus Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.” Jurnal Konstitusi 16, no. 1 (2019): 115.
Diaw, Mariteuw Chimère. “Ombudsmen, People’s Defenders and Mediators: Independence and Administrative Justice in State Transformation.” Overseas Development Institute, 2008.
Edi As’adi, Problema Penegakan Hukum Pelayanan Publik Oleh Lembaga Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Berbasis Partisipasi Masyarakat, Refleksi Hukum, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2016.
Elwood, Brian. “The Ombudsman and Good Governance.” International Ombudsman Institute, 2000.
Froger, Hugo Flavier & Charles. “Administrative Justice in France: Between Singularity and Classicism.” BRICS Law Journal 3, no. 2 (2016): 83.
George B. McClellan. “The Role of the Ombudsman.” University of Miami Law Review 5, no. 1 (1969): 463.
Graaf, Kars J. de, & Nicole G. Hoogstra. Remedies Against Administrative Silence in the Netherlands. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Kings Cross London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2020.
Gumus, Arif. & Sebahattin Bayram. “Historical Origin of Ombudsman: The Practice of Ombudsman in Assyrians.” Dergi Park Akademik 17, no. 9 (2023): 204.
Hadi, Sultoni Fikri dan Syofyan. “Ombudsman: Studi Perbandingan Hukum Antara Indonesia Dengan Denmark.” DIH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 16, no. 1 (2020): 5.
Hadiyantina, Intan Meitasari & Shinta. “Urgensi Ajudikasi Khusus Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pelayanan Publik.” Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 5, no. 1 (2020): 105.
Hadjon, Philipus M. et al. Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Indonesia. Cet. IX. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2005.
Hadjon, Philipus M. Hukum Administrasi Dan Good Governance. Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, 2010.
Harijanti, Susi Dwi. “Komisi Ombudsman Nasional: Problem Dan Prospek.” Jurnal Ius Quia Iustum 21, no. 9 (2002): 127.
Horváth, Írisz. “Procedural Principles for Effective Legal Protection in Administrative Proceedings.” PRAWO W DZIAŁANIU SPRAWY CYWILNE, no. 50 (2022): 209.
Jennings, W. Ivor. “Administrative Law and Administrative Jurisdiction.” Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 20, no. 1 (1938): 104.
Kadarsih, Setiajeng. “Tugas Dan Wewenang Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Dalam Pelayanan Publik Menurut UU No. 37 Tahun 2008.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 10, no. 2 (2010): 178.
Komisi Ombudsman Nasional. “Laporan Tahunan.” Jakarta, 2002.
Lag med Instruktion for Riksdagens Ombudsman (2023:499)/Swedish Code of Statutes: 2023:499, diartikan sebagai Undang-Undang tentang Instukrsi Ombudsman Parlemen (n.d.).
Marc Hertogh. “Daniel Blake, de Nationale Ombudsman En Herstel van Vertrouwen in de Overheid.” Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Bestuursrecht 25, no. 4 (2018): 162.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 2005.
Mein, A. G. Reflectie Op de Nationale Ombudsman. Utrecht: Verwey Jonker Instituut, 2010.
Muklis Al’anam, “Pemaknaan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) Sebagai Penyelenggara Negara Dalam Sengketa Administrasi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan” (Tesis, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 2024).
Muklis Al’anam, dan Radian Salman, “The Relevance Of Jürgen Habermas’s Theory Of Communicative Action As The Philosophical Foundation Of Human Rights Enforcement In Indonesia,” Mimbar Hukum 36, no. 1 (2024): 61–82, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/mh.v36i1.11513.
Nationale Ombudsman. “Time for the Citizen.” Den Haag, 2022.
Negara, Lembaga Administrasi. Sistem Administrasi Negara. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, n.d.
Nuriyanto. “Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Publik Di Indonesia, Sudahkah Belandaskan Konsep ‘Welfare State’?” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 8 (2014): 449.
Pankaj Kumar & Vijaylaxmi Sharma. “Ombudsman In Sweden and Denmark: A Comparative Study.” Journal of Algebraic Statistics 13, no. 2 (2022): 527.
Paweł Zawadzki. “Origin of the European Ombudsman.” Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 19, no. 1 (2020): 446.
Pipe! Deventer: Wolters Kluwer, 2022.
Saragih, Alamsyah. “Ombudsman Dan Pengawasan Pelayanan Publik.” Ombudsman RI, Jakarta, 2020.
Schlössels, Raymond. “Over Rechtmatigheid, Behoorlijkheid En de Nationale Ombudsman.” Nijmegen, 2014.
Section 16 National Ombudsman Act/Wet Nationale Ombudsman (n.d.).
Seminar Tentang Ombudsman Dalam Negara Demokrasi BPHN, Jakarta, n.d.
Semyonovykh, Anastasia E. “Legal Protection and Legal Defense: Approaches to the Study of Concepts.” EURO-Asian Law Congress, 2022.
Simanjuntak, Enrico. “Prospek Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Dalam Rangka Memperkuat Pelaksanaan Eksekusi Putusan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 3, no. 2 (2014): 165.
Sony Kulshrestha. “Ombudsman: Comparative Analysis Of An Office Of The Redressal Of Public Grievances Globally.” South Asian Academic Publications 3, no. 37 (2021): 65.
Stephen G. Breyer. Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy. Massachusetts: Aspen Publishing, 2022.
Stig Jägerskiöld. “The Swedish Ombudsman.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 109, no. 8 (1961): 1085.
Stolk, P.J. De Nationale Ombudsman. Zwolle: W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink, 1991.
Sudarsono, A’an Efendi dan. Hukum Administrasi Belanda. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2022.
Sunaryati Hartono. “Fungsi Ombudsman Dan Pelaksanaan Hak Asasi Manusia.”
Szante, Zolta. Conceptualising the Principle of Effective Legal Protection in Administrative Law. Abingdon: Informa Law From Routledge, 2017.
Terry Hutchinson. Reseaching and Writing in Law. Pyrmont: Thomson Reuters, 2010.
The National Democratic Institute. “The Role and Effectiveness of the Ombudsman Institution.” Rights Consortium, 2005.
Víctor Fairén Guillén. “Normas y Notas Sobre El ‘Ombudsman’ de Suecia.” Revista de Estudios Políticos, no. 21 (1981): 135.
Vlugt, Y.M. van der. De Nationale Ombudsman En Behoorlijk Politieoptreden. Den Haag: Leiden Law School of Leiden University, 2011.
Weeks, Kent A. Ombudsman Around the World A Comparative Chart. Berkley: University of California, 1978.
Wheare, K. C. Maladministration and Its Remedies. London: The Hamlyn Trust, 1973. Zutphen, Reinier van. & Hans Peters. Toetsing Door Een Ombudsman Ceci n’est Pas Une